Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850 Flashcards

Question

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832

A)gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation.
B)retained electoral districts with very few voters.
C)quadrupled the number of voters.
D)granted the right to vote to substantial farmers but not the middle-class urban population.

Use Space or

to flip the card.

Question

The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to

A)punish France for its role in the recent wars.
B)extract war reparations.
C)avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.
D)create a number of new nation-states.

Question

What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?

A)Their willingness to allow the establishment of constitutional monarchies as long as male suffrage remained limited to the elite
B)Their agreement to send Austrian troops to crush the revolution in Spain
C)Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened
D)Their refusal to allow France to intervene in the revolutions in the Spanish colonies in Latin America

Question

What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?

A)The key to progress was proper social organization.
B)Sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom.
C)Nature should be worshiped as a god.
D)Ownership of private property was a crime.

Question

In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature?

A)Dramatic, colorful scenes
B)Portraits of the rich and powerful
C)The transforming power of industrialization
D)Gentle Wordsworthian landscapes

Question

The romantic movement was characterized by

A)a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination.
B)the application of the scientific method to the study of nature.
C)an emphasis on reason.
D)a life that was restrained and orderly.

Question

According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was

A)a natural right.
B)profit stolen from workers.
C)a gift from God.
D)a sign of the owner's virtue and conscientiousness.

Question

What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?

A)They believed that machine technology dehumanized industrial workers.
B)They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments.
C)They believed that industrial society separated humans from the rhythms of nature through which the human spirit was continually restored.
D)They believed that industrial society promoted a meaningless consumerism that was corrosive to human values.

Question

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies

A)were guided by the principle of the balance of power.
B)resurrected the Holy Roman Empire.
C)treated France harshly.
D)established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon.

Question

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

A)disprove the value of folk wisdom in their promotion of Enlightenment rationalism.
B)find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.
C)identify fundamental stories and themes that could be used by governments to manipulate the population.
D)demonstrate the superiority of their culture over other cultures.

Question

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the

A)coded identification of social norms designed as a puzzle to be solved.
B)spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility.
C)light and airy demonstration of wit meant to express social conflicts.
D)structured use of rhyme and meter to clarify the expression of ideas.

Question

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

A)As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence.
B)Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire.
C)Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism.
D)Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

Question

Composers in the romantic movement

A)adopted folk music as the foundation for classical symphonies.
B)decreased the size of orchestras to small, intimate groupings that could better complement each musician's emotions while performing.
C)abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
D)developed a series of key models and structures in order to create an emotional repertoire in their music.

Question

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because

A)of a love of Greek classical culture.
B)they saw the liberation of Greece as a Christian crusade.
C)their merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade.
D)they believed they could try out utopian ideals in a liberated Greece.

Question

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819

A)established a free trade zone within the German Confederation and offered economic privileges to member states.
B)created a legislature that united all of the German states but left real decision-making authority with local rulers.
C)defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values.
D)required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.

Question

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?

A)Several of them were of noble birth.
B)They underestimated the intelligence of the working classes.
C)Central economic planning was inefficient.
D)Their utopian schemes were not realistic.

Question

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

A)all aspects of the economy.
B)industry but not in agriculture.
C)the economy as little as possible.
D)agriculture but not in industry.

Question

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of

A)Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
B)Austria.
C)the Netherlands and Great Britain.
D)Great Britain, France, and Russia.

Question

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established

A)through electoral victories and control of legislatures.
B)by violent revolution.
C)by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation.
D)through the efforts of enlightened rulers.

Question

The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of

A)lowering tariffs on grains in order to provide inexpensive food for the poor.
B)allowing reciprocal trade between Britain and the United States, marking the formal end of hostilities following the War of 1812.
C)forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.
D)permitting the importation of food products into Britain only if they had not been cultivated or harvested with slave labor, marking the beginning of British actions to end slavery.

Question

What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

A)The right to vote for all adult men
B)Louis Blanc's permanent, government-sponsored cooperative workshops
C)Establishment of a new revolutionary state, bowing to the demands of artisans and unskilled workers
D)The right of both men and women to file for divorce

Question

In December 1825, some three thousand Russian army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?

A)Paul
B)Nicholas I
C)Peter III
D)Ivan IV

Question

What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?

A)Fear of a working-class revolution
B)The ideas of Karl Marx
C)The moderating influence of the monarch
D)Political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class

Question

The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included

A)Russia, Prussia, Poland, and Italy.
B)Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Spain.
C)Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Great Britain.
D)Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Question

In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?

A)Electoral reform
B)Land redistribution
C)Repeal of high tariffs on imported food
D)A minimum wage

Question

What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?

A)The unfolding of universal consciousness
B)The expansion of individual liberty
C)The economic relationship between classes
D)The desire for racial and gender equality

Question

In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?

A)As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation
B)As a collection of ethnic groups with cultural independence
C)As a group of allied states with political autonomy
D)As a territory divided into noble domains

Question

Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose

A)youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged caution.
B)immature nihilism evolved into an optimistic acceptance of things as they were.
C)aggressive nationalism changed to a pacific universalism.
D)utopian socialism transmuted into a convinced anarchism.

Question

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?

A)He expanded voting rights to include nearly all men.
B)He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.
C)He promoted the Constitutional Charter and then guaranteed civil liberties.
D)He overturned the law that prohibited the formation of labor unions.

Question

What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?

A)The decision to abandon universal male suffrage and elect a new Constituent Assembly based on a limited electorate
B)The invitation to Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, to become emperor of France
C)The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people
D)The invasion of France by Prussia, which led to the restoration of Louis Philippe

Question

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?

A)Middle-class liberals reinforced free-trade economic policies that would harm the working class.
B)Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms.
C)Middle-class liberals instituted high property requirements for voting rights.
D)Workers demanded property redistribution.

Question

Germaine de Staël urged the French to throw away worn-out classical models and extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of the writers and thinkers of

A)Russia.
B)Austria.
C)Germany.
D)Spain.

Question

In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was brought under control with the help of 130,000 troops sent by

A)the Kingdom of Prussia.
B)the Russian Empire.
C)the French Republic.
D)the Ottoman Empire.

Question

Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged

A)government-funded workshops and factories to guarantee full employment.
B)the abolition of marriage, free unions based only on love, and sexual freedom.
C)the formation of labor unions.
D)universal voting rights.

Question

In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of

A)Switzerland.
B)Hungary.
C)Belgium.
D)Poland.

Question

What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?

A)It marked an effort to reestablish the prerevolutionary society, with the nobility and the Catholic Church reclaiming their authority.
B)It was a reaction against the Napoleonic regime that had attempted to establish a military police state.
C)It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.
D)It outlined the responsibilities of the Catholic Church as it was reestablished in France after the revolution.

Question

How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?

A)It expanded the size of the army to provide employment.
B)It provided free bread and cheese rations in all of the major cities.
C)It ordered the deportation of all non-French citizens.
D)It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.

Question

Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?

A)It recognized that the more conservative German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire would never accept the liberal constitution it had drafted.
B)France and Britain let it be known that they would look with extreme disfavor on the creation of a Greater Germany.
C)Russia threatened an invasion if the Frankfurt Parliament attempted to create a Greater Germany.
D)Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire.

Question

In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?

A)The amount of land a peasant could lease increased with the number of children in his household.
B)Landlords, believing that large families were guarantees of stability, would only lease land to families with at least five children.
C)Extensive cultivation of the humble potato provided sufficient nutrition for population growth.
D)The Industrial Revolution in England created a never-ending source of employment for Ireland's surplus population.

Question

Which social groups composed the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in central Europe?

A)Students and urban workers
B)Middle-class liberals and the army
C)The aristocracy and the army
D)Middle-class liberals and the aristocracy

Question

How did Alexis de Tocqueville understand the political weakness of socialism in mid-nineteenth-century France?

Question

How did romanticism influence the lifestyle of artists in the early nineteenth century?

Question

According to Map 21.1: Europe in 1815, which countries were considered the Great Powers of Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A)The Kingdom of Sardinia, France, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire
B)Great Britain, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
C)Great Britain, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, France, and the Austrian Empire
D)The Kingdom of Sweden and Norway, Denmark, Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire

Question

What kind of society did Charles Fourier want to create?

Question

Why did the idea of a "Greater Germany"-a Germany that would include the German-speaking lands of the Austrian Empire in a national state-fail?

Question

What is the idea of an "imagined community"?

Question

According to Map 21.1: Europe in 1815, why was the Austrian Empire able to maintain order in most of Europe between 1815 and 1848?

A)Bordering as it did on both the Russian and the Ottoman Empires, it was well positioned to exert control over two empires that were hostile to one another.
B)With significant territories on the Italian peninsula and a commanding position within the German Confederation, the Austrian Empire was able to suppress the interest in reform and change in the areas closest to itself.
C)Owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation.
D)Although it acquired far-reaching territory, the Austrian Empire was able to implement the German language in all previously non-German-speaking lands.

Question

What was the significance of the Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain?

Question

The following excerpt is from the introduction to Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's Stories and Household Tales (Evaluating the Evidence 21.3): "These folktales have kept intact German myths that were thought to be lost, and we are firmly convinced that if a search were conducted in all the hallowed regions of our fatherland, long neglected treasures would transform themselves into fabulous treasures and help to found the study of the origins of our poetry. It works the same way with the many dialects of our language. In them a large part of the words and peculiarities that we had long held to be defunct live on undetected."
The Grimms saw folktales as windows into

A)the minds of ordinary Germans.
B)the distant German past.
C)Germany's future.
D)the peasant mentality.

Question

According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which peoples were located within the Kingdom of Hungary?

A)Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs
B)Croats and Serbs, Slovenes, Italians, Czechs, Slovaks, Germans
C)Germans, Czechs, Romanians, Slovenes
D)Hungarians, Ruthians, Italians

Question

Why did Klemens von Metternich reject liberalism?

Question

According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which nationalities dominated the Habsburg monarchy?

A)Italians and Romanians
B)Poles and Ruthians
C)Germans and Hungarians
D)Czechs and Slovaks

Question

The following rights were listed in an 1848 political pamphlet entitled Demands of the German People (Thinking Like a Historian): "Unconditional freedom of the press. . . .
Administration of justice before a jury.
General granting of citizen's rights for German citizens.
A just system of taxation based on income.
Prosperity, training, and teaching for all.
Balancing out of disparities between capital and labor.
Popular and just State administration.
Responsibility of Ministers and civil servants.
Removal of all prejudices."
This list of rights suggests that its authors believed in

A)the supremacy of the nation state.
B)conservative authoritarianism.
C)the principles of classical liberalism.
D)radical equality.

Question

The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded

A)laws to forbid employing Irish workers in English factories.
B)universal male suffrage.
C)expansion of the military forces of Great Britain as a means of dealing with widespread unemployment.
D)tariffs to keep foreign products from competing with domestic production.

Question

The following excerpt is from the Karlsbad Decrees, a set of policies that clamped down on liberal nationalists in the universities and the press (Evaluating the Evidence 21.1): "The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities or other public educational institutions all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty, or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines hostile to public order or subversive of existing governmental institutions, shall have unmistakably proved their unfitness for the important office intrusted to them. . . ."
This passage suggests that the authors of the decrees saw universities as

A)potential centers of political subversion.
B)bastions of conservatism.
C)unnecessary to the smooth running of the state.
D)expensive luxuries.

Question

The following excerpt is from the introduction to Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's Stories and Household Tales (Evaluating the Evidence 21.3): "The true value of these tales must really be set quite high: they put our ancient heroic poetry in a new light that could not have been produced in any other way. Briar Rose [or Sleeping Beauty], who is put to sleep after being pricked by a spindle, is really Brunhilde, put to sleep after being pricked by a thorn. . . . Snow White sleeps peacefully with the same glowing red colors of life on her cheeks as Snaefrid, the most beautiful woman of all, at whose coffin sits Harald the Fair-Haired [Brunhilde, Snaefrid, and Harald are characters from ancient Germanic myths]. . . . These folktales have kept intact German myths that were thought to be lost. . . ."
The Grimms linked Snow White and Sleeping Beauty to

A)contemporary political figures.
B)characters from German myths.
C)Greek archetypes.
D)figures from Roman history.

Question

What led to a series of new republics in Spanish South America?

Question

What was the goal of the Holy Alliance?

Question

What did socialists want in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question

The following excerpt is from the Karlsbad Decrees, a set of policies that clamped down on liberal nationalists in the universities and the press (Evaluating the Evidence 21.1): "The Diet shall have the right, moreover, to suppress on its own authority, without being petitioned, such writings included in Article 1 [newspapers and periodicals], in whatever German state they may appear, as, in the opinion of a commission appointed by it, are inimical to the honor of the union, the safety of individual states, or the maintenance of peace and quiet in Germany. There shall be no appeal from such decisions. . . ."
This passage amounts to a sweeping attempt at

A)censorship.
B)political reform.
C)economic reform.
D)ethnic cleansing.

Question

Austrian chancellor Metternich and other conservatives fought a tenacious battle to resurrect and maintain the prerevolutionary Old Regime. What were the motivations, methods, successes, and failures of Metternich and the conservatives?

Question

"The Congress of Vienna represented the highest achievements of European balance-of-power politics: faced with the task of creating a lasting peace following the generation of warfare, the statesmen at Vienna succeeded admirably." Assess the validity of this quotation. Who were the leaders at the congress? What principles guided their actions? What were the primary elements of the peace settlement? How successful was the Congress at creating a stable Europe?

Question

Answer the following questions:
nationalism

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
Holy Alliance

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
Reform Bill of 1832

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
Great Famine

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Although the revolutions of 1848 took place at roughly the same time and in proximity to one another, in certain ways, they were very different from one another. Compare the causation, participants, goals, and outcomes of the 1848 uprisings in France and Austria. What were the key differences? In what ways were they similar?

Question

Answer the following questions:
proletariat

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
laissez faire

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

The uprisings of 1848 enjoyed early success, only to see their gains destroyed by counterrevolution. How do we account for the early success and later collapse of the revolutionary movements of 1848?

Question

Answer the following questions:
Greater Germany

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
Corn Laws

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
Congress of Vienna

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
socialism

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
Karlsbad Decrees

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
romanticism

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
liberalism

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

Answer the following questions:
bourgeoisie

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question

The years 1815 to 1848 witnessed the rise and evolution of the ideology of socialism. Describe this evolution, being sure to emphasize the principal components. To what extent did socialism reflect the attitudes and aspirations of working people of the time? How did the revolutions of 1848 reflect the impact of socialist ideals?

Question

Answer the following questions:
Battle of Peterloo

A)A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B)The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C)The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D)A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E)An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F)The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G)The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H)An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I)Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J)The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K)The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L)A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M)A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N)British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O)A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P)An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Unlock Deck

Sign up to unlock the cards in this deck!

Unlock Deck

Deck 21: Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850