Deck 1: Looking at Abnormality

Question 1

What are "the four Ds" of abnormality?

A) Distress, delusion, deviance, and derision
B) Deviance, dysfunction, disorder, and danger
C) Danger, disorder, delusion, and dysfunction
D) Dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness

Answer 1

Dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true of the mental illness criterion for abnormality?

A) Several biological tests are available to diagnose the different types of abnormality.
B) Most mental health problems are due to a singular abnormal gene or disease process.
C) When we give a person's psychological symptoms a diagnosis, it is simply a label for that set of symptoms.
D) The idea that mental health problems are due to complex biological and psychosocial factors has been highly refuted.

Answer 2

When we give a person's psychological symptoms a diagnosis, it is simply a label for that set of symptoms.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of the distress criterion for abnormality?

A) The individual has no desire to be rid of the disruptive behavior.
B) The behavior must violate societal norms.
C) The individual must suffer as a result of the behavior.
D) The behavior must also meet the unusualness criteria.

Answer 3

The individual must suffer as a result of the behavior.

Question 4

The supernatural perspective on abnormality most supported _____ as an approach to treatment.

A) relaxation
B) herbal medication
C) exorcism
D) restoration of bodily health

Question 5

In the context of cultural relativism, when the slave trade was active in the United States, slaves who tried to escape bondage could be diagnosed with a mental disease that was said to have caused them to:

A) misunderstand their roles.
B) desire freedom from their masters.
C) refuse to work in the fields.
D) revolt against their masters.

Question 6

Which of the following statements from the perspective of cultural relativism is NOT true?

A) Culture and gender can influence the way people express symptoms of abnormal behavior.
B) Culture and gender can influence willingness to admit to certain types of behaviors.
C) Culture and gender do not pose any real difficulties in defining abnormality.
D) Culture and gender can influence the types of treatments that are deemed acceptable for maladaptive behaviors.

Question 7

Cultural relativists argue that:

A) behaviors must be universally accepted to be considered normal.
B) culture, and not context, influences the evaluation of behaviors as abnormal.
C) the use of gender roles as a basis for assessing abnormal behaviors can be misleading.
D) no universal standards or rules exist for labeling behaviors as abnormal.

Question 8

Rachel teaches in the second grade and suspects that two students in her class have behavioral problems. Although she works fervently to keep the class running smoothly, the students' behaviors continually disrupts the learning environment. When the two students blurt out the answers before being called upon, push others in line, or constantly get out of their seats, other students become distracted and irritated. According to which criterion will these students' behaviors might be considered abnormal?

A) Cultural relativism
B) Mental illness
C) Distress
D) Gender relativism

Question 9

The study of abnormal psychology is the study of people who suffer mental, emotional, and often physical pain. This is also referred to as _____.

A) psychopathology
B) psychometry
C) parapsychology
D) behavioral psychology

Question 10

Which criterion for abnormality implies that the presence of a disease is causing given behavior?

A) Deviance
B) Unusualness
C) Distress
D) Mental Illness

Question 11

Margaret is a 27-year-old soccer mom who never misses her daughter's games. Her friends argue that her behavior is embarrassing, and she is making a fool of herself when she repeatedly yells and jumps to her feet. Margaret insists that no one is paying attention to her behavior and states, "It's a soccer game-people are expected to get excited!" Which of the following should determine whether Margaret's behavior is abnormal?

A) Her social status
B) Gender differences
C) The context in which it is performed
D) Individual differences

Question 12

Historically, which set of three types of theories had been used to define abnormal behavior?

A) Biological, religious, and psychological
B) Biological, psychological, and sociological
C) Biological, sociological, and supernatural
D) Biological, supernatural, and psychological

Question 13

Theorists who argue that behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms, are proponents of:

A) cultural hegemony.
B) cultural regeneration.
C) cultural imperialism.
D) cultural relativism.

Question 14

The practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behaviors in order to free evil spirits was known as _____.

A) trephination
B) exorcism
C) atonement
D) blood letting

Question 15

A problem with the cultural norms criterion for abnormality is that:

A) most people would object to labeling certain behaviors that are positive for the individual and society as abnormal.
B) there is a tendency to view behaviors that are unusual, or deviant, as abnormal.
C) only 10 percent of all populations, on an average, display unusual behaviors and hence this criterion has limited applicability.
D) it does not adopt a continuum perspective of abnormal behavior; rather, it is an either/or proposition.

Question 16

When an observer takes into account the context or circumstances surrounding someone's behaviors to determine whether they are normal or abnormal, it means that:

A) the observer assesses the behavior based on her/his own biases and prejudices.
B) the observer considers the behavior normal if it seems appropriate for that particular situation.
C) the observer uses the behavior to judge the individual's personality.
D) the observer's evaluation of the behavior lacks any theoretical grounding.

Question 17

Which of the following improperly pairs a historical perspective on abnormal behavior with an abnormality?

A) Psychological theories/trauma
B) Supernatural theories/chronic stress
C) Biological theories/physical disease
D) Supernatural theories/divine intervention

Question 18

In some parts of the world, corporal punishment is a traditional child rearing practice, whereas the practice is frowned upon in other places. In the context of abnormality, this is reflective of _____.

A) mental illness
B) dysfunction
C) distress
D) cultural relativism

Question 19

The continuum model of abnormality illustrates that:

A) there is a clear distinction between dysfunctional and deviant behavior.
B) psychologists must make objective decisions about what warrants a diagnosis.
C) individuals are labeled as either having a disorder or not having one.
D) no clear line exists between what is normal and abnormal.

Question 20

_____ noted that, throughout history, societies have labeled individuals and groups abnormal in order to justify controlling or silencing them.

A) Thomas Szasz
B) Samuel Cartwright
C) Clifford Beers
D) Johann Weyer

Question 21

Most Greeks and Romans saw madness as:

A) similar to physical disease.
B) a result of chronic stress.
C) an affliction from the gods.
D) a result of trauma.

Question 22

Xia has been feeling sad and lonely over the last several days. According to the ancient Chinese medical philosophy, Xia's mood is likely the result of:

A) vital air flowing on the lungs.
B) a lack of positive force.
C) bewitchment.
D) an excessive order in her life.

Question 23

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks held that a woman's uterus:

A) causes psychological abnormalities by dislodging and wandering inside the body.
B) contained mystical powers that caused the uterus to create physiological symptoms that led to psychological distress.
C) made women inferior to men because women suffered from emotional pain more often than men.
D) dislodges when psychological symptoms are present and returns to its original position when the psychological symptoms subside.

Question 24

Prior to the eleventh century, which of the following was most often seen as the cause of bizarre behavior?

A) Severe emotional shock
B) Demons
C) Curses and superstition
D) Religious persecution

Question 25

According to ancient Chinese medicine, excited insanity was due to the presence of:

A) minimal negative force.
B) excessive negative force.
C) minimal positive force.
D) excessive positive force.

Question 26

A psychic epidemic broke out in the early 1990s in a Rhode Island high school. The students and their teachers experienced nausea, headaches, dizziness, and symptoms of mild carbon monoxide intoxication. The behaviors were attributed to:

A) mass hysteria prompted by fears of chemical warfare.
B) increased in violence schools across the country.
C) hormonal imbalances associated with adolescence.
D) rebellious attitudes toward school authorities.

Question 27

Which Greek term is used today to refer to physiological symptoms that are probably the result of psychological processes?

A) Apathea
B) Hysteria
C) Thanatos
D) Choleric

Question 28

Yin and yang (positive and negative forces) are concepts from ancient _____.

A) China
B) Greece
C) Egypt
D) Rome

Question 29

According to Hippocrates, abnormal behavior could be attributed to imbalances in the four basic humors of the body. Which of the following courses of treatment was used to restore the balance?

A) Fasting
B) Ostracism
C) Bleeding the patient
D) Spiritual exorcism

Question 30

Which of the following ancient Greeks argued that madness arose when the rational mind was overcome by impulse, passion, or appetite?

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Homer

Question 31

Which historical figures both argued that some forms of madness were divine and could be the source of great literary and prophetic gifts?

A) Socrates and Plato
B) Plato and Hippocrates
C) Homer and Plato
D) Hippocrates and Socrates

Question 32

Hippocrates attributed abnormality to:

A) afflictions from the gods.
B) divine intervention.
C) chronic stress and trauma.
D) imbalances in bodily humors.

Question 33

Dance frenzies are examples of _____.

A) psychic epidemics
B) self-hypnotic suggestion
C) substance-induced psychosis
D) psychotic episodes

Question 34

Which of the following is defined today as a phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin?

A) Psychic catastrophe
B) Psychic epidemic
C) Psychic projection
D) Psychic illusion

Question 35

What phenomenon, seen in Italy as early as the fourteenth century, was attributed to a spider bite, causing people to jump around, dance wildly, tear at their clothes, and beat each other with whips?

A) Tarantism
B) Tarantella
C) Saint Vitus' dance
D) Comas enfermas

Question 36

Which of the following is true of psychic epidemics?

A) They are generally seen in groups that experiment with psychoactive substances.
B) They are generally seen across all levels of socioeconomic status.
C) They are strictly confined to spiritual experiences.
D) They now under study from a social psychology perspective.

Question 37

Which of the following is true about a widespread response to individuals who were considered mad in ancient times?

A) The state built asylums and institutions to house and care for individuals who were considered mad.
B) The state could take rights away from people declared mad and could award the property of insane people to their relatives.
C) People declared mad were allowed to marry and could acquire or dispose of their own property.
D) Poor people who were considered mad were simply left to roam the streets, even if they were violent.

Question 38

Which two individuals argued that persons accused of witchcraft were mentally ill, and consequently had their writings banned by the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?

A) Reginald Scot and Teresa of Avila
B) Johann Weyer and Reginald Scot
C) Teresa of Avila and Johann Weyer
D) Thomas Szasz and Teresa of Avila

Question 39

Which ancient text on abnormal behavior is the oldest?

A) Oxyrhynchus Papyri
B) Magdalen Papyrus
C) Kahun Papyrus
D) Elephantine Papyri

Question 40

Hippocrates classified abnormal behavior into which set of categories?

A) Hysteria, phobia, mania, and epilepsy
B) Melancholia, epilepsy, phobia, and mania
C) Brain fever, hysteria, phobia, and melancholia
D) Epilepsy, mania, melancholia, and brain fever

Question 41

Public mental institutions at the turn of the twentieth century:

A) were sufficiently staffed with professionals to provide individual attention to patients.
B) provided patients less personal attention than the moral treatment model had offered.
C) had slightly lower quality of care as compared to private institutions.
D) were generally built in the city limits, to regain public support for the mentally ill.

Question 42

Tuke's idea of moral treatment meant:

A) giving patients receive monetary compensation for their previous maltreatment.
B) helping patients to get social support from family members and neighbors who had previously rejected them.
C) restoring patients' self-restraint by treating them with respect and dignity, and by encouraging them to exercise self-control.
D) helping patients reconnect spiritually with their families and community.

Question 43

Brain pathology as an explanation for psychological disorders was systematically argued by _____.

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Richard Krafft-Ebing
C) Franz Anton Mesmer
D) Wilhelm Griesinger

Question 44

The Act for Regulating Madhouses, enacted in England, was created in part to:

A) promote public sympathy for the mentally ill.
B) improve the deplorable conditions of mental institutions.
C) provide services for poor people confined to workhouses.
D) reduce crime by removing unstable people from the streets.

Question 45

For many years, James had been isolated from the public by his family members on account of his mental illness. His family kept him locked in a room, and brought him his meals. Suddenly, they began to allow him to move more freely throughout the house. In addition, he was allowed to sit outside, and work in the garden. The new approach to James' caregiving is representative of the _____.

A) moral treatment model.
B) community mental health movement.
C) managed care system.
D) psychoanalytic perspective.

Question 46

Which of the following individuals opened an asylum in England called The Retreat?

A) William Tuke
B) Philippe Pinel
C) Dorothea Dix
D) Benjamin Rush

Question 47

Who among the following maintained that abnormal behavior was caused by excessive blood in the brain?

A) Dorothea Dix
B) William Tuke
C) Benjamin Rush
D) Philippe Pinel

Question 48

Philippe Pinel, a strong leader of the moral treatment movement, ordered that the chains be removed from patients because he believed that:

A) their conditions were specifically the result of their separation from the rest of society.
B) the patients' health could be improved by restoring dignity and tranquility.
C) abnormal behaviors were rooted in supernatural theories and patients needed the freedom to practice their faith.
D) patients were virtually harmless as long as they were properly medicated.

Question 49

Philippe Pinel was instrumental in the moral treatment of the mentally ill in _____.

A) England
B) America
C) Italy
D) France

Question 50

The nineteenth century movement started for the reformation of the treatment of mental health that included rest and relaxation with prayer was called the:

A) movement for moral treatment.
B) mental hygiene movement.
C) deinstitutionalization movement.
D) community mental health movement.

Question 51

Which of the following was an outcome of the rapid growth of the moral treatment movement?

A) The capacity of asylums to recruit mental health professionals significantly improved.
B) Physicians, nurses, and other caretakers did not have enough time to give each patient the attention he or she needed.
C) The number of patients who benefited from the moral treatment increased, and its effectiveness became unquestionable.
D) All patients, even those whose problems were not due to a loss of dignity or tranquility, benefited from moral treatment.

Question 52

Which of the following statements best characterizes the sentiments of the American public during the nineteenth century toward mental health patients and institutions?

A) Public sympathy for asylum patients grew, and the public embraced the moral treatment of lower socioeconomic classes that had immigrated to the United States.
B) The public grew discouraged with the failures of moral treatment and demanded new treatment models for the large numbers of mentally ill patients.
C) The American public declined to offer support due to their prejudices against immigrants and the failure rate of moral treatment, so the funding dwindled.
D) The American public insisted that the federal government deport immigrants who were mentally ill in order to reduce government spending.

Question 53

One of America's strongest advocates for the humane treatment of the mentally ill was _____.

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Dorothea Dix
C) Teresa of Avila
D) Florence Nightingale

Question 54

Which of the following statements about Dorothea Dix is true?

A) She was a European who experienced maltreatment first hand, and immigrated to America to escape the public's insensitivity toward the mentally ill.
B) America rejected her efforts to improve conditions for the mentally ill, and her life was threatened several times.
C) She found the treatment of the mentally ill in America dehumanizing, and set out on a quest to improve their condition by lobbying in different states to get laws passed.
D) Although several new hospitals for the insane were established in America during the mid to late 1800s, she could not get them to adopt the humanitarian treatment she advocated.

Question 55

The Viennese psychiatrist credited with discovering a connection between paresis and syphilis was _____.

A) Emil Kraepelin
B) Richard Krafft-Ebing
C) Alfred Adler
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 56

During the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, European mental hospitals humiliated mentally ill patients by:

A) exhibiting their conditions to the public for a fee.
B) parading them down the streets in chains.
C) having them sentenced them to prison terms.
D) creating deplorable conditions to keep them submissive.

Question 57

In the twelfth century, in the Belgian town of _____, townspeople regularly took into their homes the mentally ill who visited the shrine of Saint Dymphna for cures.

A) Bruges
B) Gheel
C) Waterloo
D) Ostend

Question 58

According to Franz Anton Mesmer, _____.

A) animal spirits were capable of penetrating and strangling the human spirit causing people to behave abnormally
B) people evolved from animals, and the abnormal behaviors are simply a level above animal behaviors
C) the distribution of a magnetic fluid in a person could be influenced by the magnetic forces of other people, as well as by the alignments of the planets
D) people exhibit abnormal behaviors because magnetic fluids solidify and get lodged at the base of the brain

Question 59

_____ developed a scheme of classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is the basis for our modern classification systems.

A) Wilhelm Griesinger
B) Emil Kraepelin
C) Richard Krafft-Ebing
D) Jean Charcot

Question 60

The Hospital of Saint Mary of Bethlehem in London earned which nickname for its deplorable conditions?

A) Dollhaus
B) Tollkiste
C) Bethel Prison
D) Bedlam

Question 61

When a patient experiences catharsis, it means that the person has:

A) lost sensation in the upper extremities.
B) become anxious and wishes to withdraw.
C) experienced a release of emotions.
D) found a new meaning in life.

Question 62

The disease, _____, has been characterized as one of the single most important discoveries underpinning modern biological theories of abnormality.

A) general paresis
B) hysteria
C) gonorrhea
D) delirium

Question 63

Which of the following people conceptualized a theory of self-efficacy beliefs?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Albert Ellis
C) Johann Weyer
D) Aaron Beck

Question 64

_____ relates to people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self-regulation
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-motivation

Question 65

The thought processes that influence behavior and emotion are called _____.

A) insights
B) cognitions
C) feelings
D) behaviorisms

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true about catharsis?

A) It focused on the realignment of people's magnetic fluids.
B) It resulted in more censored discussions of the patient's problems under hypnosis.
C) It allowed the therapist to elicit important psychological material more easily.
D) It was of little, if any, therapeutic value in terms of treating abnormality.

Question 67

Which of the following physicians showed that they could induce symptoms of hysteria through hypnosis?

A) Mesmer and Charcot
B) Charcot and Bernheim
C) Bernheim and Liebault
D) Liebault and Mesmer

Question 68

Which of the following individuals is regarded as the best-known figure in psychiatry and psychology?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Sigmund Freud
C) John Watson
D) Erik Erikson

Question 69

Operant or instrumental conditioning was theorized by _____.

A) Thorndike and Skinner
B) Pavlov and Watson
C) Watson and Skinner
D) Pavlov and Thorndike

Question 70

The experiment that demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to stimuli other than food was conceptualized by _____.

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) John Watson
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Edward Thorndike

Question 71

Which individual argued that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain?

A) Franz Anton Mesmer
B) Jean Charcot
C) Ambroise-Auguste Liebault
D) Hippolyte-Marie Bernheim

Question 72

Who were the authors of On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena published in 1893?

A) Freud and Breuer
B) Freud and Charcot
C) Freud and Adler
D) Freud and Hall

Question 73

Operant conditioning theory states that learning:

A) requires the proper modeling of behavior.
B) is based on a teacher who gives instructions.
C) behavior requires two active participants.
D) is affected by the consequences of behavior.

Question 74

Which of the following is an improper pairing?

A) Pavlov/classical conditioning
B) Skinner/psychoanalytic perspective
C) Watson/classical conditioning
D) Thorndike/operant conditioning

Question 75

Which of the following individuals rejected the psychoanalytic and biological theories of abnormality and was inspired by Pavlov's work?

A) Carl Jung
B) John Watson
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 76

Pavlov's theory of learning focused on _____.

A) operant conditioning
B) social conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) cognitive conditioning

Question 77

Rapid advancement in anatomy, physiology, neurology, and chemistry in the late nineteenth century led to the advancement of _____ perspectives in abnormal behavior.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) ecological

Question 78

_____ emphasizes the consequences of reinforcement and punishment on behavior.

A) Behaviorism
B) Cognition
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Mesmerism

Question 79

Which psychoanalytic theorist's method was later renamed as hypnosis?

A) Franz Gall
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Franz Mesmer
D) Carl Jung

Question 80

Which psychoanalytic theorist is noted for his study of the unconscious?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Pierre Janet
C) Jean Charcot
D) Stanley Hall