Deck 10: Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 1

The idea that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are unable to maintain their attention and control their behavior at a level appropriate for their age because they are neurologically immature is known as the _____.

A) impulse hypothesis
B) immaturity hypothesis
C) imbalance hypothesis
D) irregularity hypothesis

Answer 1

immaturity hypothesis

Question 2

Stimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may work by increasing levels of _____ in the synapses of the brain.

A) cortisol
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrine

Answer 2

dopamine

Question 3

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who begin taking stimulants:

A) often experience a dramatic increase in appetite and insomnia.
B) may experience an increase in the frequency of tics.
C) are likely to experience accelerated growth.
D) show a decrease in positive mood and less goal-directed behavior.

Answer 3

may experience an increase in the frequency of tics.

Question 4

Approximately _____ of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) respond to stimulant drugs.

A) 10 percent
B) 25 to 30 percent
C) 40 to 60 percent
D) 70 to 85 percent

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Epidemiological studies indicate that 20 percent of children develop ADHD.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to develop ADHD in childhood and early adolescence.
C) Girls with ADHD tend to have more disruptive behavior than boys with ADHD.
D) The percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD is much greater in the United States than in other countries.

Question 6

Nationwide, the number of children prescribed stimulant medications increased by _____ percent in the past two decades.

A) 50 to 100
B) 75 to 150
C) 100 to 200
D) 200 to 300

Question 7

The DSM-5:

A) increased the number of ADHD subtypes.
B) increased the age of onset for ADHD from 7 to 12.
C) reduced the age the onset age for ADHD from 12 to 7.
D) added diagnostic criteria for ADHD that overlaps with other behavior disorders.

Question 8

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely than children without a psychological disturbance to belong to families:

A) that strictly enforce discipline through physical punishment.
B) in which both parents are employed.
C) that experience frequent disruptions, and aggressive parents.
D) from lower socioeconomic groups.

Question 9

Atomoxetine, clonidine, and guanfacine are used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and operate by affecting the levels of _____.

A) cortisol
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

Question 10

Charlie has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). His medication improves his level of attention and helps him control his impulsive behavior, but he often experiences dryness in his mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and constipation. Which of the following drugs is Charlie most likely taking for his condition?

A) Ritalin
B) Dexedrine
C) Adderall
D) Clonidine

Question 11

A child, whose symptoms include slow retrieval of information from memory, slow processing of information, low levels of alertness, drowsiness, and daydreaming, would most likely receive a diagnosis of the _____ type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

A) predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
B) combined
C) predominantly inattentive.
D) predominantly dissociative

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true about the biological factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) The prefrontal cortex, which regulates attention, organization, and planning, is larger in volume in children with ADHD and shows abnormal activation.
B) The catecholamine neurotransmitters, which include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, appear to function abnormally in individuals with ADHD.
C) The notion that hyperactivity in children is caused by dietary factors has been substantiated in controlled studies.
D) ADHD is associated with high birth weight, premature delivery, and difficult delivery leading to oxygen deprivation.

Question 13

Which of the following drugs is known to reduce tics and increase cognitive abilities in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Ritalin
B) Guanfacine
C) Dexedrine
D) Adderall

Question 14

Which of the following drugs is known to reduce disruptive behaviors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Antidepressants
B) Stimulants
C) Antipsychotics
D) Atypical antipsychotics

Question 15

Children who find it difficult to pay attention, control their impulses, and organize their behaviors are most likely exhibiting symptoms of _____.

A) antisocial personality disorder
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) psychomotor disorder
D) communication disorders

Question 16

Which subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) includes six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity?

A) The predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
B) The combined type
C) The predominantly inattentive type
D) The predominantly dissociative type

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Symptoms of ADHD disappear in young adulthood in about 75 percent of cases.
B) Adults with ADHD are at high risk for depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse.
C) Approximately 10 percent of children with ADHD develop a conduct disorder, abuse drugs, or violate the law.
D) According to an epidemiological study, ADHD is more likely to be diagnosed in adult females than adult males.

Question 18

Which of the following therapies used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), typically engage parents and teachers in changing rewards and punishments in every aspect of the child's life?

A) Cognitive therapies
B) Behavioral therapies
C) Psychodynamic therapies
D) Humanistic therapies

Question 19

Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Effexor
B) Ritalin
C) Clozapine
D) Phenothiazines

Question 20

Which type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed if six or more symptoms of inattention but fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present?

A) Predominantly inattentive type
B) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
C) Predominantly sluggish type
D) Combined type

Question 21

Individuals like Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie "Rain Man", who show an exceptionally high ability in one area but also have a moderate intellectual disability, are considered _____.

A) gifted
B) savants
C) echoliacs
D) geniuses

Question 22

Disorders characterized by impairment in two key areas of development including deficits in social interactions, communication with others, and repetitive patterns of behavior are called _____.

A) chronic developmental disorders
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) pervasive developmental disorders
D) conduct disorder

Question 23

In the DSM-IVTR autism was included in a category called _____.

A) pervasive developmental disorders
B) Rett's disorders
C) Asperger's disorders
D) childhood disintegrative disorders

Question 24

Mariposa tends to repeat words she hears her mother use. She also tends to reverse her pronouns using you instead of I and also has difficulty intonating pitch and tone. These speech patterns represent _____.

A) aphasia.
B) echolalia.
C) apraxia.
D) dyslexia.

Question 25

_____ was the first psychiatrist to describe autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

A) Carl Jung
B) Leo Kanner
C) Aaron T. Beck
D) Eugene Bleuler

Question 26

Zoila shows moderate intellectual disability but has an exceptionally high ability in math. She can ask you what day your birthday is and tell you immediately what day of the year you were born on. Individuals like Zoila are considered _____.

A) gifted
B) savants
C) echoliacs
D) geniuses

Question 27

Psychosocial therapies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) combine:

A) structured educational services and psychoanalysis.
B) behavioral techniques and structured educational services.
C) cognitive-therapy and psychoanalysis.
D) psychotherapy and rational-emotive therapy.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true about autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A) The symptoms of ASD have their onset between ages 6 and 9.
B) The best predictor of the outcome of ASD is a child's IQ and the amount of language development before age 6.
C) The prevalence of ASD appears to vary by socioeconomic status and parental education.
D) The prevalence of ASD has been decreasing in recent years, probably due to increased awareness of the disorder.

Question 29

Roughly _____ percent of children on the autism spectrum show at least moderate intellectual disability.

A) 25
B) 33
C) 50
D) 66

Question 30

Some children perform stereotyped and repetitive behaviors using some parts of their body, such as incessantly flapping their hands or banging their head against a wall. These behaviors sometimes are referred to as _____.

A) rhythmic activities.
B) self-stimulatory behaviors
C) recurrent performances
D) habitual routines

Question 31

Dimitri tends to move his body in a repetitive manner such as waving his hands. These behaviors sometimes are referred to as _____.

A) rhythmic activities.
B) self-stimulatory behaviors
C) recurrent performances
D) habitual routines

Question 32

_____ appear(s) to reduce repetitive behaviors and aggression, and improve social interactions in some people with autism spectrum disorder.

A) Haldol
B) Lithium
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D) monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 33

The DSM-IVTR had a classification for both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Asperger's disorder arguing that in the latter,:

A) there are no significant delays or deviances in language.
B) in the first 3 years of life, children show underdeveloped cognitive skills.
C) children with Asperger's disorder tend to have lower IQ scores.
D) individuals experience significant impairments in social and occupational functioning.

Question 34

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD):

A) engage in symbolic play with toys.
B) develop the classic symptoms of schizophrenia as adults.
C) often place great importance on routine and rituals.
D) smile, coo, and gaze at their caregivers, just like other infants.

Question 35

A key communication issue on autistic children is the tendency to repeat words they have heard, a condition known as _____.

A) aphasia.
B) echolalia.
C) apraxia.
D) aplasia.

Question 36

Which of the following is true about the factors that contribute to autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A) Researchers have been able to identify a specific gene that causes ASD, thereby disproving the notion that ASD is a result of a combination of genes.
B) Children with ASD have a higher than average rate of other genetic disorders associated with cognitive impairment, including fragile X syndrome and PKU.
C) Children with ASD are no more likely than other children to have prenatal and birth complications.
D) Neuroimaging studies have found few structural and functional deficits in the brains of individuals with ASD, thereby strengthening the role of environmental factors.

Question 37

According to research, which of the following treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more likely to produce short-term improvements?

A) A combination of two different types of drugs that are effective in treating ADHD
B) A combination of stimulant therapy and psychosocial therapy
C) Stimulant therapy alone
D) Behavioral therapy alone

Question 38

In the DSM-5, all the pervasive developmental disorders have been subsumed under the new category of _____.

A) disintegrative disorder
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) neurological dysfunction disorders
D) pervasive neurological disorders

Question 39

One of the concerns of the new DSM-5 diagnosis for autism spectrum disorder is that it may be better at meeting DSM-IV TR criteria for _____, than DSM-IV TR criteria for _____.

A) pervasive developmental disorders; high functioning autistic disorders
B) Rett's disorders; low functioning autistic disorders
C) Asperger's disorders; pervasive developmental disorders
D) pervasive developmental disorders; low functioning autistic disorders

Question 40

_____ is a drug that blocks receptors for opiates and has been shown to be useful in reducing hyperactivity in some children with autism spectrum disorder.

A) Lithium
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Naltrexone
D) Phenothiazines

Question 41

Children with mild intellectual disability (IDD):

A) have IQ scores between 50 and 70.
B) generally do not complete their high school education.
C) are unable to feed and dress themselves.
D) are mostly unemployable.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true about the different learning disorders?

A) Reading disorder is more common among girls than boys.
B) Mathematics disorder is usually apparent by the fifth grade.
C) Reading disorder affects about 4 percent of children.
D) Disorder of written expression was renamed as dyslexia in the DSM-5.

Question 43

_____, a common cause of intellectual disability, is caused when a tip of the X chromosome breaks off.

A) Trisomy 13
B) Down syndrome
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) Trisomy 18

Question 44

_____ is caused when a baby is shaken, leading to intracranial injury and retinal hemorrhage.

A) Sudden infant death syndrome
B) Korsakoff's syndrome
C) Shaken baby syndrome
D) Intracranial-kinesis syndrome

Question 45

When Tina was four years old, her parents were concerned about her expressive language. She spoke only in two- or three-word sentences. Tina was also unable to feed and dress herself. Her IQ score was 23. Tina's psychologist most likely diagnosed her with _____.

A) mild intellectual disability
B) moderate intellectual disability
C) severe intellectual disability
D) profound intellectual disability

Question 46

Perry has been diagnosed with profound intellectual disability. His treatment consists of behavioral therapy and drug treatments. His psychiatrist has prescribed risperidone which helps to:

A) increase cognitive abilities.
B) reduce aggression and self-injurious behaviors.
C) decrease depressive and anxiety symptoms.
D) improve sleeping patterns.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a specific learning disorder academic subskill in DSM-5?

A) With impairment in reading
B) With impairment in written expression
C) With impairment in mathematics
D) With impairment in oral expression

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A) Children with FAS demonstrate relatively good judgment.
B) More than 15 percent of all children born in the United States have FAS.
C) Children with fetal alcohol syndrome have an average IQ of 68.
D) At adolescence, the academic functioning of individuals with FAS is usually at the sixth-grade level.

Question 49

_____ is carried by a recessive gene and occurs primarily in Jewish populations.

A) Phenylketonuria
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) Down syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 50

Kayla has been diagnosed with moderate intellectual disability. Which of the following is mostly likely to be true about her?

A) She can easily feed and dress herself.
B) She lacks the intellectual capacity to acquire even simple vocational skills.
C) She may not be able to travel alone or shop or cook for herself.
D) Her IQ is between 20 and 35.

Question 51

Landon is having difficulty learning to read in school. He has poor reading accuracy, a slow rate of reading and a weakness in reading comprehension. If Landon were to be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder, it would most likely be _____.

A) social communication disorder
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Question 52

Children and adults with profound intellectual disability:

A) tend to have IQ scores between 20 and 35.
B) may achieve vocabularies of 300 to 400 words as adults.
C) have normal rates of life expectancy.
D) tend to interact with others socially.

Question 53

Phenylketonuria (PKU):

A) helps the individual develop resistance against brain damage.
B) is carried by a recessive gene and occurs in about 50 in 1,000 births.
C) involves an inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid.
D) can lead to IQ levels between 75 and 100.

Question 54

Children with an intellectual disability are more likely to:

A) be from rural areas than urban areas.
B) belong to the upper-middle class of society.
C) come from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
D) belong to two-income households.

Question 55

Children with _____ do not use speech sounds appropriate for their age or dialect; they may substitute one sound for another or omit certain sounds.

A) social communication disorder
B) childhood onset fluency disorder
C) speech sound disorder
D) language disorder

Question 56

The most common specific learning disorder is:

A) social communication disorder
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true about social programs for children with intellectual disability (IDD)?

A) Institutionalization is more common these days, especially for individuals with profound intellectual disability.
B) Research shows that mentally retarded children who receive regular education fare better academically than those who attend special education programs.
C) African American and Latino families are more likely than European American families to institutionalize their children with intellectual disability.
D) Many adults with intellectual disability live in group homes, where they receive assistance in the tasks of daily living and training in vocational and social skills.

Question 58

Down syndrome is also referred to as _____.

A) trisomy 15
B) trisomy 18
C) trisomy 13
D) trisomy 21

Question 59

In addition to subaverage intellectual functioning, a diagnosis of _____ requires that a child show deficits relative to his or her age group in at least two of the following skill areas: communication, self-care, home living, social or interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, academic skills, work, leisure, health, and personal safety.

A) Asperger's disorder
B) intellectual disability
C) Tourette's disorder
D) illness anxiety disorder

Question 60

Which of the following disorders is characterized by a limited vocabulary, difficulty in learning new words, difficulty in retrieving words, and poor grammar?

A) Social communication disorder
B) Childhood onset fluency disorder
C) Speech sound disorder
D) Language disorder

Question 61

Shoko engages in repetitive hair swirling and hand shaking. These are not tics as she continues to engage in the behaviors for long periods of time. Although she has been diagnosed with autism spectrum, her doctor is adding a diagnosis of _____ to allow her treatment.

A) persistent motor or vocal tic disorder
B) stereotypic movement disorder
C) developmental coordination disorder
D) intellectual disability disorder

Question 62

Marisol in third grade and when her teacher says "Hi", she doesn't respond with anything back. When the other kids ask her questions like "What did you do this weekend?" she also fails to respond appropriately. The school psychologist has recently diagnosed her as having a:

A) social communication disorder.
B) childhood onset fluency disorder.
C) speech sound disorder.
D) language disorder.

Question 63

Lucy has a cognitive impairment due to which she is experiencing deterioration in language. She often uses vague references to hide her inability to produce names. It is most likely that Lucy is experiencing _____.

A) agnosia
B) palialia
C) aphasia
D) echolalia

Question 64

Ahmed has difficulties with language across the board, both spoken and written. He has issues knowing how to describe something and how to put together stories. The school psychologist has recently diagnosed him as having a:

A) social communication disorder.
B) childhood onset fluency disorder.
C) speech sound disorder.
D) language disorder.

Question 65

Tourette's disorder, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder respond well to a behavioral therapy called:

A) habit reversal therapy.
B) aversion therapy.
C) token economy.
D) shaping and chaining.

Question 66

Vashti displays multiple motor tics, like facial grimacing, jerking her arm, and neck stretching, and also a vocal tic (in her case, an objectionable word). Because she has both motor and vocal tics her doctor has diagnosed her with:

A) Down syndrome.
B) stereotypic movement disorder.
C) developmental coordination disorder.
D) Tourette's syndrome.

Question 67

_____ involves deficits in fundamental motor skills, such as walking, running, or holding on to objects.

A) Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder
B) Stereotypic movement disorder
C) Developmental coordination disorder
D) Tourette's disorder

Question 68

In the DSM-5, various forms of dementia are likely to be subsumed under one overarching category, _____.

A) cognitive disorder spectrum
B) major and mild neurocognitive disorders
C) continuous neurocognitive disorder
D) differentiated cognitive disorder spectrum

Question 69

An area of the inferior frontal gyrus called _____ is involved in the ability to articulate and analyze words.

A) Wernicke's area
B) Broca's area
C) the anterior cingulate
D) the anterior commisure

Question 70

Which of the following is the most prominent cognitive deficiency in dementia?

A) Memory loss
B) Motor impairment
C) Speech impairment
D) Emotional functioning

Question 71

The deterioration of language as seen in dementia is referred to as _____.

A) amnesia
B) echolalia
C) palialia
D) aphasia

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true about stuttering?

A) It has a sudden onset.
B) It usually begins before age 5.
C) It is more prevalent among boys than girls.
D) Most individuals never fully recover from stuttering.

Question 73

Which of the following is the most common form of dementia?

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Huntington's disease
C) Neurosyphilis
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 74

Oswaldo displays multiple motor tics, like facial grimacing, jerking his head, and neck stretching, but no vocal tics. Because he has only a motor tic and is not displaying vocal tics, his doctor has diagnosed him with:

A) persistent motor or vocal tic disorder.
B) stereotypic movement disorder.
C) developmental coordination disorder.
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 75

Children who suffer from _____ have significant problems with speaking evenly and smoothly, often voicing frequent repetitions of sounds or syllables.

A) social communication disorder
B) childhood onset fluency disorder
C) speech sound disorder
D) language disorder

Question 76

Mary keeps losing her keys and asks the same questions over and over again. To avoid forgetting, she often makes a list of things she has to do but always forgets to look at them later. Mary is most likely in the early stages of _____.

A) aphasia
B) dementia
C) delirium
D) agnosia

Question 77

Clayton often stutters saying things like "I-I-I-I see him". Because the kids at school have started teasing him, the school psychologist has recently diagnosed him as having a _____, so that he can get help.

A) social communication disorder
B) childhood onset fluency disorder
C) speech sound disorder
D) language disorder

Question 78

Delaney is in second grade but still makes errors in articulation and enunciation, saying things like "look at that wabbit". Or saying "bu" instead of "blue". The school psychologist has recently diagnosed her as having a:

A) social communication disorder.
B) childhood onset fluency disorder.
C) speech sound disorder.
D) language disorder.

Question 79

Jonas displays deficits in motor skills like running, catching, and throwing. He finds it very distressing as the other children already tease him because of his attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. So that he can get occupational therapy to help with the delay, his school psychologist has added a diagnosis of:

A) persistent motor or vocal tic disorder.
B) stereotypic movement disorder.
C) developmental coordination disorder.
D) trisomy 21 disorder.

Question 80

Tourette's disorder and persistent motor or vocal tic disorder respond well to the atypical antipsychotic medications alter _____ systems.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) acetylcholine