Deck 2: Theories and Treatment of Abnormality

Question 1

Tonya is worried about her upcoming nursing board exams. She has been suffering from nausea and a queasy stomach. Her anxiety has caused her to be irritable and she has been having trouble sleeping. Tonya has been less patient with family, which causes her more anxiety and increases her gastrointestinal problems. In this situation which of the following best explains Tonya's behaviour?

A) Feedback loop
B) Psychological factors
C) Biological factors
D) Social factors

Answer 1

Feedback loop

Question 2

Which of the following statements best captures the feedback loops that maintain abnormal behaviour?

A) Biological and social factors impact each other but have no influence on psychological factors
B) Psychosocial factors have a more profound effect on mental disorders than biological factors
C) Biological changes impact psychological and social factors which in turn may affect biological factors
D) Biological and psychological changes impact each other but have no influence on social factors

Answer 2

Biological changes impact psychological and social factors which in turn may affect biological factors

Question 3

Which of the following statements is most true of the vulnerability-stress model?

A) The vulnerability-stress model is based on a genetic mutation that results in abnormal behaviours
B) The vulnerability-stress model is based on psychological factors that exacerbate biological symptoms
C) The vulnerability-stress model suggests that the vulnerability can be either biological or psychological
D) The vulnerability stress model suggests that environmental stressors must always be biological

Answer 3

The vulnerability-stress model suggests that the vulnerability can be either biological or psychological

Question 4

Albert Ellis' approach to abnormal behaviour is based on which of the following perspectives?

A) Behavioural
B) Psychodynamic
C) Cognitive
D) Humanistic

Question 5

The integration of biological, psychological and social approaches to abnormality is referred to as the _________.

A) Vulnerability-stress model
B) Stress and diathesis model
C) Biological-stress model
D) Stress-anxiety model

Question 6

What term refers to biochemicals that carry impulses from one neuron to another?

A) Hormones
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Electrical transmissions
D) Synaptic responses

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the nature-nurture question of abnormality?

A) The nature-nurture question relies heavily on biological perspectives to address abnormal behaviours
B) The nature-nurture question views abnormal behaviours merely from a sociological perspective
C) The nature-nurture question integrates a biological, psychological and social approach to abnormal behaviours
D) The nature-nurture question rejects the idea that abnormality has multiple causes

Question 8

Which term refers to damage to the brain?

A) Lagans
B) Lesions
C) Losses
D) Legends

Question 9

Dysfunction in which part of the brain would be associated with abnormal eating, drinking and sexual behaviours?

A) Right frontal lobe
B) Cerebrum
C) Hypothalamus
D) Midbrain

Question 10

Which of the following biological theories best explains the changes in Phineas Gage's behaviour?

A) Genetic abnormality
B) Structural damage to the brain
C) Biochemical imbalance
D) Genetic predisposition

Question 11

A psychologist who applies a social approach would likely attribute abnormal behaviour to which of the following?

A) Genetics
B) Stressors
C) Interpersonal relationships
D) Unconscious desires

Question 12

Maria and her parents recently moved to a new province because her mother was transferred to a new position in her company. She has had difficulty adjusting to her new school and has been suffering from loss of appetite, irritability and lack of interest in her usual activities. Assuming that Maria's behaviour meets the criteria for abnormal behaviour, which of the following would most likely be the best approach to explaining Maria's behaviour?

A) Psychological approach
B) Nature-nurture question
C) Social approach
D) Biological approach

Question 13

Which of the following best defines a theory?

A) A theory is a set of ideas that tentatively bridges the gap between normal and abnormal behaviours
B) A theory is a set of ideas that relates only to observed behaviours
C) A theory is a set of ideas that explains the causality of abnormality
D) A theory is a set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions, gathering and interpreting information about a phenomenon

Question 14

Which of the following is not a biological approach to abnormality?

A) Structural damage to the brain
B) Genetic abnormalities
C) Biochemical imbalance
D) Biological defense mechanisms

Question 15

What theory is Albert Ellis associated with?

A) Rational-behavioural theory
B) Rational-emotive theory
C) Rational-cognitive theory
D) Rational-developmental theory

Question 16

Which of the following statements is most true of neuroimaging techniques?

A) They have a high success rate of detecting structural abnormalities in the brains of those who suffer from psychological disorders
B) They have approximately a 50% success rate for detecting structural abnormalities in the brain of those who suffer from psychological disorders
C) They have been successful in determining causality of the most severe psychological disorders
D) They often detect no structural abnormalities in the brains of those who suffer from psychological disorders

Question 17

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A) Regulating sexual drives
B) Advanced thinking processes
C) Relaying messages to the brain
D) Impulse control

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the interaction between vulnerability and stress to cause a disorder?

A) The vulnerability can be biological, psychological, or social and when coupled with the stress causes the disorder to manifest
B) An individual experiences a minimal amount of psychological and social stress that creates an atmosphere for the emergence of a disorder
C) Biological factors and psychological factors interact and create social stressors that influence the disorder
D) Psychological and social vulnerability are loosely associated with the disorder, but biological factors are the main contributors to the disorder

Question 19

Cindy's mood has become increasingly unstable since her traffic accident. She often experiences bouts of aggression and fits of rage without provocation. Other times she can be overly passive and fails to recognize direct threats. What part of the brain did Cindy most likely damage?

A) Temporal lobe
B) Limbic system
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus

Question 20

Phineas Gage's head injury occurred in which part of the brain?

A) Hippocampus
B) Cerebral cortex
C) Thalamus
D) Limbic system

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Neurotransmitters are less likely to be considered contributors to mental disorders than psychological factors
B) The reuptake and degradation processes influence the levels of neurotransmitters
C) Substances such as heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines have little effect on neurotransmitter levels
D) Scientists have identified more than 1000 different neurotransmitters

Question 22

Sally usually enjoys listening to music and playing her guitar. Lately, though, she finds these activities unrewarding, and as a result she feels sad and unmotivated. Which neurotransmitter is likely depleted in Sally's brain?

A) Dopamine
B) Norepinephine
C) Acetylcholine
D) GABA

Question 23

Which of the following substances slow the reuptake process of norepinephrine?

A) Cocaine and heroin
B) Heroin and marijuana
C) Marijuana and amphetamines
D) Amphetamines and cocaine

Question 24

Structures in the brain and the endocrine system frequently work together to create psychopathology as illustrated in the

A) Hypothalamus
B) HPA axis
C) Adrenal gland
D) Thalamus

Question 25

The three approaches to Gene Studies include:

A) Adoption studies, twin studies, and family studies
B) Neurotransmitter system, endocrine system, and HPA axis
C) Behaviour genetics, polygenic processes, and chromosomal analyses
D) Linkage analysis, association studies, and epigenetics

Question 26

How many chromosomes does a fertilized embryo have at conception?

A) 18
B) 23
C) 32
D) 46

Question 27

In order to conduct family history studies, it is important that researchers do which of the following?

A) Gather information from primary care physicians on families who suffer from debilitating psychological problems
B) Identify any external stressors that create disorders in families
C) Use a biopsychosocial methodology
D) Clearly identify the probands and control groups, and then trace family trees

Question 28

In which of the following emotional responses does gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) play a role?

A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Anger
D) Sadness

Question 29

What does the term 'degradation' refer to?

A) The releasing of neurons into the synaptic gap for uptake by the receiving neuron
B) The reabsorption of the neurotransmitter into the initial neuron
C) The attaching of neurotransmitter to the receptor of the receiving neuron
D) The receiving neuron releasing an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other chemicals

Question 30

Which biochemical affects an individual's level of energy, reaction to stress, and mood?

A) Hormones
B) Pituitary
C) Endocrines
D) Corticotrophins

Question 31

What does the term "polygenic process" refer to?

A) Multiple genes that culminate to create a disorder
B) The interaction between hormones and adrenal function
C) A coded set of instructions for cells to perform certain functions
D) A genetic predisposition to a disorder

Question 32

Albert Ellis' anxiety would most likely be attributed to a dysfunction in which of the following systems?

A) The dopamine system
B) The serotonin system
C) The GABA system
D) The endorphin system

Question 33

Ralph's older brother was recently diagnosed with Schizophrenia. Ralph, who is 16, is convinced that he, too, will develop Schizophrenia when he gets a little older because he's heard that Schizophrenia is due to "bad genes". What are Ralph's actual chances for developing Schizophrenia?

A) Around 50%
B) Around 90%
C) Around 10%
D) Around 25%

Question 34

Which one of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in regulating emotion and impulses?

A) Dopamine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Serotonin

Question 35

When the corticotrophin-release factor (CRF) travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, the pituitary releases the body's adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). The bloodstream carries ACTH to other glands and organs. This example illustrates the complex relationship between _______________.

A) The pituitary gland and hormones
B) The hormones and endocrine system
C) The endocrine system and hypothalamus
D) The hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 36

Which of the following is not true concerning behaviour genetics?

A) Behaviour genetics studies the genetics of personality and abnormal behaviour
B) Research in behaviour genetics focuses primarily on twin studies
C) Research in behaviour genetics suggests that most disorders result from polygenic processes
D) Behaviour geneticists investigate the inheritability of behaviours and behavioural tendencies

Question 37

Which of the following is an important role of dopamine?

A) The functioning of intellectual systems
B) The functioning of muscle systems
C) The regulation of pain and mood
D) The regulation of aggression

Question 38

The pituitary gland is most responsible for ______________.

A) Regulating mood and emotions
B) Regulating brain function and relaying messages
C) Regulating energy levels and managing aggression
D) Regulating the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands

Question 39

A dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been linked to which of the following problems?

A) Anxiety and depression
B) Delusions and hallucinations
C) Anger and aggression
D) Panic and worry

Question 40

Sandy was born with the chromosome 21 present in triplicate. Sandy was most likely born with which disorder?

A) Severe mental retardation
B) Down syndrome
C) Tay Sachs Disease
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 41

Which of the following is not considered a flaw of biological theories?

A) They often seem reductionistic
B) Social and environmental factors are often ignored
C) No explanations are available for why those who are biologically at risk for a disorder do not always develop the disorder
D) Progress has advanced too quickly and the development of treatments is lagging

Question 42

Which of the following structures is aware of objects in the environment and operates in the reality principle?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Ego centrism

Question 43

Sarah is constantly being distracted by her desire to become a model. Sarah spends most of her leisure time daydreaming of becoming a star. Her teacher has threatened to call her parents if she continues this behaviour. According to Freudian theory, Sarah is engaging in which of the following?

A) Primary process thinking
B) Ego identity crisis
C) Id dominated behaviours
D) Libidinal drive

Question 44

According to Freud, as a result of repression, what happens to emotion?

A) It is dissolved
B) It is traumatized
C) It is dammed-up
D) It is clarified

Question 45

Terry and Perry are twins. Most people have no difficulty telling them apart. Terry has blonde hair and blue eyes and Perry has dark hair and brown eyes. What type of twins are Terry and Perry?

A) Dizygotic twins
B) Twins created by a polygenic process
C) Monozygotic twins
D) Identical twins

Question 46

How did Freud define repression?

A) Inconsistent memories
B) Motivated forgetting
C) False memories
D) Personal forgetfulness

Question 47

Monozygotic twins share what percentage of their genes?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 48

According to Freudian theory, which of the following is one of the two basic drives that motivates human behaviour?

A) Aggression
B) Power
C) Catharsis
D) Repression

Question 49

According to Freudian theory, what three systems of the human psyche regulate the libido?

A) Personal unconscious, collective unconscious and archetypes
B) Id, ego and superego
C) Ego, unconscious and subconscious
D) Aggressive drive, id and the superego

Question 50

Who developed the psychoanalytic approach to personality and treatment of psychopathology?

A) Freud
B) Horney
C) Breuer
D) Charcot

Question 51

Dr. Bennett is least likely to use which of the following studies to learn about the influence of genetics on psychological disorders?

A) Adoption studies
B) Twin studies
C) Extended family studies
D) Family history studies

Question 52

The id operates by which of the following principles?

A) The reality principle
B) The morality principle
C) The conscience principle
D) The pleasure principle

Question 53

For which of the following studies would separating the impacts of genetics and shared environment be problematic?

A) Family history studies and adoption studies
B) Adoption studies and non-traditional family studies
C) Twin studies and family history studies
D) Extended family studies and adoption studies

Question 54

According to the Psychodynamic perspective, abnormal behaviour is influenced by which of the following?

A) Unconscious processes
B) External locus of control
C) Ego centric process
D) Collective experience

Question 55

Michael and Michelle are adolescents who share the same birthday. Michael received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. On the other hand, Michelle shows no signs of mood disturbance. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A) Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins but Michael is genetically predisposed to develop a mood disorder
B) Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins but Michael developed the disorder because he modeled behaviours of other family members
C) Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins but Michelle did not develop the disorder because the concordance rate was extremely low
D) Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins but Michelle did not develop the disorder because she has a higher tolerance for stress

Question 56

Which of the following is the ego's primary mode of operation?

A) Primary process thinking
B) Secondary process thinking
C) Tertiary process thinking
D) Secondary tertiary process thinking

Question 57

Frank and Bill are identical twins. At age 3, their genetic assays are identical. However, at age 50 there are major changes between the assays. What is the approach that examines differences in how genes are expressed?

A) Twin studies
B) Epigenetics
C) Association studies
D) Linkage analysis

Question 58

Dell is interested in conducting a family history study on compulsive behaviours. His sample will consist of first-degree relatives. Therefore, which of the following families will make up Dell's sample?

A) Families with adopted children
B) Families with biological children
C) Families with only monozygotic twins
D) Families with stepchildren

Question 59

Macy was adopted at birth, but later found that she had a twin sister. When reunited, Macy and her sister were shockingly surprised that they shared similar tastes in clothing, music and food. Both become uncomfortable and feel awkward in social situations. Based on the results of the twin studies conducted at the University of British Columbia and the University of Minnesota, genetics most likely influenced all of the following except:

A) Their everyday life experiences
B) Anxiety of social situations
C) Personality traits
D) Behavioural patterns

Question 60

What term refers to the probability that both twins will have a disorder if one twin has the disorder?

A) Variable ratio
B) Concordance rate
C) Time-space interval
D) Genetic ration

Question 61

Sarah and her mother, Stephanie, are constantly arguing because Sarah continues to challenge her mother's authority. Sarah is consistently bickering with her siblings. Her teacher has requested a conference to discuss Sarah's inability to control her anger and monitor her words. According to Freudian theory, Sarah probably had difficulty in which psychosexual stage of development?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Latency
D) Phallic

Question 62

What is the correct sequential order for Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) Oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic
B) Anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
C) Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D) Anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency

Question 63

Terrence's father abandoned his mother and him when he was 6 years-old. When he is asked about his father, he says that his father died. Although his father has tried to contact him, Terrence insists that his father is dead. Which of the following Freudian processes would best explain Terrence's behaviour?

A) Id dominated behaviour
B) Neurotic paradox
C) Defense mechanism
D) Penis envy

Question 64

Which of the following components are part of the superego?

A) Anima and animus
B) Ego and personal unconscious
C) Inferiority and superiority
D) Conscience and ego ideal

Question 65

Lancet has become interested in his chemistry class. He has always been shy and elicits the help of his older sister for dating advice. Lancet is most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?

A) Anal
B) Phallic
C) Latency
D) Genital

Question 66

According to Family Systems Theories, the family system works towards

A) Harmony
B) Homeostasis
C) Progress
D) Self-actualization

Question 67

Frank attends an evening class at the local community college. He begins to have stomach pain because of hunger. He wants to leave class early and get dinner, but realizes that leaving would disrupt the class instruction. Frank decides to wait and get a snack during the break. In this example, Frank most likely is applying which of the following styles of thinking?

A) Rational deliberation
B) Wish fulfillment
C) Internalization
D) Conscience

Question 68

Jeremy and Stacy are siblings who attend the same elementary school. They rarely speak to each other during free time. Jeremy is usually hanging out with his male friends while Stacy and her female friends stick together. At home, they interact only minimally. Each believes that his/her gender "rules". Jeremy and Stacy are most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?

A) Anal
B) Phallic
C) Latency
D) Genital

Question 69

An advocate of object relations theory would be most likely to believe which of the following statements?

A) Interpersonal relationships during early childhood influence an individual's self-concept and personality development
B) Self-awareness is impacted by the psychosexual urges present during each stage of development
C) Thoughts, behaviours, and emotions are connected to one's unconscious state of mind
D) Environmental stressors coupled with poor parental relationships create mental disorders for vulnerable individuals

Question 70

What is the superego responsible for?

A) Regulating emotional responses
B) Monitoring poor impulse controls
C) Storing rules and regulations of moral behaviours
D) Observing objects in the environment

Question 71

Critics of Freudian theory would be most likely to argue which of the following?

A) Freud's theory fails to account for biological factors in development
B) Freud's theory neglects the role of social and environmental forces
C) Freud's theory overemphasizes the concept of self
D) Freud's theory focuses too much attention on sexuality in social relationships

Question 72

The symptoms of ________ appear to be vary between Asian and Canadian cultures.

A) Schizophrenia
B) Bipolar disorder
C) Neuroses
D) Anorexia Nervosa

Question 73

Higher rates of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Aboriginal people in Canada may be at least partially attributed to

A) Physical isolation
B) Societal reorganization
C) Polygenic processes
D) Cultural isolation

Question 74

Ever since Rachel moved to a new neighbourhood, she has been concerned that her children have been misbehaving and disobeying her, and staying out past their curfew. Consistent with social structural theories, Rachel should be vigilant for

A) A lack of cohesion in her neighbourhood
B) Open conflict among neighbours
C) Subcultures, such as gangs
D) Modelling

Question 75

Where do most of the interactions between the id, ego and superego occur?

A) Neurotic system
B) Preconscious
C) Unconscious
D) Conscious

Question 76

Suzy is an active toddler who enjoys playing with blocks independently. Suddenly, a pile of blocks tips over and hits Suzy in the nose. Suzy sobs uncontrollably and seeks out her mother. This behaviour suggests that Suzy has developed a

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure attachment
C) Disorganized attachment
D) Hypervigilance

Question 77

Boys who experience extreme fear of castration anxiety resolve the conflict by identifying with their fathers and putting aside their desires for their mothers. According to Freudian theory, this conflict develops during the ___________ stage and the process is called the ___________.

A) Anal/Oedipus complex
B) Phallic/Electra complex
C) Anal/Electra complex
D) Phallic/Oedipus complex

Question 78

According to Freudian theory, what role do defense mechanisms play?

A) They are used by the superego as reward for moral conduct
B) They disguise or transform unconscious wishes
C) They create psychological disorders
D) They protect the preconscious

Question 79

Lena is extremely opinionated and overcontrolling. She often demands her way and refuses to offer help to anyone in need. According to Freudian theory, Lena probably became fixated in which psychosexual stage of development?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Genital

Question 80

Which structure has the responsibility of protecting the conscious from unconscious material that may be harmful?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Libido