Deck 1: Looking at Abnormality

Question 1

In the film, "Willie Wonka and the Chocolate Factory", Wonka is rarely seen outside his chocolate factory. The factory has secret rooms, wild and crazy colour schemes, and oompa loompas who make the candy and odd inventions. In one scene, Wonka throws a shoe into the recipe to "give the chocolate a kick." Wonka's behaviour is an example of which criterion?

A) Mental illness criterion
B) Unusualness criterion
C) Discomfort criterion
D) Maladaptiveness criterion

Answer 1

Unusualness criterion

Question 2

Which DSM system will have a relatively greater emphasis on dimensional models of psychopathology?

A) DSM-IV
B) DSM-IV-TR
C) DSM-V
D) DSM-V-TR

Answer 2

DSM-V

Question 3

According to studies on eccentrics, approximately how many people exhibit true eccentric behaviours?

A) 1 in 100 people
B) 1 in 1000 people
C) 1 in 10,000 people
D) 1 in 100,000 people

Answer 3

1 in 10,000 people

Question 4

Jeffery is an accountant who has been experiencing periods of sleeplessness, loss of appetite, sadness, and irritability. He reported that he never has the energy or desire to do the things he normally does. An individual applying the mental illness criteria would do which of the following?

A) Assume that Jeffery's problem is psychological and refer him to a mental health professional
B) Assume that Jeffery's symptoms are the result of severe distress and offer him relaxation techniques
C) Attempt to determine what was healthy for Jeffery and order tests to determine the physical causes that lead to the behaviours
D) Attempt to determine whether Jeffrey was misrepresenting the specific behaviours by offering a psychological evaluation

Question 5

The removal of homosexuality as a psychological disorder was due to which of the following factors?

A) The American Psychiatric Association conducted research on society's attitudes toward gay and lesbian relationships
B) The gay and lesbian community denied that their sexual orientation caused them discomfort
C) Psychiatrists and psychologists began viewing gay and lesbian relationships in a religious way
D) Gay and lesbian relationships became more accepted by diverse groups

Question 6

The majority of mental health professionals adhere to which criterion for labelling abnormal behaviours?

A) Maladaptive criterion
B) Cultural relativism criterion
C) Discomfort criterion
D) Mental illness criterion

Question 7

What does the term psychopathology refer to?

A) Mental or emotional pain related to a psychological and mental disorder
B) Mental or emotional pain related to a psychological and physical disease
C) Mental or emotional pain related to a psychological and mental disease
D) Mental or emotional pain related to a psychological and physical disorder

Question 8

Margaret is a 27 year-old soccer mom who never misses her daughter's games. Her friends argue that her behaviour is embarrassing and she is making a fool of herself when she repeatedly yells and jumps to her feet. Margaret insists that no one is paying attention to her behaviour. Margaret states, "It's a soccer game and people are expected to get excited." Which of the following should determine whether Margaret's behaviour is abnormal?

A) Margaret's behaviour should be based on the geographical location
B) Margaret's behaviour should be based on the gender differences
C) Margaret's behaviour should be based on the context in which it is performed
D) Margaret's behaviour should be based on individual differences

Question 9

Which perspective judges abnormal behaviour solely on social and cultural norms?

A) Contextual perspective
B) Unusualness perspective
C) Gender role perspective
D) Cultural relativism perspective

Question 10

Why might a therapist discard the discomfort criteria?

A) The criteria suggests that the individual wants to rid him/herself of the disruptive behaviour
B) Many people experience discomfort when they are under distress and the discomfort criteria provides an avenue for labelling people mentally ill
C) The subjective discomfort criteria focuses on the discomfort of others rather than the individual who is experiencing the discomfort
D) People may not be aware that their behaviours are creating a problem and may not seek help

Question 11

Which of the following is true concerning the discomfort criterion?

A) The individual has no desire to be rid of the disruptive behaviour
B) The behaviour must violate societal norms
C) The individual must suffer as a result of the behaviour
D) The behaviour must also meet the unusualness criteria

Question 12

Slaves who tried to escape bondage could be diagnosed with drapetomania. Drapetomania caused slaves to do which of the following?

A) To misunderstand their roles
B) To desire freedom from their masters
C) To refuse to work in the fields
D) To revolt against their masters

Question 13

According to the text, bereavement practices are representative of which of the following standards?

A) The discomfort standard
B) The gender relativism standard
C) The cultural relativism standard
D) The mental illness standard

Question 14

What kind of behaviours does the unusualness standard refer to?

A) Behaviours that violate social norms
B) Behaviours that seem unusual or strange within that particular society
C) Behaviours that cause the individual severe distress
D) Behaviours that cause others discomfort

Question 15

Which of the following is true of the mental illness criterion?

A) It implies that specific behaviours or symptoms result from an identifiable process that is different from "health."
B) It suggests that culture is important to assessing abnormal behaviours
C) It maintains that people suffer distress because of disruptive behaviours
D) It holds that a biological test is necessary to determine the disruptive behaviours

Question 16

Which perspective defines abnormal behaviour according to whether the behaviour violates a culture's gender roles?

A) Unusualness relativism
B) Cultural relativism
C) Contextual relativism
D) Gender relativism or cultural relativism

Question 17

Alma has recently been experiencing difficulty falling sleep, lack of pleasure in her usual activities, and other symptoms that suggest she may be depressed. A ________ approach could include labeling her with a disorder, and a _________ approach could include identifying her degree of depression relative to other people.

A) diathesis; stress
B) stigmatizing; categorical
C) categorical; dimensional
D) maladaptiveness; dysfunction

Question 18

Which of the following is true?

A) Eccentrics are rare and their behaviours generally bring joy to themselves and others
B) In the unusualness criterion, abnormal behaviours are presented the same across the general population
C) Eccentrics are generally shy therefore hardly noticeable
D) Cultural relativism has no connection to the unusualness criterion

Question 19

Which of the following is not considered a criterion for labelling abnormal behaviours?

A) Unusualness
B) Disturbed
C) Maladaptiveness
D) Discomfort

Question 20

Which of the following arguments would be made by a cultural relativist?

A) Behaviours must be universally accepted to be considered normal
B) Behaviours performed contextually are not important in judging behaviours
C) Gender roles and expectations are not important for assessing abnormal behaviours
D) No universal standard or rules exist for labelling abnormal behaviours

Question 21

Which of the following methods was used by Old Testament Hebrews to obtain relief from madness?

A) Contacting witches and seers to cast a spell
B) Confessing and repenting of their sins before God
C) Relying on physician and healer to remove the symptoms
D) Performing self-mutilating behaviours to release the evil spirits

Question 22

Which type of religious ritual was not used to rid an individual of a mental disorder?

A) Exorcisms
B) Confessions
C) Atonement
D) Feet cleansing

Question 23

The field of Positive Psychology may be understood as

A) an effort towards positive thinking
B) an effort to strengthen diagnostic categorization
C) the study of ways people and societies create healthy environments
D) the study of thinking in a manner that supports the change one wants to see in the world

Question 24

Ancient Egyptian literature indicates that abnormality is rooted in which of the following theories?

A) Supernatural theories
B) Biological theories
C) Psychological theories
D) Cultural theories

Question 25

Which of the following is true of biological theories?

A) They are similar to the mental illness criterion that argues there is a clear, identifiable physical process that differs from "health," and leads to specific behaviours or symptoms
B) They maintain that no relationship exists between the biological and psychological factors of abnormal behaviours
C) They are similar to a physical disease perspective and suggest that the abnormal behaviours are the result of poor health
D) They suggest that the causality of abnormal behaviours lies in both biological and psychological research

Question 26

Xia has been feeling sad and lonely over the last several days. How would the ancient Chinese medical philosophy account for Xia's mood?

A) It is due to "vital air" hitting a specific part of her body
B) It is due to the lack of a positive force
C) It is due to an imbalance in her yin and yang
D) It is due to evil spirits

Question 27

Where did the concepts of Yin and Yang (positive and negative forces) originate?

A) Ancient China
B) Ancient Greek
C) Ancient Egypt
D) Ancient Rome

Question 28

Psychologists who apply the maladaptiveness criteria to abnormal behaviour would do all of the following, except:

A) View the behaviour in the context of societal norms
B) Reject the idea that culture and gender influence the behaviour
C) Assess the individual's daily occupational and social functioning
D) Keep in mind the subjectivity of the criteria

Question 29

Which of the following did Ancient Greeks and Egyptians believe about a woman's uterus?

A) It could dislodge and wander inside the womb, resulting in psychological abnormalities
B) It contained mystically powers that caused the uterus to dislodge and create physiological symptoms that lead to psychological distress
C) It made women inferior to men because only women suffered from emotional pain
D) It dislodged during a specific period and returned to its original position when the psychological symptoms were absent

Question 30

Hippocrates attributed abnormality to four basic humours: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. These beliefs led to which of the following treatment(s)?

A) Induced vomiting and fasting
B) Stoning and ostracizing the individual
C) Cutting and allowing the blood flow freely
D) Spiritual exorcism by the temple priests

Question 31

Earlier psychological theories saw abnormal behaviour as the result of which of the following?

A) Chemical imbalances
B) Trauma
C) Anxiety
D) Brain dysfunction

Question 32

Unlike Greek and Roman philosophers, Greek physicians attributed abnormality to which of the following?

A) Affliction from the gods
B) Divine intervention
C) Literary and prophetic gifts
D) Bodily humours

Question 33

Which of the following ancients Greeks believed that helping the individual think more rationally would be beneficial to the patient?

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Homer

Question 34

Which ancient Greek was the first to describe what psychologist now call agoraphobia?

A) Homer
B) Aretaeus
C) Plato
D) Socrates

Question 35

According to Chinese medicine, excited insanity refers to which of the following?

A) The presence of a negative energy
B) The presence of a positive energy
C) The presence of a negative force
D) The presence of a positive force

Question 36

Which of the following is not a component of the maladaptiveness criterion?

A) Deviance
B) Distress
C) Dysfunction
D) Disturbance

Question 37

Katina believes that evil spirits have possessed her body. She claims that the spirits often give her commands that go against her religious beliefs and moral values. Katina will most likely consult which of the following professionals about her concerns?

A) Psychologist
B) Psychiatrist
C) Medical physician
D) Religious leader

Question 38

Which of the following terms refers to drilling circular holes in the skull to free evil spirits?

A) Trephination
B) Exorcism
C) Atonement
D) Blood letting

Question 39

Which of the following is improperly paired?

A) Psychological theories/trauma
B) Biological theories/trauma
C) Supernatural theories/divine intervention
D) Biological theories/physical diseases

Question 40

Historically, abnormal behaviours have been defined by which of the following theories?

A) Biological, religious, and psychological
B) Biological, psychological, and sociological
C) Biological, sociological, and supernatural
D) Biological, supernatural, and psychological

Question 41

Dr. Joseph Workman published a damning report of which hospital for the mentally ill?

A) Pennsylvania Hospital
B) Provincial Lunatic Asylum in Toronto
C) New York Institute
D) Hospital for the Mentally Insane

Question 42

Religious services that included dance frenzies generally appealed to people who were suffering from economic and social deprivation and alienation. Which of the following were true of dance frenzy gatherings?

A) They provided an emotional outlet for individuals who performed these behaviours
B) They helped to restore hope in the government and the Church
C) They were a nuisance to non-believers and threatened their safety
D) The drove the participants to the edge of madness

Question 43

Who opened a new asylum in England and coined the phrase "moral treatment"?

A) William Tuke
B) Philippe Pinel
C) Dorothea Dix
D) Berta Pappenheimg

Question 44

The research findings of positive psychology are intended to _________ psychopathology research findings.

A) supplement
B) replace
C) discredit
D) both B and C

Question 45

During the 16^th, 17^th and 18^th centuries, how did the Europeans humiliate mentally ill patients?

A) By exhibiting their conditions to the public for a fee
B) By parading them down the streets chained like animals
C) By sentencing them to jail and selling them into slavery
D) By intentionally creating deplorable conditions to keep them submissive

Question 46

This approach is more interested in increasing happiness than treating abnormality.

A) Clinical psychology
B) Social work
C) Positive psychology
D) Social psychology

Question 47

Which of the following terms refers to a large number of people engaging in unusual behaviours where the origin appears to be psychological?

A) Psychic catastrophe
B) Psychic epidemic
C) Psychic projection
D) Psychic illusion

Question 48

Why was the Act for Regulating Madhouses created?

A) To create public sympathy for the mentally ill and reduce the public's fear responses
B) To improve the deplorable conditions of mental institutions and keep the mentally ill from being unjustly imprisoned
C) To provide services for poor people confined to workhouses
D) To reduce crime in the neighbourhoods by removing unstable people from the streets

Question 49

A group began dancing wildly, tearing their clothes, digging holes and rolling around in the dirt. When asked why they were behaving in such a way, they said they were experiencing intense pain from a tarantula bite. What is this group most likely suffering from?

A) Trancelike state of confusion
B) Acute psychosis
C) Mass psychosis
D) Tarantism

Question 50

The name Bedlam derives from which famous author's work?

A) Hans Christian Anderson's The Little Match Girl
B) William Shakespeare's King Lear
C) Reginald Scott's Discovery of Witchcraft
D) William Shakespeare's Othello

Question 51

Which of the following is true of psychic epidemics?

A) They are generally seen in groups that experiment with illegal drugs
B) They are seen across all socioeconomic statuses
C) They are strictly confined to spiritual experiences
D) They are currently being researched from a social psychological perspective

Question 52

Which of the following treatments was not used to restore mental wellness in the Public Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia?

A) Electric shock
B) Starvation
C) Plunging into ice water or hot water
D) Trephination

Question 53

Which of the following best describes Plato's approach to abnormality?

A) Biological
B) Supernatural
C) Psychological
D) Sociocultural

Question 54

A psychic epidemic broke out in the early 1990s in a Rhode Island high school. The students and their teacher experienced nausea, headaches, dizziness and mild symptoms of carbon monoxide intoxication. The behaviours were attributed to which of the following?

A) Mass hysteria associated with the Gulf War
B) The increase in violence found in high schools
C) Impulse control of the high school students
D) Rebellious attitudes toward school authorities

Question 55

Self-hypnosis was used as a potential explanation for which of the following observations?

A) "Witch prickers'" ability to inflict pain on the accused witch without feeling remorse
B) Accused witches' physical insensitivity to the pain inflicted by professional "witch prickers"
C) Transference of pain from the accused witch to the "witch pricker"
D) Mystical illusion of feeling no pain during a painful experience

Question 56

Which of the following was true of individuals considered mad during ancient times?

A) The government provided a stable environment for individuals who were considered mad and claimed full responsibility for their well-being
B) Individuals who were considered mad were viewed as being helpless and most people took pity on them
C) Homeless individuals who were considered mad were bound and chained for the public's safety
D) Individuals who were considered mad had no protection under the law and the government and family members could seize the belongings

Question 57

Which of the following statements regarding witches is false?

A) Psychiatric historians have argued that those who claimed to be witches were probably mentally ill, because they reported experiencing delusions and hallucinations
B) Women who claimed to be witches were often older, unmarried, and poor and used the declaration of being a witch to extort money from their neighbours
C) Witchcraft and madness were synonymous and little or no distinction was made in cultures that believed in the existence of witches
D) During the medieval period the cultural beliefs allowed for individuals to believe that they were witches without being accused of suffering from abnormal behaviours

Question 58

Which of the following best describes the treatment of mentally ill patients prior to the 18^th century?

A) They were given rest, relaxation, and retreat from family members
B) They were tortured and imprisoned
C) They were chained and beaten
D) They were deported to other countries

Question 59

The Hospital of Saint Mary of Bethlehem in London was noted for its deplorable conditions. What nickname was given to this hospital?

A) Dollhaus
B) Tollkiste
C) Geel
D) Bedlam

Question 60

Which of the following best describes a tarantism?

A) A psychic epidemic in which people perform a spiritual dance to honour the tarantulas as supreme creatures
B) Dance frenzies that are accompanied by phobic-like symptoms when people see a tarantula
C) A psychic epidemic in which people jump around, dance wildly and beat each other with whips because they believe that they have been bitten by tarantulas
D) A group of people who hallucinate because tarantulas have crawled beneath their skin and they must perform a dance ritual to rid themselves or else they will become tarantulas

Question 61

Which of the following was true of public mental institutions at the turn of the 19^th century?

A) They were specialized with sufficient patient to caregiver ratios
B) They were like warehouses and offered patients little psychological and social rehabilitation
C) They were slightly below the quality of care provided by private institutions
D) They were generally built in the city limits and had public support for the mentally ill

Question 62

Philippe Pinel was instrumental in the moral treatment of the mentally ill in which country?

A) England
B) Canada
C) Italy
D) France

Question 63

Which of the following is true concerning Krafft-Ebing's research?

A) Krafft-Ebing's research concluded that no relationship exists between syphilis and paresis
B) Krafft-Ebing's research would have been considered unethical by today's standards
C) Krafft-Ebing's research found the cure for syphilis and set the precedent for future studies of sexually transmitted diseases
D) Krafft-Ebing's research on syphilis was important because he alone discovered the disease

Question 64

Which psychoanalytic theorist was labelled a "charlatan" by scientific committees and later had his theory renamed hypnosis?

A) Franz Gall
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Franz Mesmer
D) Carl Jung

Question 65

What did Tuke mean by the term "moral treatment"?

A) That patients would receive monetary compensation for their previous maltreatment
B) That patients would receive social support from family members and neighbours who had previously rejected them
C) That patients would be provided with services that would help them to become self-sufficient and would restore their dignity, self-respect, and quality of life
D) That patients would be helped to reconnect with their spiritual power, families and community

Question 66

Who argued that hysteria is caused by self-hypnosis?

A) Mesmer and Charcot
B) Charcot and Bernheim
C) Bernheim and Liebault
D) Liebault and Mesmer

Question 67

Which one of the following is not a modern biological theory of psychological disorders?

A) Genetic risks
B) Structural abnormalities
C) Biochemical imbalances
D) Ingestion of toxins

Question 68

What was the primary reason behind the establishment of the first Canadian mental asylum in Quebec?

A) To cover the cost of military personnel who were mentally ill
B) To protect the society from the violent behaviour of the mentally ill
C) To protect the mentally ill from being abused by their family members
D) To prevent the mentally ill from engaging in self-injurious behaviour

Question 69

Why did Philippe Pinel, a strong leader of the moral treatment movement, order that the chains be removed from patients?

A) He was mentally ill himself
B) He felt that the patients' health could be restored if shame and humiliation were replaced with dignity and tranquility
C) He believed that abnormal behaviours were rooted in supernatural theories and patients needed the freedom to exercise their faith
D) He felt that patients were virtually harmless with the proper medication

Question 70

For many years, James had been isolated from the public by his family members. His family kept him locked in a room and brought him his meals. Suddenly they began to allow him to move more freely throughout the house. In addition, he was allowed to sit outside and work in the garden. The new approach to James' caregiving is representative of whose treatment approach?

A) Tuke's moral treatment approach
B) Workman's approach to mental illness
C) Pinel's treatment approach
D) Dix's treatment of mental illness

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true concerning Dorothea Dix?

A) Dorothea was a European who experienced the maltreatment first hand and immigrated to America to escape the public's insensitivity toward the mentally ill
B) Canada and the United States rejected Dorothea Dix's efforts to improve conditions for the mentally ill and her life was threatened several times
C) Dorothea found the treatment of the mentally ill dehumanizing and set out on a quest to improve their condition by lobbying in the United States and Canada to get laws passed
D) Thousands of new hospitals for the insane were established in Canada and the United States during the mid to late 1800s, yet very few adopted the humanitarian treatment set forth by Dorothea Dix.

Question 72

Which of the following diseases leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death, and has been characterized as one of the single most important discoveries underpinning modern biological theories of abnormality?

A) General paresis
B) Neurosyphilis
C) Gonorrhea
D) AIDS

Question 73

Who systematically argued brain pathology as an explanation for psychological disorders?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Richard Kraft-Ebing
C) Franz Anton Mesmer
D) Wilhelm Griesinger

Question 74

Rapid advancement in anatomy, physiology, neurology, and chemistry in the late 19^th century led to the advance of which theories of abnormal behaviour?

A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Social
D) Ecological

Question 75

Which Viennese psychiatrist was credited with discovering a connection between paresis and syphilis?

A) Emil Kraepelin
B) Richard Krafft-Ebing
C) Alfred Adler
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 76

Which of the following problems was not associated with the moral treatment model of attending to mentally ill patients?

A) Physicians, nurses, and other caregivers did not have time to devote the needed attention to each patient
B) The success stories in the early stages of the movement were offset by subsequent stories of treatment failure
C) The failure rate of moral treatment began to raise questions concerning its effectiveness
D) Drug therapy became an important part of the treatment and reported side effects of the medication discredited the treatment approach

Question 77

Which psychoanalytic theorist is noted for his theory of the unconscious?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Joseph Breuer
C) Jean Charcot
D) Stanley Hall

Question 78

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Traditional hospitals began to include special rooms for people with abnormal behaviours as early as the 9^th and 10^th century
B) Laws created by the United States and Europe concerning the confinement of mentally ill patients were for the protection of the public
C) Asylums were typically run by people who believed that mental illness was a medical disease
D) Medical theories of abnormal behaviours applied during the 16^th-18^th centuries are no longer supported today

Question 79

Who developed the first scheme of classifying mental disorders?

A) Wilhelm Griesinger
B) Emil Kraepelin
C) Richard Kraft-Ebing
D) Jean Charcot

Question 80

Who was one of America's strongest advocates for the humane treatment of the mentally ill?

A) Philippe Pinel
B) Dorothea Dix
C) William Penn
D) Florence Nightingale