Deck 9: Personality Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is the most common emotion in depression?

A) Anhedonia
B) Sadness
C) Loss of appetite
D) Insomnia

Answer 1

Sadness

Question 2

Which of the following is true?

A) Hallucinations involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real and delusions refer to beliefs with no basis in reality
B) Hallucinations involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are real and delusions refer to beliefs that are based in reality
C) Hallucinations refer to beliefs with no basis in reality and delusions involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real
D) Hallucinations refer to beliefs based in reality and delusions involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are real

Answer 2

Hallucinations involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real and delusions refer to beliefs with no basis in reality

Question 3

Which of the following is not a physiological or behavioural symptom of depression?

A) Loss in appetite
B) Sleep disturbance
C) Mania
D) Low activity level

Answer 3

Mania

Question 4

Which of the following is a less severe form of the depressive disorders?

A) Dysthymic disorder
B) Cyclothymia
C) Seasonal affective disorder
D) Post partum depression

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

A) People with double depression are easier to treat than any other mood disorder group
B) People with major depression or dysthymic disorder are less debilitated than are people with double depression
C) People with double depression respond more rapidly to SSRIs than do any other depressive group
D) People with double depression mistake their symptoms as psychosis and often self-medicate

Question 6

A person who experiences depressed mood or loss of interest in usual activities and at least 4 other depressive symptoms for at least 2 weeks meets the criteria for which of the following disorders?

A) Adjustment disorder
B) Major depression
C) Dysthymia
D) Bipolar disorder

Question 7

Brenda believes that Mick Jagger has a crush on her. She believes this to be true because one day he spoke to her through the toaster. Which of the following is correct?

A) The belief that Jagger has a crush and hearing his voice through the toaster are both delusions
B) The belief that Jagger has a crush is a delusion, and hearing his voice through the toaster is a hallucination
C) The belief that Jagger has a crush and hearing his voice through the toaster are both hallucinations
D) The belief that Jagger has a crush is a hallucination, and hearing his voice through the toaster is a delusion

Question 8

Which of the following refers to the loss of interest in activities?

A) Depression
B) Anxiety
C) Anhedonia
D) Dissociation

Question 9

An early morning wakening (3 or 4 a.m.) would be an example of which type of depressive symptom?

A) Physiological
B) Cognitive
C) Emotional
D) Pathological

Question 10

Double depression is characterized by which of the following?

A) Seasonal affective disorder combined with major depression
B) Recurrent episodes of major depression
C) Major depression superimposed on chronic dysthymic disorder
D) Cyclothymia and dysthymia

Question 11

Which of the following is not a cognitive symptom of depression?

A) Guilt
B) Hopelessness
C) Anhedonia
D) Worthlessness

Question 12

A person experiencing depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least 2 years, and during the 2 years has not been without depressive symptoms for more than 2 months, is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A) Post partum depression
B) Dysthymic disorder
C) Major depression
D) Seasonal affective disorder

Question 13

Which of the following is correct?

A) Major depression is less severe and more chronic than dysthymic disorder
B) Major depression is less severe and less chronic than dysthymic disorder
C) Major depression is more severe and more chronic than dysthymic disorder
D) Major depression is more severe and less chronic than dysthymic disorder

Question 14

What does anhedonia mean?

A) A loss of interest in sexual activities
B) A loss of interest in pleasurable activities
C) A loss of interest in eating
D) A lost of interest in work-related activities

Question 15

Which of the following disorders does not commonly occur with major depression?

A) Anxiety disorders
B) Substance abuse
C) Eating disorders
D) Psychotic disorders

Question 16

Which of the following is not a subtype of major depression nor the depression phase of bipolar disorder?

A) With melancholic features
B) With catatonic features
C) With somatic features
D) With psychotic features

Question 17

Damon has been depressed for over five years. Two years ago, a psychologist diagnosed him with dysthymic disorder. For the last 3 weeks, his depressive symptoms have exacerbated to the point that he is experiencing psychomotor retardation, increased sleep problems, loss of appetite and anhedonia. Damon is most likely experiencing which of the following?

A) Chronic dysthymia
B) Double depression
C) Manic depression
D) Severe depression

Question 18

Martha gave birth to twins 2 weeks ago. Now, she finds herself weeping while she is changing the twins or feeding them. She is irritable and has had little sleep since their birth. Martha feels guilt and shame because she says a good mother would be able to take care of her children. Martha is most likely suffering from which subtype of major depression?

A) Seasonal affective disorder
B) Depression with melancholic features
C) Postpartum onset
D) Depression with catatonic features

Question 19

Bart has been diagnosed with major depression. However, recently he has been experiencing hallucinations. He sees mystical beings cloaked in white swooping down from the sky trying to "whisk" him away. These beings have instructed him that his time is short and to prepare himself to be taken home. Bart is most likely experiencing which subtype of major depression?

A) With catatonic features
B) With psychotic features
C) With melancholic features
D) With seasonal affective features

Question 20

Jamie says that he hears voices telling him to hurt himself. What type of symptom is this?

A) Delusion
B) Hallucination
C) Paranoia
D) Mystical

Question 21

According to Canadian researchers, which of the following symptoms of depression has the highest degree of genetic heritability?

A) Tearfulness
B) Sadness
C) Feelings of guilt
D) Reduction in libido and pleasure

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with major depression, and men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with dysthymia
B) Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with major depression and dysthymia
C) Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with dysthymia, and men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with major depression
D) Women and men have similar rates of major depression and dysthymia

Question 23

The concordance rate of bipolar disorder is ____________ among monozygotic twins and ____________ among dizygotic twins:

A) 40 percent; 15 percent
B) 30 percent; 16 percent
C) 60 percent; 13 percent
D) 50 percent; 10 percent

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Evidence suggests that bipolar disorder and unipolar disorders have a different genetic basis
B) Evidence suggests that bipolar disorder and unipolar disorders have the same genetic basis
C) Evidence suggests that bipolar disorder and unipolar disorders have a similar genetic basis as schizophrenia
D) Evidence suggests that bipolar disorder and unipolar disorder have a similar genetic basis as somatoform disorders

Question 25

Harry has experienced recurrent episodes of major depression, with alternating episodes of extreme elation. During his depressive episodes, he lacks motivation and has sleep problems, irritability, and loss of appetite. Yet during the other times, he feels as though he can conquer the world. He argues that he gets his best ideas during those periods. Harry has several projects that he has started, but has not finished. His rotating moods have caused problems in his interpersonal relationships, especially in his marriage. Which of the following disorders would Harry most likely be diagnosed with?

A) Bipolar I disorder
B) Bipolar II disorder
C) Cyclothymia
D) Rapid cycling bipolar disorder

Question 26

A person experiencing grandiose self-esteem, rapid speech, impulsive behaviours, and elevated, expansive or irritable mood for at least one week is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A) Bipolar disorder
B) Major depression
C) Posttraumatic stress disorder
D) Cyclothymia

Question 27

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) A major depressive episode is necessary for a diagnosis of Bipolar I
B) Hypomania is a diagnostic criterion for Bipolar II but not cyclothymic disorder
C) The level of social and occupational functioning of people with Bipolar I and Bipolar II is identical
D) A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires the person to alternate between cycles of hypomania and moderate depression

Question 28

Which of the following neurotransmitters has not been implicated in the development of mood disorders?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine

Question 29

According to many researchers, which of the following terms describes the genetic predisposition to mood disorders?

A) Multi-systemic
B) Multi-componential
C) Multi-compartmental
D) Multi-factorial

Question 30

predicted later dissatisfaction with personal relationships and poor social and personal adjustment?

A) Self-doubt
B) Low self-esteem
C) Self-criticism
D) Self-monitoring

Question 31

Which age group has the lowest rate of depression?

A) 20 to 35 year olds
B) 45 to 54 year olds
C) 55 to 70 year olds
D) Over 80 years old

Question 32

Which of the following is false concerning childhood and adolescent depression?

A) Depression in children and adolescents can impair their social skills and have long-term implications
B) Having a depressed child often unites the family and strengthens the family's dynamics
C) Self-concept can be harmed by long bouts of depression in children and adolescents
D) Long term effects of depression may include a decline in academic functioning

Question 33

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin have been found in increased concentrations in which part of the brain?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Hippocampus
C) Limbic system
D) Amygdala

Question 34

Which of the following is true concerning depression in children and adolescents?

A) Depression is over diagnosed in children and adolescents
B) Depression is more common in children than in adolescents
C) Asian Canadian children have the highest rates of depressive symptoms
D) Youth who use psychoactive substances are more likely to be depressed

Question 35

Which of the following is correct?

A) Bipolar disorder is more common than unipolar depression
B) Bipolar disorder is less common than unipolar depression
C) Bipolar disorder and unipolar depression are equally as common
D) Neither bipolar disorder nor unipolar depression is very common

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true?

A) People diagnosed with bipolar disorder or cyclothymic disorder tend to be more creative than people who do not present with these conditions
B) People diagnosed with bipolar disorder or cyclothymic disorder tend to be less creative than people who do not present with these conditions
C) People diagnosed with dysthymia tend to be more creative than people who do not present with this condition
D) No difference exists between the creativity of people who present with mood disturbances and those who do not

Question 37

Which of the following statements is false concerning the low rates of depression in older adults?

A) Older adults may be less willing to report depressive symptoms
B) Major depression often occurs in the context of a serious medical illness
C) Older adults are more likely to have cognitive impairment and it may become difficult to distinguish between a depressive disorder and the cognitive disorder
D) Older adults are more relaxed and do not have the same environmental stressors as younger adults

Question 38

In major depression, which of the following seems to be true of serotonin and norepinephrine receptors?

A) There are too many receptors
B) There are too few receptors
C) The receptors are too sensitive
D) The receptors are damaged

Question 39

Which age group has the highest rate of major depression?

A) 15 to 24 year olds
B) 20 to 35 year olds
C) 45 to 54 year olds
D) 55 to 70 year olds

Question 40

Which group is most likely to develop bipolar disorder?

A) Women are more likely than men
B) Men are more likely than women
C) Women and men are equally likely
D) There is no evidence to suggest that either gender is more likely

Question 41

Which of the following is true?

A) One in 2 women experiences a severe postpartum depression in the first few months after giving birth
B) One in 10 women experiences a severe postpartum depression in the first few months after giving birth
C) One in 50 women experiences a severe postpartum depression in the first few months after giving birth
D) One in 100 women experiences a severe postpartum depression in the first few months after giving birth

Question 42

People with depression tend to show which of the following?

A) Chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis
B) Chronic underactivity in the HPA axis
C) Normal activity in the HPA axis
D) No activity in the HPA axis

Question 43

Why is premenstrual dysphoric disorder located in the appendix rather than the main body of the DSM?

A) There is not enough evidence to support it as a psychological disorder
B) A controversy exists over whether it is an exacerbation of major depression and dysthymia
C) The disorder seems to be a lesser version of postpartum depression
D) No diagnostic criteria exist for the problem

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true according to the Learned Helplessness Theory?

A) People with depression are too dependent on their families
B) Chronic or frequent stressful events can leave people believing that their situation is uncontrollable
C) People learn to become helpless by watching others' lack of motivation
D) Stressful events only perpetuate if people are inactive participants in their own life decisions

Question 45

The anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in which of the following?

A) Sexual behaviours
B) Behavioural responses
C) Emotional responses
D) Responses to stress

Question 46

Which part of the neuroendocrine system is suspected to be hyperactive in people diagnosed with depression?

A) HPA axis
B) Limbic system
C) Left hemisphere
D) Cerebral cortex

Question 47

Neuroimaging studies in patients with mood disorders have found consistent abnormalities in all of the following brain areas, except:

A) Hippocampus
B) Thalamus
C) Anterior cingulate cortex
D) Amygdala

Question 48

Researchers have suggested that depression during the premenstrual period should have a separate diagnosis. What is the name of this diagnosis?

A) Premenstrual syndrome
B) Dysphoric premenstrual syndrome
C) Premenstrual disorder
D) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 49

Which neurotransmitter is associated with mania?

A) Endorphins
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin

Question 50

Who conceptualized the behavioural theory of depression suggesting that life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforcers in a person's life?

A) Peter Jensen
B) John Watson
C) Peter Lewinsohn
D) Pierre Janet

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Genetic factors play a role in bipolar disorder and researchers now have a better understanding of the role genetics play in unipolar depression
B) Imbalances in the levels of endorphins contribute to depression
C) Dysregulation of endorphins is associated with bipolar disorder
D) All patients with depression have chronic low activity of the HPA axis

Question 52

The lack of activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been associated with problems in all of the following, except:

A) Attention problems
B) Appropriate responses
C) Aggression
D) Coping

Question 53

Neurotransmitter abnormalities found in mood disorders tend to be characterized as which of the following?

A) State-dependent
B) State-independent
C) Affect-dependent
D) Affect-independent

Question 54

Which of the following has not been linked to postpartum depression?

A) Fussy baby
B) Intrusive mother-in-law
C) Marital difficulties
D) Financial strain

Question 55

Tania believes that she will never be able to get her finances under control. She says her finances have been strained for so long she does not see a way out. Every payday she sinks deeper into her depression. Tania is most likely experiencing which of the following?

A) Vulnerability-stress depression
B) Helplessness depression
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Major depression with melancholic features

Question 56

Which theory suggests that people with depression are more likely than non-depressed people to have chronic life stressors?

A) Behavioural theory
B) Cognitive theory
C) Humanistic theory
D) Existential theory

Question 57

Chronic elevated levels of cortisol in the hippocampus may have all of the following effects, except:

A) It inhibits the development of new neurons in the hippocampus
B) It causes chronic arousal of the body's response to stress
C) It causes deficits in memory and fear-related learning
D) It slows down areas of the brain associated with anhedonia

Question 58

Decreases in activity in which of the following brain regions is associated with lack of motivation and goal-oriented behaviours in patients with depression?

A) Hippocampus
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Amygdala
D) Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 59

Which of the following is not a component that works together in a biological feedback system that interconnects with the limbic system and cerebral cortex?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Pituitary gland
C) Adrenal cortex
D) Temporal lobe

Question 60

Which of the following would not be considered an indicator of learned helplessness?

A) Low motivation
B) Passivity
C) Control
D) Indecisiveness

Question 61

Tricyclics are effective in treating acute depressive symptoms in approximately what percentage of the people diagnosed with depression?

A) 10
B) 35
C) 60
D) 95

Question 62

Dr. Rose was recently fired for plagiarizing a statement in her speech. In her nervousness, she neglected to give an author credit for his work. She has been experiencing severe depressive symptoms since the incident. She has been very critical of herself, angry at the administration, and believes that no one will hire her. According to cognitive models of depression, what is Dr. Rose most likely exhibiting?

A) A catastrophic reaction to being fired
B) Exaggerated emotions considering the circumstances
C) A negative cognitive triad
D) Self-pity over her situation

Question 63

Sue feels as though every aspect of her life is hopeless. She has a pessimistic attitude toward family, friends, and important events in her life. Everything is viewed on the dark side and she does not think that re-evaluating her thinking is useful in her situation. Sue is most likely exhibiting which of the following?

A) Causal attribution
B) Hopelessness depression
C) Learned helplessness
D) Realistic depression

Question 64

Which of the following is true regarding social status and depression?

A) People who have lower social status tend to be happier with what they have and less depressed compared with people who are higher in social status
B) Of all cultural groups, European Americans are most prone to depression
C) Major depression is most common among people with high levels of education
D) Rates of major depression are highest among people of Hispanic origin

Question 65

Mata sits and ruminates over her situation daily. She has no motivation to make changes in the areas that are bothering her. She spends a great deal of time focusing on how badly she feels. Cognitive theorists would explain this situation in terms of which theory?

A) Insufficient reinforcement theory
B) Helplessness theory
C) Reformulated cognitive theory
D) Ruminative response styles theory

Question 66

When a depressed individual accurately assesses his/her control over situations that are uncontrollable, what is this phenomenon referred to as?

A) Realistic depression
B) Realistic cognition
C) Depressive realism
D) Cognitive realism

Question 67

Which of the following accurately describes the negative cognitive triad?

A) An individual's negative view of his/her self-worth, self-concept, and self-esteem
B) An individual's negative view of his/her family, friends, and self
C) An individual's negative view of him/her self, the world, and the future
D) An individual's negative view of his/her social status, finances, and upward mobility

Question 68

Why was a diagnosis of major depression rejected in the case study of Lin Hung (discussed in the textbook)?

A) A psychological diagnosis would isolate him from his family, friends, and co-workers
B) A psychological diagnosis would be viewed as a sign of weakness
C) A medical diagnosis would have provided him a more acceptable reason to leave his job and return to his family
D) A medical diagnosis was the accurate diagnosis, but the western psychiatrists failed to make the proper connection

Question 69

Roberta said to her friend, "If I do not get into medical school, then my parents will no longer view me as their brilliant daughter." What is this statement an example of?

A) Realistic observation
B) Contingency of self-worth
C) Conditional love from her parents
D) An excuse to avoid medical school

Question 70

Who developed one of the first cognitive theories for depression?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Aaron Beck
C) John Watson
D) Albert Bandura

Question 71

Frankie has never been convinced that his parents love him unconditionally. He continues to do things to seek their approval and he constantly needs validation. From an interpersonal perspective, Frankie is most likely exhibiting which of the following?

A) Validation and assurance
B) Excessive reassurance seeking
C) Attention seeking behaviours
D) Repressed attachment syndrome

Question 72

Katina is now estranged from her mother. They had a huge disagreement about Katina's boyfriend. She is depressed and the anger aimed at her mother is turned toward herself. According to Freudian theory, what is this an example of?

A) Realistic depression
B) Introjected hostility
C) Hopeless depression
D) Projected anger

Question 73

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on which of the following?

A) Behavioural components such as reinforcement and punishment
B) Causal attributions such as an explanation of why an event happened
C) Maladaptive behaviours and their impact on depression
D) The impact of family in maladaptive cognitions

Question 74

In any given year, approximately ____________ percent of people suffering from bipolar disorder and ____________ percent of people suffering from major depression will seek treatment.

A) 60 percent; 50 percent
B) 90 percent; 10 percent
C) 30 percent; 10 percent
D) 40 percent; 60 percent

Question 75

Which of the following statements about rumination, is true?

A) Rumination is a symptom of major depression, as described in the DSM-IV-TR
B) Contrary to expectation, rumination is actually more common in men than in women
C) Rumination has been observed in people with depression but not in people with anxiety disorders
D) People who have a tendency to ruminate are at higher risk for more severe depressions compared to people who do not have an elevated tendency to ruminate

Question 76

Which of the following theories focuses on the process of thinking rather than the content of thinking as a contributor to depression?

A) Ruminative response styles theory
B) Inappropriate cognitions theory
C) Cognitive-stress theory
D) Cognitive process theory

Question 77

How do tricyclic antidepressant drugs primarily affect norepinephrine and serotonin?

A) They allow the degradation of the neurotransmitters in the synapse
B) They prevent the reabsorption of the neurotransmitter by the axon
C) They decrease the strength of the monoamines by dissolution in the synapse
D) They strengthen the neurotransmitter allowing them to attach to the receptors more easily

Question 78

Which theory suggests that patterns of unhealthy relationships in childhood hinder the development of a strong sense of self-independence from others?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Humanistic
C) Existential
D) Psychoanalytic

Question 79

Which of the following terms refers to the idea that people suffer depression because blame and punishment are internalized reactions to the perceived abandonment by loved ones?

A) Introspective hostility
B) Projected hostility
C) Introjected hostility
D) Subjective hostility

Question 80

Which of the following antidepressants prevent the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin?

A) MAOIs
B) Tricyclics
C) SSRIs
D) Valium