Deck 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Which of the following is not a symptom of panic attacks?

A) Tearfulness
B) Heart palpitations
C) Trembling
D) Dizziness

Answer 1

Tearfulness

Question 2

Which of the following terms did Freud use to describe anxiety related to unconscious conflicts?

A) Psychosis
B) Neurosis
C) Complex
D) Inferiority

Answer 2

Neurosis

Question 3

What is the difference between an adaptive fear and a maladaptive anxiety response?

A) A maladaptive anxiety response is reasonable in relationship to the perceived threat whereas an adaptive fear is not reasonable
B) An adaptive fear response is reasonable in relationship to the circumstances whereas the concerns would be unrealistic for a maladaptive anxiety response
C) A maladaptive anxiety response is in proportion for the situation whereas an adaptive fear response is out of proportion
D) An adaptive fear response intensifies when the threat is over whereas a maladaptive anxiety response remains the same when the threat is over

Answer 3

An adaptive fear response is reasonable in relationship to the circumstances whereas the concerns would be unrealistic for a maladaptive anxiety response

Question 4

Lori recently bought a new house. Since then several of her co-workers have been laid off because of company cutbacks. She now begins to worry about whether she will be able to pay her mortgage and support her daughter. Lately, she has been experiencing stomach aches, muscle tension, and frequent headaches. What type of anxiety symptoms is Lori experiencing?

A) Behavioural
B) Economic
C) Cultural
D) Somatic

Question 5

Which of the following is true of people diagnosed with panic disorder?

A) They usually have panic attacks daily
B) They can go for weeks without having a panic attack
C) They generally experience depression between panic attacks
D) They cannot have minor attacks between full-blown panic attacks

Question 6

Which of the following is not a somatic symptom found in anxiety?

A) Muscle tension
B) Heart palpitations
C) Fearfulness
D) Stomach pain

Question 7

Beth has had a complete physical exam which has ruled out the possibility of heart trouble. She has recently been diagnosed with panic disorder. Why is a physical examination important?

A) Beth might suffer from hypochondriasis as well as panic disorder
B) Beth and others who suffer from panic disorder often believe they are suffering from a serious illness
C) Beth is probably experiencing emotional numbness and frequent bouts of depression
D) Beth needs to validate her feelings and come to terms with her psychological disorder

Question 8

, of individuals with panic disorder whose symptoms subside, what percentage relapse into panic within the year?

A) 41%
B) 65%
C) 27%
D) 78%

Question 9

When does panic disorder typically develop?

A) Middle childhood to early adolescence
B) Early adolescence to late adolescence
C) Late adolescence to early adulthood
D) Late adolescence to mid adulthood

Question 10

Which of the following theories have been integrated to explain the factors associwith panic disorders?

A) Biological and psychological
B) Psychological and social
C) Social and biological
D) Biological, psychological and economic

Question 11

Which term is no longer used by the DSM?

A) Hypochondriasis
B) Somatization
C) Neurosis
D) Anxiety

Question 12

What diagnosis is given when a person has recurrent and unexpected panic attacks?

A) Uncued Panic Disorder
B) Panic Disorder
C) Claustrophobia
D) Separation Anxiety Disorder

Question 13

The kindling model suggests that the anticipatory anxiety that many people with panic disorder experience sets the stage for panic attacks. Which parts of the brain does this process occur between?

A) Corpus callosum and thalamus
B) Thalamus and hypothalamus
C) Hypothalamus and limbic system
D) Limbic system and locus ceruleus

Question 14

Approximately one-third to one-half of the people diagnosed with panic disorder also develop which of the following disorders?

A) Social phobia
B) Agoraphobia
C) Hypochondriasis
D) Eating disorder

Question 15

Which of the following is not classified as an anxiety disorder?

A) Panic disorder
B) Phobias
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Depressive disorder

Question 16

The dysregulation of the locus ceruleus is linked to which of the following?

A) Anticipatory anxiety
B) Diminished anxiety
C) Anticipatory depression
D) Diminished depression

Question 17

Approximately what percentage of all young adults has occasional panic attacks?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 18

Stanley announces to his primary care physician that he has had trouble concentrating and is constantly worrying about things big and small. What type of anxiety symptoms is Stanley experiencing?

A) Behavioural
B) Cognitive
C) Cultural
D) Somatic

Question 19

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Neuroticism, negative affectivity, or behavioural inhibitions have become important predictors of anxious or depressive responses to stressors
B) Parents of anxious children are often overprotective, controlling, and intrusive
C) Parents with symptoms of anxiety rarely influence the anxious behaviours of their children
D) It is possible for anxious parents and anxious children to feed off of each other's anxiety

Question 20

Which of the following neurotransmitters has not been associated with panic disorder?

A) GABA
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) Norepinephrine

Question 21

Terrence has been seeing a psychologist for his recurrent panic attacks. His therapist taught him relaxation techniques to help him gain control over his anxiety symptoms. Terrence also was taught to identify the intrusive thoughts that exacerbate his symptoms. He was encouraged to log these thoughts in a daily journal. What kind of treatment is Terrence most likely receiving?

A) Cognitive-behavioural therapy
B) Humanistic therapy
C) Behavioural therapy
D) Systematic desensitization therapy

Question 22

Which of the following statements is false concerning agoraphobia?

A) Agoraphobia is not always accompanied by panic attacks
B) People with agoraphobia fear crowded or busy places
C) Agoraphobia means fear of heights
D) People who suffer with agoraphobia may also present with social phobia

Question 23

Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful consequences. What is this belief sometimes called?

A) Existential anxiety
B) Neurotic anxiety
C) Simple anxiety
D) Anxiety sensitivity

Question 24

Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night a mouse crawled on Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she is now afraid of mice. She avoids any situation in which she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Which diagnosis would Tina likely meet criteria for?

A) Situational type phobia
B) Animal type phobia
C) Social phobia
D) Natural environment type phobia

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Many people who experience panic disorder have recurrent panic attacks because of structural damage to the brain
B) Panic disorder seems to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response
C) People will unlikely develop panic disorder if they catastrophize about physiological symptoms
D) Avoidance of situations that evoke panic attacks remains isolated to those specific situations and rarely generalizes to other situations

Question 26

Which of the following theories represent the vulnerability-stress model for panic disorder?

A) Psychodynamic and humanistic
B) Humanistic and cognitive
C) Cognitive and biological
D) Biological and social

Question 27

Virginia is very aware of her body's cues which alert her that a panic attack will occur. What is this heightened awareness known as?

A) Introspective awareness
B) Introjective awareness
C) Interoceptive awareness
D) Intercollective awareness

Question 28

Which of the following drug treatments has not been effective in treating panic disorder?

A) Tricyclics
B) SSRIs
C) Benzodiazepines
D) MAOIs

Question 29

According to Canadian researchers Taylor and Cox, having high anxiety sensitivity is related to which anxiety disorder?

A) Panic disorder
B) Phobic disorder
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 30

Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorder?

A) Cognitive therapies
B) Biological therapies
C) Behavioural therapies
D) Cognitive-behavioural therapies

Question 31

The side effects of sexual dysfunction, tremors, insomnia and drowsiness are associated with which of the following medications?

A) Tricyclics
B) Benzodiazepines
C) MAOIs
D) SSRIs

Question 32

Ruth is afraid of being in large open places. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Which disorder does Ruth most likely meet criteria for?

A) Social phobia
B) Agoraphobia
C) Acrophobia
D) Claustrophobia

Question 33

What have recent studies on panic attacks concluded?

A) Beliefs about controllability showed no correlation to panic attacks
B) Perceived uncontrollability of panic symptoms play an important role in panic attacks
C) Having a safe person nearby the individual prone to panic attacks does not impact panic attacks
D) 50 percent of people who believed they had no control over the carbon dioxide had a panic attack while only 50 percent who believed they could control the carbon dioxide experience had a panic attack

Question 34

What is the translation of the Greek term "agoraphobia"?

A) Fear of dark places
B) Fear of the marketplace
C) Fear of all places
D) Fear of closed places

Question 35

Which of the following animal type phobia is the most common in North America?

A) Dogs
B) Cats
C) Snakes
D) Spiders

Question 36

Which of the following is not a type of specific phobia in the DSM?

A) Animal type
B) Natural environment type
C) Situational type
D) Inanimate object type

Question 37

Which of the following drug treatments suppress the CNS and influence functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems?

A) Tricyclics
B) Benzodiazepines
C) MAOIs
D) SSRIs

Question 38

Jacob has been diagnosed with Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia. He has been taking his medication regularly. He began to suffer side effects such as difficulty urinating and constipation. He also noticed that he had gained weight rather quickly. What type of medication is Jacob likely taking for his panic symptoms?

A) Tricyclics
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Phenothiazines
D) SSRIs

Question 39

Luke has been having frequent symptoms that include heart palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. He is very concerned that he will have an attack in public therefore he avoids going out. Which disorder is Luke most likely suffering from?

A) Adjustment Disorder
B) Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia
C) Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
D) Agoraphobia without History of Panic

Question 40

Cognitive theorists suggest that people who experience panic attacks tend to engage in all of the following behaviours, except:

A) Paying close attention to their bodily sensations
B) Using self-talk to challenge catastrophic thinking
C) Misinterpreting bodily sensations in a negative way
D) Engaging in snowballing catastrophic thinking

Question 41

Claustrophobia is to ____________ as agoraphobia is to __________.

A) Empty spaces; busy spaces
B) Closed spaces; open spaces
C) Busy spaces; empty spaces
D) Open spaces; closed spaces

Question 42

Which of the following phobias generally does not cause people much inconvenience?

A) Situational type phobias
B) Animal type phobias
C) Social phobias
D) Natural environment type phobias

Question 43

When do situational phobias typically occur?

A) Between the ages of 2 and 7 years or mid 20s
B) Between the ages of 3 and 7 years or mid adolescence
C) Between the ages of 4 and 10 years or early 20s
D) Between the ages of 5 and 10 years or early adolescence

Question 44

According to Freudian theory, why do phobias develop?

A) Phobias develop as a result of the ego's inability to satisfy the id
B) Phobias develop as a result of unconscious anxiety being displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object
C) Phobias develop when the preconscious state of mind becomes tied to the conscious state of mind
D) Phobias develop when sexual urges and drives are retarded or suppressed

Question 45

June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was 7 years old. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. What is maintaining June's fear of elevators?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Partial reinforcement
D) Continuous reinforcement

Question 46

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert", what was the conditioned stimulus?

A) The white rat
B) Little Albert
C) The loud noise
D) The startle and fear response

Question 47

Which of the following phobias is most likely to run in families?

A) Natural environment type phobia
B) Blood-injection-injury type phobia
C) Situational type phobia
D) Social phobia

Question 48

Janelle is terrified of needles and the sight of blood. When she was younger, she had a bicycle accident and had several stitches. The cut on her forehead was deep and bled profusely. At the sight of blood, Janelle feels her blood pressure and heart rate drop, and on occasion she has fainted. What disorder would Janelle likely meet criteria for?

A) Blood-injection-injury type phobia
B) Situational type phobia
C) Social phobia
D) Natural environment type phobia

Question 49

Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his family's house. Since then, he has become anxious when the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area of the house where he feels safe from the storm. What disorder would Bradley likely meet criteria for?

A) Situational type phobia
B) Animal type phobia
C) Social phobia
D) Natural environment type phobia

Question 50

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or is able to get someone to speak for her. Anna once had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. What disorder would Anna likely meet criteria for?

A) Situational type phobia
B) Animal type phobia
C) Social phobia
D) Natural environment type phobia

Question 51

What process did Freud use to explain Little Hans' phobia?

A) Electra Complex
B) Oedipus Complex
C) Anal fixation
D) Oral fixation

Question 52

Susan is deathly afraid of the wind since she and her family survived Hurricane Ineke. She gets very worried and panicky when the sky gets dark and the wind blows hard enough to move the leaves. What disorder would Susan likely meet criteria for?

A) Situational type phobia
B) Animal type phobia
C) Adjustment disorder
D) Natural environment type phobia

Question 53

Which of the following behavioural theories has been useful in explaining the maintenance of phobias?

A) Observational learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Social-cognitive learning
D) Social-learning

Question 54

In the classic case of "Little Hans", what type of phobia did Hans develop?

A) Animal type phobia
B) Natural environment type phobia
C) Social phobia
D) Situational type phobia

Question 55

When is social phobia most likely to develop?

A) Early preschool years and elementary years
B) Elementary years and middle school years
C) Middle school years and adolescence
D) Early preschool years and adolescence

Question 56

Which of the following behavioural theories has been useful in explaining phobias?

A) Observational learning
B) Social-cognitive learning
C) Social-learning
D) Classical conditioning

Question 57

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert" the unconditioned response was ___________ and the conditioned response was ___________.

A) The white rat; the loud noise
B) The loud noise; the white rat
C) The white rat; fear and startle response
D) Fear and startle response; fear and startle response

Question 58

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert", what was the unconditioned stimulus?

A) The white rat
B) Little Albert
C) The loud noise
D) The startle and fear response

Question 59

When June was 7 years old, she and her mother were stuck in an elevator. Several other people were in the elevator as well. The elevator became hot and stuffy and breathing became difficult. June remembers feeling short of breath and experiencing dizziness and heart palpitations. Now June refuses to ride elevators. What disorder would June likely meet criteria for?

A) Situational type phobia
B) Animal type phobia
C) Social phobia
D) Natural environment type phobia

Question 60

Leah gets anxious and her blood pressure drops whenever she sees a small drop of blood. What disorder would Leah likely meet criteria for?

A) Blood-injection-injury type phobia
B) Situational type phobia
C) Social phobia
D) Natural environment type phobia

Question 61

According to the Prepared Classical Conditioning theory, which of the following is Rachel most likely to be afraid of?

A) Flowers
B) Snakes
C) Trees
D) Guns

Question 62

People are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects, and learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary history. This argument is most consistent with which of the following?

A) Traditional classical conditioning
B) Evolutionary classical conditioning
C) Biological classical conditioning
D) Prepared classical conditioning

Question 63

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or is able to get someone to speak for her. Anna once had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Her boss strongly suggested that Anna seek treatment for her problem. Which of the following theories might be the most useful in explaining Anna's fear response?

A) Humanistic theory
B) Cognitive theory
C) Psychodynamic theory
D) Psychoanalytic theory

Question 64

Cognitive-behavioural therapy for social phobia aims to accomplish which of the following goals?

A) Reduce avoidant and anxious symptoms
B) Treat unconscious childhood trauma
C) Gain new insight into social fears
D) Help achieve self-actualization

Question 65

What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization?

A) The effectiveness of the treatment
B) The theoretical perspective
C) The exposure to the feared stimuli
D) The intensity of the exposure

Question 66

Which of the following would be the most useful approach in treating blood-injection-injury phobias?

A) Systematic desensitization
B) Modeling
C) Applied tension techniques
D) Flooding

Question 67

Which of the following is most effective in treating social phobia?

A) Behavioural therapy
B) Cognitive-behavioural therapy
C) Cognitive therapy
D) Psychodynamic therapy

Question 68

Which of the following drug therapies is the least effective in treating phobias?

A) Benzodiazepines
B) MAOIs
C) SSRIs
D) Chlorpromazines

Question 69

Why are people with phobias reluctant to agree to a flooding technique?

A) The technique is too time-consuming
B) The technique is too expensive
C) The technique is frightening to contemplate
D) The technique has a poor success rate

Question 70

Which of the following is true concerning first-degree relatives of individuals with phobias?

A) They are two to three times as likely to develop a phobia as the first-degree relatives of people without phobias
B) They are three to four times as likely to develop a phobia as the first-degree relatives of people without phobias
C) They are four to five times as likely to develop a phobia as the first-degree relatives of people without phobias
D) They are five to six times as likely to develop a phobia as the first-degree relatives of people without phobias

Question 71

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or is able to get someone to speak for her. Anna once had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Her boss strongly suggested that Anna seek treatment for her problem. How might a behaviourist explain Anna's problem?

A) Anna's behaviour is the result of childhood sexual abuse
B) Anna's behaviour results from her maladaptive way of thinking about speaking in public
C) Anna's behaviour is the result of classical conditioning and negative reinforcement of avoidance behaviour
D) Anna's behaviour is the result of poor social skills and few social opportunities

Question 72

Which of the following would be the most useful approach in treating a social phobia?

A) Systematic desensitization and modeling
B) Modeling and applied tension techniques
C) Applied tension techniques and flooding
D) Flooding and systematic desensitization

Question 73

Which of the following is true concerning cognitive theorists?

A) Cognitive theorists view social phobia as merely a behavioural problem
B) Cognitive theorists suggest that social phobia is rooted in early childhood experiences
C) Cognitive theorists argue that people with social phobia tend to focus on the negative events rather than the positive events in a social situation
D) Cognitive theorists posit that people with social phobia externalize their anxiety and make others uncomfortable in social situations

Question 74

Which of the following is not a component of behavioural therapies for phobias?

A) Systematic desensitization
B) Modeling
C) Interpretation
D) Flooding

Question 75

Cognitive theorists have largely focused on which of the following phobias?

A) Social phobia
B) Situational type phobia
C) Animal type phobia
D) Blood-injection-injury type phobia

Question 76

Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning would likely agree with which of the following statements?

A) Phobic behaviours are responses to aversive stimuli
B) Phobic behaviours are generated because they are positively reinforced
C) Phobic behaviours develop through modeling the behaviours of others
D) Classical conditioning must be coupled with observational learning for phobic behaviours to occur

Question 77

According to cognitive theorists, which of the following statements is true of social phobia?

A) The fear response is reinforced through avoidance of social situations
B) A neutral stimulus is used as a protective measure
C) Individuals with social phobia learn their behaviour from first-degree relatives
D) Individuals with social phobia fear rejection and believe that others are scrutinizing them

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true of avoidance behaviours in phobias?

A) They serve as a deterrent for other anxiety disorders
B) They reduce the anxiety and the fear response
C) They are considered positive reinforcers
D) They quicken the fight-or-flight response

Question 79

Trudy's mother is afraid of bees. Her mother always screams and runs away every time she sees any type of bee. Trudy, seeing her mother's response to the bees, also runs and screams every time she sees a bee. What theory can be used to explain Trudy's behaviour?

A) Social-cognitive learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Operant conditioning

Question 80

Dr. Bradley asks Keith to make a list of his fears ranking them from the most intense fear responses to the least. Dr. Bradley acts out these situations and then asks Keith to model the behaviour. What treatment approach are these techniques most characteristic of?

A) Cognitive
B) Psychodynamic
C) Role play
D) Behavioural