Deck 3: Research

Question 1

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____.

A)epidemiological research
B)regression analysis
C)correlation studies
D)efficacy studies

Answer 1

epidemiological research

Question 2

Research presented in the media is typically ____.

A)clearly presented and discussed by medical doctors
B)oversimplified
C)overly detailed and confusing
D)adequately reported

Answer 2

oversimplified

Question 3

Children who receive treatment are ____.

A)at the same level of functioning as those who are not treated
B)less likely to discuss problems with their parents
C)less likely to progress then children who are not in treatment
D)better off than children who do not receive treatment

Answer 3

better off than children who do not receive treatment

Question 4

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and decreases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n)____.

A)predictive factor
B)risk factor
C)epidemiological factor
D)protective factor

Question 5

In research terms,research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called ____.

A)speculations
B)hypotheses
C)assumptions
D)proposals

Question 6

Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because _____.

A)experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree
B)research findings in abnormal child psychology have no clear results
C)many conclusions from research with children produce the same findings
D)research findings are primarily extrapolated from adult studies

Question 7

_____ rates refer to all cases of a disorder,whether new or previously existing,that are observed during a specified time period.

A)Comorbidity
B)Comortality
C)Incidence
D)Prevalence

Question 8

Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be ____.

A)predictive
B)moderating
C)correlated
D)comorbid

Question 9

Isabella appears sad and is having difficulty academically and with her peer group.Isabella has a close relationship with her mother.This relationship with her mother can be considered a ____.

A)mediating variable
B)protective factor
C)moderator variable
D)risk factor

Question 10

______ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period.

A)Comorbidity
B)Comortality
C)Incidence
D)Prevalence

Question 11

Factors such as SES,child's age,and cultural background affect the _____ of symptoms and disorders.

A)rate and expression
B)pervasiveness
C)outcome
D)termination

Question 12

Evaluating the mental health of children can be particularly difficult due to the ____.

A)cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior
B)difference in psychological theories
C)limited amount of assessment tools available for children
D)vague information often given by children

Question 13

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n)____.

A)risk factor
B)protective factor
C)predictive factor
D)epidemiological factor

Question 14

Because there is no one correct approach to research,most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by using ____.

A)utilizing rigorous experiments
B)using case studies
C)only one strategy
D)multiple methods and strategies

Question 15

____ evaluate treatment outcomes for children who are unsystematically assigned to treatment and control conditions.

A)Efficacy studies
B)Case studies
C)Randomized controlled trials
D)Correlational studies

Question 16

The ______ of research findings are what advance the field of psychology.

A)reliability
B)standardization
C)accumulation
D)validity

Question 17

The process,mechanism,or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a(n)____ variable.

A)comorbid
B)correlated
C)mediating
D)moderating

Question 18

If a study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than for boys,sex will be a ____.

A)protective factor
B)risk factor
C)mediating variable
D)moderating variable

Question 19

Research into risk and protective factors requires large samples of children be studied and multiple areas of functioning be assessed over long periods of time because ____.

A)the areas of child functioning that will be affected are known in advance
B)a high percentage of children who are at risk will develop the disorder
C)the ages at which a disorder may occur or reoccur is not known in advance
D)the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop

Question 20

Factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship of variables of interest are called ____.

A)correlated variables
B)mediator variables
C)risk variables
D)moderator variables

Question 21

____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are expected to be related to one another.

A)Convergent
B)Construct
C)Criterion
D)Discriminant

Question 22

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart.The results yielded from both occasions were very similar.The behavior checklist can be said to be:​

A)reliable
B)valid
C)standardized
D)effective

Question 23

Maturation is a threat to ____.

A)external validity
B)internal validity
C)convergent validity
D)inter-rater reliability

Question 24

To record electrical activity of the brain,one would want to use a(n)____.

A)EEG
B)PET scan
C)CT scan
D)MRI

Question 25

____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism.

A)PET scans
B)EEGs
C)CT scans
D)MRIs

Question 26

____ validity refers to whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research.

A)Face
B)Convergent
C)Construct
D)Discriminant

Question 27

Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.

A)efficacy
B)effectiveness
C)reliability
D)validity

Question 28

The degree to which findings can be generalized to children,settings,times,measures,and characteristics other than the one in a particular study is referred to as ____.

A)external validity
B)internal validity
C)face validity
D)generalized validity

Question 29

Ideally,a measure of psychopathology should be ____.

A)changeable
B)valid
C)moderated
D)randomized

Question 30

A limitation of psychophysiological measures is ____.

A)deception by the child
B)poor inter-rater reliability
C)high level of inference for interpretation
D)inappropriateness with young children

Question 31

Neuroimaging techniques are least useful in determining ____.

A)gross and fine analyses of brain structure
B)changes in blood flow in the brain
C)rate of glucose metabolism in the brain
D)the reason for abnormal brain activity

Question 32

To know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings,researchers should focus on treatment ____.

A)efficacy
B)effectiveness
C)reliability
D)validity

Question 33

A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies towards the child,which in turn were related to child conduct problems.In this study,disciplinary strategies are a ____.

A)comorbid variable
B)correlated variable
C)mediator variable
D)moderator variable

Question 34

One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that ____.

A)they are not cost effective
B)behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed
C)results tend to be invalid
D)observation cannot be conducted in a structured way

Question 35

____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field.

A)EEGs
B)PET scans
C)CT scans
D)MRIs

Question 36

Amy was observed by a researcher both at home and at school.What kind of research method is this?​

A)Clinical observation
B)Structured observation
C)Situational observation
D)Naturalistic observation

Question 37

An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered ____.

A)reliable
B)valid
C)standardized
D)effective

Question 38

____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another.

A)Convergent
B)Construct
C)Criterion
D)Discriminant

Question 39

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ____.

A)multifinality
B)comortality
C)multidiagnosis
D)comorbidity

Question 40

A ____ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children.

A)reliable
B)valid
C)standardized
D)distributed

Question 41

Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ____ design.

A)longitudinal
B)cohort
C)prospective
D)retrospective

Question 42

Qualitative research is characterized by ____.

A)operational definitions
B)isolation of variables of interest
C)careful control of subject matter
D)in-depth narratives and observations

Question 43

Which statement about case studies is false?​

A)They involve intensive observation and analysis of an individual child.
B)They use controlled methods without biases.
C)They are rich in detail and provide valuable insights.
D)They usually study rare childhood disorders.

Question 44

In ____ research,the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)between groups
D)cohort

Question 45

Qualitative data are typically collected by ____.

A)open-ended interviewing and observations
B)already developed observational and assessment tools
C)controlled and structured interviewing
D)forced choice survey questions

Question 46

Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies.

A)analogue
B)case
C)retrospective
D)cohort

Question 47

_____ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research.

A)Uninformed consent
B)Partial consent
C)Assent
D)Voluntary participation

Question 48

When the conditions of a study only resemble or approximate the conditions of interest,questions may be raised about the ____ of the study.

A)external validity
B)internal validity
C)standardization
D)randomization

Question 49

In an A-B-A-B design,the "B" stands for ____.

A)intervention
B)baseline
C)behavior
D)observation

Question 50

The use of ____ is rare in studies of child psychopathology.

A)randomly selected samples
B)samples of convenience
C)reliable measures
D)valid measures

Question 51

In ____ research,different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time.

A)analogue
B)within group
C)cross-sectional
D)between group

Question 52

A correlation of 75 between age and amount of time spent in REM sleep means that ____.

A)older people spend more time in REM sleep
B)younger people spend less time in REM sleep
C)older people spend less time in REM sleep
D)the relationship between age and time spent in REM sleep is weak

Question 53

Qualitative research ____.

A)provides a numerical approach to understanding research
B)provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation
C)uses normed assessment tools
D)uses statistical analysis

Question 54

____ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize.

A)Cohort
B)Retrospective
C)Circumscribed
D)Analogue

Question 55

The greater the degree of control that a researcher has over the ____,the more a study approximates a true experiment.

A)subjects in the sample
B)moderator variables
C)independent variable
D)dependent variable

Question 56

Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are ____.

A)children
B)adult women
C)war veterans
D)college students

Question 57

Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____.

A)only be used when necessary
B)only be used when a parent gives consent
C)never be used
D)only be used when the researcher is very careful

Question 58

The final responsibility for ethical integrity of a research project lies with the ____.

A)parents
B)ethics board
C)government
D)investigator

Question 59

____ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

A)Manual distribution
B)Predetermined distribution
C)Natural assignment
D)Random assignment

Question 60

Aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of ____ research designs.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)experimental
D)between group

Question 61

Why is it difficult to use true experimentation to study child psychopathology?​

Question 62

Why is it important to use randomized controlled trials in research?

Question 63

Describe two neuroimaging techniques used to examine the brain.

Question 64

Why is it important to study developmental psychopathology in children who are not referred to clinics?​

Question 65

Distinguish between moderating and mediating variables.

Question 66

Discuss how cultural differences can impact data collection and research outcomes for childhood disorders.

Question 67

When would qualitative research be preferred over quantitative research?​

Question 68

Distinguish between correlational and true experimental research.

Question 69

Explain the benefits and limitations of the case study.Why is the case study important in abnormal child psychology?​

Question 70

How can qualitative and quantitative research methods be used in complimentary ways?​

Question 71

What are the primary differences between pseudoscience and science?​

Question 72

What ethical and pragmatic issues must be considered when conducting research with children?​

Question 73

Describe the limitations of longitudinal studies.

Question 74

Describe a study in which you would use a qualitative approach.Be sure to indicate why it would be beneficial to use a qualitative approach in your study.

Question 75

Why is it important for research to be both reliable and valid?​