Deck 13: Disorders of Childhood

Question 1

Externalizing problems are more frequent in __________,and internalizing problems are more frequent in __________,regardless of culture.

A)boys; girls
B)girls; boys
C)boys; boys
D)Gender distribution varies widely in different cultures.

Answer 1

boys; girls

Question 2

__________ are critically important to adult mental health.

A)childhood disorders
B)infancy disorders
C)late adolescent experiences
D)none of the above

Answer 2

childhood disorders

Question 3

When diagnosing a child,it is most important to consider the child's

A)intelligence.
B)ethnicity.
C)gender.
D)age.

Answer 3

age.

Question 4

Results from a recent follow-up study of behavior problems in Thai and U.S.cultures suggest that

A)U)S.children are referred to clinics more often for internalizing problems than externalizing problems.
B)Thai children exhibit more externalizing behaviors.
C)internalizing and externalizing behaviors are fairly comparable across cultures,but specific behaviors within these domains are not.
D)behaviors should not be separated into internalizing and externalizing behaviors because a behavior that is viewed in one culture as internalizing may not be viewed the same way in a different culture.

Question 5

__________ disorders are characterized by more inward-focused experiences and behaviors.

A)Internalizing
B)Intrinsic
C)Intimate
D)Individualistic

Question 6

Abnormal behavior in children

A)is based upon destructiveness at any given age.
B)is developmentally determined; that is,normal behavior at one age is abnormal at another.
C)can be reliably determined across age groups.
D)is typically associated with a lack of control.

Question 7

In the DSM-5,there are __________ chapters of childhood disorders.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 8

The DSM-5 moves which category of disorders to the adult collection of disorders?

A)anxiety disorders
B)eating disorders
C)attachment disorders
D)motor disorders

Question 9

Which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses is not changed from the DSM-IV-TR criteria?

A)ADHD
B)conduct disorder
C)oppositional defiant disorder
D)learning disorders

Question 10

All of the following are examples of internalizing disorders EXCEPT:

A)depression.
B)social withdrawal.
C)anxiety.
D)ruminating.

Question 11

Asthma can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT

A)allergens
B)air pollution
C)stress
D)these are all potential causes of asthma

Question 12

The field of __________ focuses on the disorders of childhood within the context of life-span development.

A)developmental psychology
B)developmental illness investigation
C)developmental psychopathology
D)adult development

Question 13

The DSM-IV-TR's mathematics disorder is called __________ in the DSM-5.

A)dyscalculia
B)calculations disorder
C)learning disorder
D)numeric illiteracy disorder

Question 14

Antipsychotic medications for children increased __________ between 1993 and 2002.

A)threefold
B)fourfold
C)fivefold
D)sixfold

Question 15

Which of the following is a childhood disorders classification in the DSM-5?

A)neurodevelopmental disorders
B)disruptive,impulse control,and conduct disorders
C)autism
D)both a and b

Question 16

You witness a child in the grocery store kicking and screaming because his mother won't buy him candy.Which of the following DSM-IV-TR disorders would apply to the child?

A)conduct disorder
B)oppositional defiant disorder
C)It depends on the mother's response; if she gives in,the behavior is probably not a disorder,but the result of poor parenting strategies.
D)There is not enough information provided to make a diagnosis.In addition,it depends on the child's age.

Question 17

Externalizing disorders include all of the following EXCEPT

A)ADHD
B)noncompliance
C)conduct disorder
D)social withdrawal

Question 18

Which of the following disorders is classified as an autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5?

A)autistic disorder
B)Asperger's disorder
C)pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
D)all of the above

Question 19

The DSM-5 categorizes all of the following as neurodevelopmental disorders EXCEPT

A)learning disorders.
B)autism spectrum disorders.
C)motor disorders.
D)feeding disorders.

Question 20

__________ disorders are characterized by more outward-directed behaviors.

A)Externalizing
B)Extension
C)Extrinsic
D)Existential

Question 21

Girls with ADHD

A)are more likely to be depressed than girls without ADHD.
B)show deficits in planning and problem solving.
C)were likely to have symptoms of an eating disorder by adolescence.
D)all of the above.

Question 22

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A)poor academic work.
B)shyness.
C)difficulty getting along with peers.
D)distractibility.

Question 23

Investigations of the causes of ADHD have found that environmental toxins,such as food additives and lead

A)do not explain more than a small percentage of cases.
B)are usually the cause of the disorder in those children with an organic basis to their ADHD.
C)are more likely to cause attentional problems without hyperactivity,but not in those children with both attentional problems and hyperactivity.
D)cause subtle attentional problems,but not to the degree of ADHD.

Question 24

Studies of the persistence of ADHD into adulthood indicate that

A)adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children are less likely to marry.
B)adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children usually completely outgrow their symptoms.
C)the rates of ADHD vary considerably depending on the assessment method employed.
D)the rates of ADHD appear to increase in adulthood because so many adults seek out diagnosis in order to obtain prescriptions for stimulants like Ritalin.

Question 25

Epidemiological studies indicate that ADHD is

A)about equally common in boys and girls.
B)more common in boys.
C)more common in girls.
D)more common in girls with conduct disorder but in boys with oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 26

Although low birth weight is a predictor of the development of ADHD,__________ has been shown to help reduce the impact of low birth weight on later symptoms of ADHD.

A)vitamin C
B)maternal warmth
C)nicotine
D)breast-feeding

Question 27

As compared to developmentally normal levels of hyperactivity,diagnosable hyperactivity

A)impairs the child's functioning.
B)negatively affects the child's ability to mature appropriately.
C)is treatable only with medication.
D)all of the above.

Question 28

The worst prognosis is for those children who have

A)only ADHD.
B)only conduct disorder.
C)both ADHD and conduct disorder.
D)ADHD Predominantly Inattentive-type.

Question 29

Stimulant drugs have which of the following effects on hyperactive children?

A)increased activity level
B)immediate and steady improvement in academic achievement
C)short-term improvements in attention,goal-directed activity and behavior
D)addiction to the medication

Question 30

In a recent study of instant messaging and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),children with ADHD were more likely to IM statements that were __________ than were children without ADHD.

A)hostile and off the topic
B)hostile and nonsensical
C)friendly and nonsensical
D)friendly and off the topic

Question 31

Research on subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder indicates that those with both attentional and hyperactive problems

A)have equivalent outcomes to those with only attentional problems.
B)are more likely to be placed in special education classes than children with only attentional problems.
C)usually learn better than children with only attentional problems.
D)are more likely to have a behavioral,rather than a neurological,basis for their problems.

Question 32

When children with ADHD reach adolescence,

A)their ADHD symptoms typically remit.
B)other psychiatric disturbances are more prominent than the ADHD.
C)the severity of symptoms may be reduced,but they continue to meet criteria for the disorder.
D)their academic performance greatly improves.

Question 33

Which of the following statements are true?

A)Heritability estimates for ADHD are quite low.
B)A single gene,such as the dopamine receptor gene DRD4,is most likely responsible for ADHD.
C)Serotonin has been found to be associated with ADHD etiology.
D)Several genes interacting with various environmental factors most likely explain the cause of ADHD.

Question 34

In recent molecular genetic studies,genes associated with the neurotransmitter __________ have been linked to ADHD.

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)norepinephrine
D)GABA

Question 35

Which of the following BEST explains the fact that ADHD children and their parents typically struggle with discipline and obeying rules?

A)ADHD children are often noncompliant and negative in interactions with their parents.
B)Parents of ADHD children are demanding and disapproving.
C)Most parents of ADHD children also have ADHD and are therefore also noncompliant and negative.
D)ADHD children do not understand verbal instructions.

Question 36

The association between nicotine and ADHD is that

A)children's smoking can cause attention problems.
B)maternal smoking can cause hyperactivity in offspring.
C)nicotine in pill form reduces the side effects of Ritalin.
D)the combination of Ritalin and nicotine has been shown to cause dangerous synergistic effects in adults with ADHD.

Question 37

The genetic factors that are inherited by children with ADHD are

A)brain function and structure.
B)neurotransmitter function and specificity.
C)appetitive and metabolic functions.
D)all of the above.

Question 38

Which of the following distinguishes children with ADHD from other children?

A)extreme distractibility.
B)anxiety.
C)problems only in classroom.
D)poor social understanding.

Question 39

Stimulant medications such as Ritalin

A)have not been shown to be effective for improving long-term academic achievement.
B)have been shown to have equal effectiveness to behavioral training alone.
C)have been shown to be more effective in white children than Latino or African American children.
D)all of the above.

Question 40

The DSM-IV-TR subtype of ADHD that was removed in the DSM-5 is

A)predominantly inattentive type.
B)predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type.
C)combined predominantly inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive type.
D)all of the above were removed in the DSM-5.

Question 41

Sociocultural perspectives on conduct disorder suggest

A)disadvantaged children are very likely to become antisocial.
B)disordered thinking is a result of exposure to antisocial acts among disadvantaged groups.
C)early antisocial behavior in combination with socioeconomic disadvantage leads to conduct problems.
D)there are established ethnic differences in antisocial behavior.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of oppositional-defiant disorder?

A)extreme physical aggressiveness
B)temper tantrums
C)refusing to follow directions
D)annoying others deliberately

Question 43

Neuropsychological findings from research on conduct disorder children suggests impairment in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A)memory.
B)problem-solving.
C)focused attention.
D)verbal skills.

Question 44

In the treatment of conduct disorder,the most promising approaches focus on the

A)individual.
B)family.
C)school.
D)legal system.

Question 45

Head Start

A)is a federally funded program to prepare low-income children to succeed in the regular school setting.
B)uses medical and psychological interventions only.
C)is targeted towards children with developing conduct disorder and ADHD.
D)provides meals to needy children.

Question 46

Conduct disorder in childhood may lead to which adult disorder?

A)schizophrenia.
B)sadistic personality disorder.
C)antisocial personality disorder.
D)paranoid personality disorder.

Question 47

The difference between conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder is

A)still a matter of debate.
B)devious,sneaky,behaviors associated with conduct disorder.
C)the onset of conduct disorder is earlier.
D)conduct disorder is often combined with ADHD,while oppositional defiant disorder is not.

Question 48

Shannon,a junior in high school,was recently suspended from school for stealing money from ninth-graders,writing graffiti on the bathroom walls,and beating up another student.Shannon's teacher reports that she has very few friends.The most likely diagnosis for Shannon would be

A)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B)antisocial personality disorder.
C)oppositional defiant disorder.
D)conduct disorder.

Question 49

According to Dodge and Frame (1982),aggressive children demonstrate cognitive biases in situations

A)in which peers act aggressively.
B)in which peers act in a pro-social manner.
C)which are ambiguous.
D)in which they are rejected.

Question 50

According to learning theorists,aggressive behavior is

A)both modeled and rewarded in society.
B)modeled,but not rewarded in society.
C)not modeled,but is rewarded in society.
D)neither modeled,nor rewarded in society.

Question 51

Symptoms of conduct disorder include all of the following EXCEPT

A)destruction of property.
B)aggression to people and animals
C)deceitfulness or theft
D)inattentiveness

Question 52

Which of the following has been shown to be a promising treatment for conduct disorders?

A)medication
B)covert desensitization
C)parent-management training
D)juvenile justice programs

Question 53

Which of the following has NOT been investigated regarding peers and antisocial behavior?

A)Competitiveness with peers
B)Acceptance by peers
C)Rejection by peers
D)Affiliation with deviant peers

Question 54

Research on the role of genetics in conduct disorder has found that

A)conduct disorder is primarily genetically determined.
B)the different behaviors of conduct disorder reflect differential genetic influences.
C)the concordance rates of MZ twins are not appreciably different from DZ twins.
D)biological factors play a more prominent role in late-onset antisocial behavior than early-onset antisocial behavior.

Question 55

Behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and that violate societal norms are labeled as a(n)__________ in the DSM-5.

A)internalizing disorder
B)ADHD
C)disruptive,impulse-control,and conduct disorders
D)reactive anxiety

Question 56

Compared to children with ADHD,children with oppositional defiant disorder

A)are more impulsive.
B)are more deliberate in their unruly behavior.
C)are more likely to be male.
D)have more attentional deficits.

Question 57

Sam is a 16-year-old adolescent who feels that he is unable to be an adult,despite the fact that he's nearly 6 feet,3 inches tall and has grown a beard.Although he led a "normal" childhood,when he was about 11 he began to get into frequent fights at school and has had trouble with the law ten times.According to Moffitt,Sam would be categorized as having

A)life-course persistent conduct problems.
B)adolescence-limited conduct problems.
C)antisocial development disorder.
D)explosive personality disorder.

Question 58

Both __________ and __________ theories of the etiology of conduct disorder have empirical support.

A)genetic; environmental
B)behavioral; psychoanalytic
C)biochemical; behavioral
D)labeling; biological

Question 59

Which of the following factors were found to be predictive of conduct disorder in a large-scale research study on children from New Zealand?

A)being maltreated as children and low birth weight
B)presence of low MAOA activity
C)low birth weight and being male
D)both maltreatment and low MAOA activity

Question 60

Relative to other disadvantaged children who attended a different pre-school or no preschool,Head Start children

A)had significantly improved social-cognitive abilities and motor impulsivity.
B)had significantly higher overall IQ's.
C)were less socially proactive.
D)had similar impulsivity problems.

Question 61

In comparing adolescent boys and girls with depression,it appears

A)girls are more likely to be depressed.
B)boys are more likely to be depressed.
C)the rates for boys and girls are the same in adolescence,although in adulthood more women are depressed.
D)girls tend to experience more cognitive symptoms of depression,whereas boys tend to experience more psychomotor symptoms of depression.

Question 62

Generally speaking,children exposed to trauma

A)do not re-experience the traumatic events or avoid trauma-related situations like adults do.
B)almost always develop PTSD.
C)rarely develop PTSD.
D)experience the same symptoms as adults exposed to trauma.

Question 63

Children with learning disabilities typically have __________ intelligence.

A)severely deficient
B)slightly below average
C)average to above-average intelligence
D)none of the above; learning disabilities are equally distributed across all levels of intelligence

Question 64

Intellectual developmental disorder is diagnosed based upon

A)parent and teacher reports.
B)psychological test scores.
C)measures of sensory-motor abilities by a pediatrician.
D)a psychiatrist's evaluation.

Question 65

Research on the role of parenting in the etiology of anxiety disorders in youth suggest

A)parenting is crucial in determining anxiety in children.
B)over-controlling parenting almost always results in social phobia in children.
C)parenting practices play a small role in childhood anxiety.
D)how parents discipline their children has a strong effect on the development of childhood anxiety.

Question 66

A recent randomized clinical trial comparing Prozac,CBT and both for teenagers with depression found that

A)Prozac alone was most effective in reducing depressive symptoms.
B)CBT alone was more effective in reducing depressive symptoms.
C)CBT alone resulted in more suicide attempts.
D)Combined treatment was most effective in reducing depressive symptoms.

Question 67

School phobia in young children is most often associated with

A)fear of being away from parents.
B)fear of humiliation by peers.
C)fear of academic demands.
D)fear of the unknown.

Question 68

Penelope is a 9-year-old girl who has had the following symptoms for the past month: lack of interest in her friends,loss of appetite and weight,tearfulness,and difficulty concentrating.Which of the following treatments would most likely be effective in treating her problem?

A)antidepressant medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy
B)multisystemic treatment
C)social skills training
D)psychodynamic psychotherapy

Question 69

Studies of treatment for childhood fears and phobias suggest that the best treatment is

A)based on exposure methods.
B)relaxation.
C)insight-oriented therapy.
D)parent training.

Question 70

Typical treatment of specific learning disoreder consists of

A)specialized diet and medication to improve brain functioning.
B)individualized instruction and practice in the deficient skill.
C)systematic reinforcement of the desired academic behavior.
D)instruction in other skills that compensate for the deficiency.

Question 71

A diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder may not be made if the problem begins

A)after age 6.
B)after age 12.
C)after age 18.
D)after age 21.

Question 72

Depressed children and adults both exhibit which of the following symptoms?

A)suicide attempts and guilt
B)fatigue and suicidal ideation
C)loss of appetite and early morning depression
D)delusions

Question 73

Multisystemic therapy

A)focuses solely on the conduct disordered child.
B)is based upon intervention in ecologically valid settings such as home,school or peer group.
C)is a combination of medication and individual therapy.
D)is multifaceted in the sense that multiple approaches to family intervention are applied.

Question 74

Which of the following symptoms manifest in children with PTSD,but usually not in adults with PTSD?

A)sleep-problems
B)agitation
C)flashbacks
D)hopelessness

Question 75

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities recommends an individualized assessment

A)in terms of overall ability to function in society.
B)using tests free of cultural/ethnic bias.
C)of a person's specific skills and needs across many areas.
D)in coordination with parents and teachers.

Question 76

Children with specific learning disorder in reading,better known as dyslexia,

A)have global difficulties with reading.
B)primarily struggle with proper orientation of letters.
C)do not have the disorder as adults.
D)often cannot achieve academically.

Question 77

John was diagnosed as having selective mutism.This means that he

A)has a communication disorder that makes him unable to talk.
B)refuses to speak in unfamiliar social circumstances.
C)communicates to his parents and other family members with gestures only.
D)has created his own language; this disorder is common in twins.

Question 78

In a recent fMRI study examining three different types of readers,adults who had trouble learning to read early in school

A)showed less activation in the areas of the brain linked to reading than adults who never had any trouble with reading.
B)showed the same activation in the areas of the brain linked to reading as adults who never had any trouble with reading.
C)showed more activation in the areas of the brain linked to reading than adults who never had any trouble with reading.
D)showed no activation on the right side of the brain.

Question 79

Which of the following may explain why an fMRI study examining Chinese children with dyslexia failed to find problems in the temporoparietal area of the brain during reading tasks?

A)This study only evaluated 10 children.
B)Because of the differences between Chinese and English languages.
C)The study examining Chinese children used older fMRI techniques.
D)The Chinese language relies on less visual processing than does English.

Question 80

Depressed children and their parents

A)tend to avoid conflict.
B)have more negative interactions.
C)have less supportive relationships,but are generally free of conflict.
D)frequently have over involved relationships.