Deck 14: Families, Lifestyles, and Parenting

Question 1

Bronfenbrenner terms the culture in which an individual lives a(n):

A)mesosystem
B)exosystem
C)macrosystem
D)chronosystem

Answer 1

macrosystem

Question 2

Tony is a second-generation immigrant who is heavily influenced by his ethnic heritage and cultural practices.This is an example of Tony's:

A)mesosytem.
B)exosystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Answer 2

macrosystem.

Question 3

The main point of the epigenetic view of development is a _____

A)child-directed pattern of development.
B)parent-directed pattern of development.
C)a bidirectional pattern of development.
D)no relationship between genes and environment on development.

Answer 3

a bidirectional pattern of development.

Question 4

Gary complains, "When I was young, people stayed married to each other.Nowadays everyone's divorced." Gary is comparing:

A)microsystems.
B)exosystems.
C)mesosystems.
D)chronosystems.

Question 5

_____ involves a parent or teacher adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance.

A)Scaffolding
B)Reciprocal socialization
C)Developmental trajectories
D)A polyadic system

Question 6

Steven now recognizes the signs indicating that his infant daughter needs a nap.This is an example of:

A)reciprocal socialization.
B)scaffolding.
C)launching.
D)a mutual dyad.

Question 7

Sheri's infant daughter mimics facial expressions and hand gestures.This is an example of:

A)scaffolding.
B)a polyadic system.
C)a reciprocal interaction.
D)launching.

Question 8

Which of Bronfenbrenner's systems is MOST heavily influenced by the increasing number of women working outside of the home?

A)exosystem
B)macrosystem
C)microsystem
D)mesosystem

Question 9

Lori and Spencer have a loving and supportive marriage.What is a likely indirect result of their satisfied relationship?

A)satisfied relationships with each spouse's family of origin
B)fewer personal friendships
C)sensitive, responsive parenting
D)increased involvement in community events

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a stressor often experienced by immigrant families?

A)language barriers
B)lack of support networks
C)change in socioeconomic status
D)pressure by mainstream culture to preserve one's cultural identity

Question 11

After months of singing "Itsy Bitsy Spider" with her mother, baby Nicole is beginning to do some of the song's actions by herself.This is an example of:

A)mutual synchrony.
B)scaffolding.
C)reciprocal socialization.
D)mutual gaze.

Question 12

Sometimes Michelle's mom takes work calls while they are eating dinner.This is an example of stress in Michelle's:

A)mesosystem.
B)exosystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Question 13

The phenomenon in which children and parents learn from each other is termed:

A)reciprocal socialization.
B)mutual synchrony.
C)scaffolding.
D)launching.

Question 14

Chad's father spends three days a week away from the home on business trips and is usually tired and grouchy on the day he returns home.This causes stress in Chad's:

A)microsystem.
B)macrosystem.
C)chronosystem.
D)exosystem.

Question 15

Subtle changes in a culture can have significant influence on the family.What is one effect of increased urbanization and mobility in our society?

A)Older parents and grandparents have lost some of the socializing role in the family.
B)Young parents depend more than ever on insight and help from their own parents in raising a family.
C)There has been an increase in heavy drinking, demoralized attitudes, and health disabilities.
D)Child rearing has become inconsistent and lackadaisical.

Question 16

Bronfenbrenner terms the links between microsystems a(n):

A)mesosystem.
B)exosystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Question 17

In which social context does reciprocal socialization take place?

A)exosystem
B)microsystem
C)macrosystem
D)chronosystem

Question 18

Bronfenbrenner terms the setting in which the individual lives, such as family, peers, school, and work a(n):

A)exosystem.
B)chronosystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)microsystem.

Question 19

Ed and Teri Miller decided to delay parenthood because Ed recently lost his job and is having difficulty finding a new one.Teri is still in the workforce but had planned to quit and stay at home during the baby's early years.This is an example of:

A)launching.
B)the "delayed family stage" approach to parenthood.
C)multiple developmental trajectories.
D)individual hostility.

Question 20

Bronfenbrenner terms the influences from another setting that an individual does not experience directly a(n):

A)mesosytem.
B)exosystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Question 21

Divorce contributes to higher rates of psychiatric disturbance, depression, and alcoholism for:

A)men.
B)women.
C)both men and women.
D)neither men nor women.

Question 22

Which of the following is TRUE of marital satisfaction?

A)Marital satisfaction is not correlated with parenting competence.
B)Individuals in happy marriages tend to live longer than those in unhappy relationships.
C)People in happy marriages are likely to be more emotionally and physically tired because of the added strain of caring so deeply for another individual.
D)People in unhappy marriages are less likely to get sick, because they often receive therapy for stress reduction.

Question 23

In the United States, cohabiting arrangements:

A)tend to be short-term, with one-third lasting less than one year.
B)tend to be long-term, with one-third lasting more than three years.
C)result in lower rates of divorce in couples who cohabit before marriage.
D)result in higher rates of marital satisfaction.

Question 24

Sixty-year-old Wanda has moved in with her 62-year-old friend, Mike.Which of the following is MOST likely true regarding their decision to cohabit?

A)They will most likely marry within 2-3 years.
B)They will experience significantly better physical health as compared to their married counterparts.
C)They more than likely moved in together for companionship rather than for love.
D)They are part of a declining trend in cohabitation among older adults.

Question 25

In which country is chastity the MOST important factor in determining a marriage partner?

A)China
B)Japan
C)Sweden
D)the United States

Question 26

What percentage of U.S.adult couples cohabit before getting married?

A)approximately 75 percent
B)approximately 60 percent
C)40 percent
D)20 percent

Question 27

When she is angry or stressed, Jackie confides in her best friend rather than her husband.Which of Gottman's marriage principles does this violate?

A)overcoming gridlock
B)nurturing fondness and admiration
C)solving solvable conflicts
D)turning toward each other instead of away

Question 28

Seventeen-year-old Janey is pregnant.If she marries her boyfriend, there is a 50 percent chance that her marriage will end within _____ years.

A)1-2
B)2-5
C)5-10
D)10+

Question 29

Patricia is single and just turned 30.She is likely to feel:

A)content with her independence and freedom.
B)societal pressure to marry.
C)resentful that most of her friends are married.
D)desperate to find an available partner.

Question 30

Most couples divorce after _____ years.

A)1-5
B)5-10
C)10-15
D)15-20

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true regarding marriage in the United States?

A)Domesticity is a highly valued trait in a future spouse.
B)A 1981 law sets the minimum age for marriage at 22 for males and 20 for females without parental consent.
C)The vast majority of adults will marry at some time in their lifetime.
D)Chastity is the most important consideration in a prospective spouse.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for dealing with divorce?

A)focus more on the future than the past
B)use strengths and resources to cope
C)don't expect to be happy in everything you do
D)start dating as soon as you can

Question 33

Ron and Sheri lived together for 2 years, became engaged, and then married.Compared to those who do not cohabit, Ron and Sheri are more likely to:

A)be happy.
B)be unhappy.
C)divorce and return to cohabitation.
D)divorce.

Question 34

Gloria notices an article that she thinks would interest her husband.She emails it to him, and they discuss it later at dinner.This is an example of which of Gottman's marriage principles?

A)solving solvable conflicts
B)establishing love maps
C)overcoming gridlock
D)letting your partner influence you

Question 35

Deon and Lianna have negotiated their responsibilities for morning and bedtime routines.This cooperation to reduce stress is an example of Gottman's principle of:

A)overcoming gridlock.
B)letting your partner influence you.
C)nurturing fondness and admiration.
D)establishing a love map.

Question 36

Scott and Kristine have decided to live together.Which of the following is TRUE regarding their situation?

A)If they break up, it will be easier to divide property and possessions than if they were married.
B)Kristine is at an increased risk of experiencing partner violence than her married female friends.
C)They will find it easier to buy a house together than married couples.
D)If they marry later, the marriage is likely to last longer than if they had not cohabitated.

Question 37

In 2007, the U.S.average age for a first marriage for men was 27.5 years for men and 25.6 years for women.These ages for first marriages are:

A)basically the same as 10 years ago.
B)slightly lower than recent years.
C)rising for men, but declining for women.
D)higher than at any point in U.S.history.

Question 38

Barton and Alonna just moved in together.They will MOST likely:

A)split up within 5 years.
B)marry within a year.
C)live together for several years but eventually marry.
D)have a child within 5 years but not necessarily marry.

Question 39

Being single offers the potential advantage of _____, but the potential disadvantage of _____.

A)freedom; difficulty forming relationships with other adults
B)self-reliance; lack of intimacy
C)emotional distance; lack of physical intimacy
D)self-knowledge; feedback

Question 40

Which of the following statements is TRUE of divorce?

A)The divorce rate in the United States is steadily rising.
B)Divorce among midlife couples is caused almost exclusively by extramarital affairs.
C)Divorce is linked to psychological and physical problems.
D)Divorce usually happens within the first three years of marriage.

Question 41

What percentage of 40- to 44-year-old U.S.women remain childless?

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)20 percent
D)30 percent

Question 42

Which of the following is the main cause for divorce among middle-aged and older adult men?

A)cheating
B)alcohol or drug abuse
C)fell out of love
D)verbal or emotional abuse

Question 43

The restrictive, punitive parenting style in which parents exhort the child to follow directions and be respectful is termed by Baumrind as:

A)authoritative.
B)neglectful.
C)authoritarian.
D)indulgent.

Question 44

Which of the following is an advantage of having children later (in their 30s)?

A)The mother is likely to have fewer medical problems.
B)Parents will have more physical energy.
C)Parents are likely to be more mature.
D)Women are happy to take a break from their careers.

Question 45

Which of the following is an advantage of having children early (in their 20s)?

A)The mother is likely to have fewer medical problems.
B)Parents will have more physical energy.
C)Parents are less likely to set rigid expectations for their children.
D)all of these

Question 46

Karri spends time finding positive, interesting activities for her 15-year-old daughter, Brooke.Karri encourages Brooke to offer input and choose among the activities.Karri's parental role is best described as:

A)dictator.
B)manager.
C)friend.
D)observer.

Question 47

Matt and Tamela reward good behavior and ignore bad behavior when possible.When punishment is required, they calmly employ techniques like time-out and verbal reasoning.Which of Baumrind's parenting styles do Matt and Tamela employ?

A)neglectful
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)authoritarian

Question 48

Evaluations of the Bringing Baby Home project revealed all of the following EXCEPT:

A)parents' improved ability to work together as partners in parenting.
B)fathers were more involved with and sensitive to their baby.
C)mothers' postpartum depression symptoms were eliminated.
D)babies showed better overall development than babies in a control group.

Question 49

Which of the following is the main cause for divorce among middle-aged and older adult men?

A)alcohol or drug abuse
B)verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
C)cheating
D)emotional infidelity

Question 50

A mother who plays a strong managerial role in parenting would MOST likely do which of the following for her adolescent daughter?

A)Monitor her choice of friends and activities.
B)Control her after-school extracurricular activities.
C)Set out clothes for her to wear each day.
D)Establish strict rules and enforce frequent punishment.

Question 51

Jeff and Amber demand respect and immediate obedience from their children.They use spanking as a primary form of punishment.Which of Baumrind's parenting styles do Jeff and Amber employ?

A)authoritative
B)neglectful
C)indulgent
D)authoritarian

Question 52

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gay or lesbian relationships?

A)Areas of conflict in a homosexual relationship are very like those of heterosexual partners.
B)Homosexuals change partners frequently and are generally less committed in their relationships.
C)In most homosexual relationships, one partner takes on a masculine role and the other takes the feminine role.
D)The majority of children with gay or lesbian parents grow up to also have a homosexual orientation.

Question 53

The parenting style that encourages a child to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is termed by Baumrind as:

A)authoritative.
B)neglectful.
C)indulgent.
D)authoritarian.

Question 54

An authoritative parenting style is generally preferred for raising well-adjusted children.However, elements of a different parenting style have been shown to protect children from physical danger, lead to high academic achievement, and engender respect and obedience depending on culture.Which parenting style aids these characteristics?

A)indulgent
B)authoritarian
C)neglectful
D)scaffolding

Question 55

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is highly demanding and not very responsive?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 56

Courtney is often left to entertain and manage herself.When she approaches her mother, she is brushed aside and made to feel a nuisance.This is an example of which of Baumrind's parenting styles?

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 57

On average, adults remarry within _____ year(s) after their divorce.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)7

Question 58

When a parent is uninvolved in the child's life, Baumrind terms the parenting style:

A)authoritative.
B)authoritarian.
C)neglectful.
D)indulgent.

Question 59

When parents are very involved with their children and place few demands or controls on them, Baumrind terms the parenting style:

A)indulgent.
B)authoritarian.
C)authoritative.
D)neglectful.

Question 60

Which of the following is the main cause for divorce among middle-aged and older adult women?

A)no obvious problem, just fell out of love
B)verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
C)different values, lifestyles
D)emotional infidelity

Question 61

Much of adolescent-parent conflict is born of a need to balance:

A)friends and family.
B)autonomy and attachment.
C)school and social activities.
D)work experience and academic success.

Question 62

One in five families experiences ongoing, unhealthy parent-adolescent conflict, which is associated with which of the following adolescent behaviors?

A)teen pregnancy and early marriage
B)secure parent-child attachment later in life
C)increased marital satisfaction for parents
D)increased adolescent self-control, autonomy, and maturity

Question 63

Teen-parent conflict in early adolescence is likely to center around:

A)poor academic performance.
B)the teen's choice of friends.
C)everyday events of family life.
D)drugs and alcohol use.

Question 64

Which of the following is by far the MOST common form of child maltreatment?

A)physical abuse
B)emotional abuse
C)neglect
D)sexual abuse

Question 65

The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is:

A)contract parenting.
B)coparenting.
C)emotional parenting.
D)marital scaffolding.

Question 66

Which of the following is usually present when other forms of maltreatment are identified?

A)emotional abuse
B)physical abuse
C)sexual abuse
D)neglect

Question 67

One benefit of everyday adolescent-parent conflict is that it:

A)teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B)helps adolescents become more autonomous.
C)convinces adolescents that their parents are wiser than they had supposed.
D)teaches adolescents how to be more effective in the way they argue.

Question 68

Which of the following factors contributes to child maltreatment?

A)cultural tolerance of corporal punishment
B)parents who were abused as children
C)low socioeconomic neighborhood
D)all of these

Question 69

Which parenting style may lead children who are egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 70

A recent study shows that coparenting is positively linked to:

A)academic achievement.
B)juvenile delinquency.
C)children's obesity.
D)children's effortful control.

Question 71

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is highly responsive and not very demanding?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 72

Who is the MOST likely to abuse a child?

A)a child care provider
B)a teacher
C)a grandparent
D)a parent

Question 73

Which of the following is a key difference in the old and new models of parent-adolescent relationships?

A)The old model suggests using an authoritarian discipline style to parent adolescents.
B)The new model suggests that most adolescent-parent conflict is moderate and can serve a positive function.
C)The old model indicates that parent-child conflict is greatest in early adolescence.
D)The new model recommends that parents detach themselves from their adolescent.

Question 74

Ten-year-old Maria has experienced frequent physical abuse throughout her childhood.She is at risk for which of the following?

A)attachment problems
B)depression
C)academic problems
D)all of these

Question 75

Corporal punishment by parents is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)higher levels of immediate compliance.
B)higher levels of long-term compliance.
C)child aggression.
D)lower levels of moral internalization.

Question 76

Which of the following outcomes is linked to having a history of physical abuse?

A)depression
B)high academic achievement
C)sibling jealousy
D)abnormally high self-esteem

Question 77

Secure attachment to parents during adolescence is positively linked to which of the following?

A)high academic achievement
B)introverted behaviors
C)delaying romantic intimacy and marriage
D)being in an exclusive relationship

Question 78

Heather is dating 17-year-old Tyler, who was severely maltreated as a child.Heather is at risk for which of the following?

A)low self-esteem
B)Tyler's abusive behaviors
C)Tyler's overprotective behaviors
D)depression and self-abusive behaviors

Question 79

Which country has the MOST favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?

A)France
B)United States
C)Sweden
D)Spain

Question 80

Christie allows her children many freedoms with very few limits and believes their creativity will be enhanced this way.Her children lack self-control and are domineering with peers.Which of Baumrind's parenting styles does Christie employ?

A)neglectful
B)indulgent
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian