Deck 7: Information Processing

Question 1

The creation of a new procedure for processing information is:

A)encoding.
B)automaticity.
C)strategy construction.
D)metamemory.

Answer 1

strategy construction.

Question 2

The information-processing approach to cognitive development is concerned mainly with:

A)the influence of culture on development.
B)how people manipulate, monitor, and manage information.
C)the influence of age on learning.
D)the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development.

Answer 2

how people manipulate, monitor, and manage information.

Question 3

Which of the following statements accurately describes processing speed?

A)Processing speed decreases across the childhood years.
B)Processing speed increases across the childhood years.
C)Processing speed begins declining in adolescence.
D)Processing speed peaks in older adulthood.

Answer 3

Processing speed increases across the childhood years.

Question 4

Learning to drive a car requires deliberate coordination of mental processes but eventually becomes nearly effortless.This is the concept of:

A)cognitive shifting.
B)declining attention.
C)automaticity.
D)strategy construction.

Question 5

Which processes are required for effective information processing at any age?

A)metacognition and metamemory
B)thought and behavior
C)attention, memory, and thinking
D)encoding, memory, and emotion

Question 6

Dallas no longer has to think about each letter in a word as he is reading.This skill is becoming more automatic, because Dallas:

A)practices reading.
B)memorizes every story he reads.
C)focuses his attention.
D)has formed a reading scheme.

Question 7

What is the process by which information gets into memory?

A)encoding
B)attention
C)thinking
D)automaticity

Question 8

"Knowing about knowing" is called:

A)hypothetical deduction.
B)metacognition.
C)strategy construction.
D)encoding.

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE according to the information-processing approach?

A)Cognitive processes consist of distinct stages with no interrelation.
B)Memory is insignificant when discussing information processing.
C)Overlap exists among the cognitive processes.
D)Information flows one way in the cognitive model.

Question 10

Attention in infancy to the "what" and "where" are examples of a _____ process.

A)orientating
B)habituation
C)dishabituation
D)parallel

Question 11

According to Siegler, which three mechanisms work together to create changes in children's cognitive skills?

A)attention, memory, and thinking
B)assimilation, accommodation, and thinking
C)encoding, decoding, and recall
D)encoding, automatization, and strategy construction

Question 12

Siegler argues that children learn to use what they have learned in the past to adapt their responses to new situations.This is known as:

A)centration.
B)dishabituation.
C)self-modification.
D)encoding.

Question 13

Which of the following may help older adults compensate for declines in processing speed?

A)vitamin supplements
B)playing video games
C)exercise
D)frequent social interactions

Question 14

Tim is learning about Roman numerals.He _____ the relevant fact that the symbols 5 and V represent the same amount and _____ the irrelevant differences in their shape.

A)remembers; forgets
B)encodes; ignores
C)thinks about; remembers
D)processes; attends to

Question 15

Lane is learning to recognize lowercase letters.He is able to do this by ignoring the fact that some lowercase letters do not look like their uppercase counterparts.This is an example of:

A)decoding.
B)encoding.
C)automaticity.
D)attention.

Question 16

Which of the following influences what we can do with information?

A)processing speed
B)metacognitive speed
C)nutrition
D)emotional connection

Question 17

In Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, processing speed began to decline in:

A)adolescence.
B)early adulthood.
C)middle adulthood.
D)late adulthood.

Question 18

Stacy is vigilant in her watch for any change in her baby's breathing.This is an example of _____ attention.

A)salient
B)selective
C)divided
D)sustained

Question 19

The cognitive developmental theories of Vygotsky, Piaget, and information processing share a focus on how people:

A)think.
B)behave.
C)interact.
D)mature biologically.

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding the decline of reaction time is correct?

A)The decline in processing speed begins in adolescence.
B)The decline in processing speed likely is due to a decline in short term memory.
C)Health and exercise can slow the decline in processing speed.
D)Biology alone influences increases and declines in processing speed.

Question 21

The processing of irrelevant information decreases rapidly during:

A)middle childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)early adulthood.
D)middle adulthood.

Question 22

Kennedy is playing a computer game that shows a monster falling in mud when the answer is wrong.Kennedy cares less about answering incorrectly and more about watching the humorous event.The monster falling in mud is more:

A)salient.
B)habituating.
C)dishabituating.
D)culturally specific.

Question 23

A police officer visits Laura's preschool class to discuss safety rules.To attract the children's attention, the officer brings balloons.Later, Laura tells her parents about the police officer and the balloons but can't remember any of the discussed safety rules.Laura paid more attention to what was:

A)salient.
B)relevant.
C)habituated.
D)dishabituated.

Question 24

Baby Emily and her mother often engage in joint attention.Emily will most likely do which of the following?

A)develop an attention disorder
B)have difficulty establishing trusting relationships
C)say her first word earlier
D)develop a narrow vocabulary

Question 25

Planning, monitoring, and attending to goals are examples of _____ attention.

A)executive
B)selective
C)divided
D)sustained

Question 26

One-year-old Harry's mother looks outside at a large dog passing by.Harry looks outside, too.This is an example of:

A)joint attention.
B)gaze controlling.
C)habituation.
D)divided attention.

Question 27

Lower levels of executive attention in older adults have been linked to:

A)hypertension.
B)low blood pressure.
C)autism.
D)ADHD.

Question 28

Ruth is listening to her teacher despite the noise coming from a nearby classroom.Her attention allocation is:

A)sustained.
B)selective.
C)divided.
D)habituated.

Question 29

Monica rotates the presentation of her infant's toys every few weeks, because she doesn't want him to become bored or:

A)dishabituated.
B)habituated.
C)divided in his attention.
D)over stimulated.

Question 30

The retention of information over time is referred to as:

A)strategy construction.
B)encoding.
C)memory.
D)attention.

Question 31

Young children advance in executive attention and sustained attention due, in part, to advances in which of the following?

A)fine and gross motor skills
B)sharing and playtime strategies
C)comprehension and language
D)deduction and reasoning skills

Question 32

Which of the following is an important skill for learning in the classroom?

A)selective attention
B)divided attention
C)habituation
D)dishabituation

Question 33

Jon listens to his favorite CD while he studies for tomorrow's exam.This is an example of _____ attention.

A)salient
B)selective
C)divided
D)sustained

Question 34

Joint attention requires all of the following EXCEPT:

A)an ability to track another's behavior.
B)repeating the same form of stimulation.
C)one person directing another's attention.
D)reciprocal interaction.

Question 35

According to schema theory, people:

A)mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds.
B)reconfigure existing information to include memories.
C)remember only what is salient to them.
D)have a finite amount of brain storage space and must "weed out" old information to fit new memories.

Question 36

Older adults are frequently characterized as unsafe drivers.Declining driving skills may be due to an apparent decrease in:

A)basic reflexes.
B)acetylcholine.
C)divided attention.
D)visual attention.

Question 37

Rob is listening to Katie's anecdote amidst the loud music and laughter of many others at the party.This is an example of _____ attention.

A)executive
B)selective
C)divided
D)sustained

Question 38

In which of the following areas is preschool children's control of attention deficient?

A)planfulness
B)joint attention
C)implicit memory
D)explicit memory

Question 39

_____ attention enables infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a new stimulus as it becomes familiar.

A)Selective
B)Divided
C)Executive
D)Sustained

Question 40

What are the three processes required for memory?

A)sensation, perception, behavior
B)reception, decoding, storage
C)encoding, storage, retrieval
D)input, storage, output

Question 41

Some experts believe that children should not testify in court because:

A)the time between events and trial are generally too long for children to accurately remember.
B)they have very limited capacity for long-term memory.
C)they are susceptible to false suggestion.
D)anxiety hormones affect and may erase long-term memory details.

Question 42

Infantile amnesia may be a due to:

A)increased myelination.
B)traumatic childhood experiences.
C)immature brain development in the prefrontal lobes.
D)an immature pituitary gland.

Question 43

Which of the following regarding fuzzy trace theory is true?

A)Young children are likely to remember the gist of information but not verbatim details.
B)Older children are likely to remember verbatim details of events or information.
C)Memory and reasoning skills are improved when older children begin to use gist rather than verbatim memory trace to recall information.
D)Fuzzy traces of events or information are fleeting and likely to be forgotten.

Question 44

Which of the following enables conscious memories to improve throughout a child's second year?

A)memory-span tasks
B)joint attention with a caregiver
C)maturation of the frontal cortex
D)maturation of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in the brain

Question 45

While studying for a history exam, Michael finds it easier to recall details if he creates a mental picture relating to the information he is reviewing.What memory strategy is he using?

A)rehearsal-repetition
B)elaboration
C)self-reference
D)imagery

Question 46

Infants as young as _____ month(s) of age show a limited type of memory.

A)7
B)1
C)2
D)10

Question 47

Josh sorts and washes his laundry without having to read instructions.What type of memory is he using?

A)motoric
B)working
C)explicit
D)implicit

Question 48

On a short-term memory task, Trent recalls eight numbers, whereas his son, Hunter, remembered only four.According to recent research, if the speed of repetition were controlled, Hunter would:

A)remember more numbers than Trent.
B)still remember fewer numbers than Trent.
C)remember the same amount of numbers as Trent.
D)convert the short-term information to long-term memory.

Question 49

At a family reunion, Uncle Joe told a story about his childhood.Which of the following statements is MOST likely true?

A)His story is accurate, as though he had taken an exact photograph of the event.
B)Due to gender differences, Uncle Joe's sister would have told a more accurate view of the event.
C)He is able to store and retrieve information about the event in a computer-like way.
D)His story presents a somewhat distorted impression of the event.

Question 50

Working memory is:

A)synonymous with short-term memory.
B)synonymous with long-term memory.
C)active in modifying information for decision-making and problem solving.
D)like a passive storehouse where information waits for long-term memory encoding.

Question 51

Eighty-year-old Kathleen will show a steady decline in:

A)explicit and semantic memory.
B)episodic and implicit memory.
C)working memory and processing speed.
D)procedural and working memory.

Question 52

Mandler's main criticism of the Rovee-Collier studies on infant memory is that:

A)these infants display only implicit memory.
B)kicking is not evidence of infant memory but of dishabituation.
C)infantile amnesia would prevent infants from remembering any information.
D)these infants display only explicit memory.

Question 53

Jinni finds certain concepts from her human development class easy to remember, because she is able to associate the information with many of her own childhood experiences.What memory strategy is she using?

A)rehearsal-repetition
B)imagery
C)elaboration
D)comparison

Question 54

Most adults do not remember much from their first 3 years of life.This is the phenomenon of:

A)false memory.
B)infantile or childhood amnesia.
C)repressive amnesia.
D)memory span allotment.

Question 55

While Leah works on a science experiment, she is manipulating and assembling new information, making decisions, and solving problems.What type of memory is she using?

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)working
D)rehearsal

Question 56

All of the following are strategies to reduce suggestibility when interviewing children EXCEPT:

A)wait to interview children until they are older because their long-term memory will improve.
B)reduce motivations for children to make false reports.
C)limit misleading questions.
D)keep a neutral tone.

Question 57

While reading a book for literature class, Kelly tried to relate to the character's struggles and note how they are similar and different from her own life.To improve her long-term memory of the book, Kelly is:

A)rehearsing important passages.
B)using mental imagery.
C)making the content personally relevant.
D)organizing the book into an outline of important events.

Question 58

Without rehearsal, how long can information remain in short-term memory?

A)5-20 seconds
B)15-30 seconds
C)20-60 seconds
D)1-2 minutes

Question 59

study in which infants kicked to try to move a familiar mobile, but not an unfamiliar one, indicates that young infants:

A)can imitate actions.
B)can remember detailed actions and contexts.
C)can transfer kicking actions to slightly different contexts.
D)cannot store and use memories until they develop language.

Question 60

Which of the following statements characterizes the schema theory of memory?

A)People store and retrieve bits of data much as a computer.
B)We reconstruct the past with distortions due to existing information.
C)Memories are like talking photographs.
D)Memory encoding is accurate.Retrieval can be false.

Question 61

Andrea is worried that she will forget to take her antibiotic prescription three times daily.Andrea feels her _____ memory is weak.

A)prospective
B)working
C)semantic
D)explicit

Question 62

Anna is trying to remember a quote she learned years ago.She can remember the class she heard it in and the professor that spoke it but not the actual quote.What type of memory does Anna have for this recollection?

A)source
B)meta
C)procedural
D)prospective

Question 63

Which of the following is 70-year-old Leo MOST likely to forget?

A)names of high school classmates
B)the anniversary of his wedding
C)items on that day's grocery list
D)capital city names

Question 64

Memory without conscious recollection is known as:

A)explicit memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)automaticity.
D)encoding.

Question 65

General academic and field-of-expertise knowledge is labeled _____ memory.

A)schematic
B)functional
C)normative
D)semantic

Question 66

Mackenzie easily recalls events in her life but has difficulty remembering trivia.Mackenzie shows good _____ memory, but poor _____ memory.

A)episodic; semantic
B)procedural; declarative
C)semantic; episodic
D)explicit; implicit

Question 67

Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory, while implicit memory is also known as _____ memory.

A)semantic
B)procedural
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 68

Devon recalls details of his seventh birthday party.What type of memory is he using?

A)applied
B)working
C)explicit
D)implicit

Question 69

Derek no longer concentrates on keystrokes as he types.What type of memory is this?

A)episodic
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)working

Question 70

Rita remembers when she received a school award for perfect attendance.What type of memory is this?

A)episodic
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)working

Question 71

Elderly Linda finds it hard to remember grocery list items or new telephone numbers, but does not have difficulty with information like her address or social security number.Which of the following is MOST likely true of Linda?

A)Linda shows signs of premature memory failure.
B)Linda is typical of middle-aged people in her ability to remember information.
C)Linda is better at remembering information than most middle-aged people.
D)Linda has a strong explicit memory and a poor implicit memory.

Question 72

Evie knows the capital cities of every state.What type of memory is this?

A)episodic
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)working

Question 73

Ninety-year-old Ben enjoys talking about growing up on a corn farm in Illinois.Given his age, Ben's episodic memory is likely to be:

A)highly accurate
B)less accurate
C)more accurate than his semantic memory
D)equally accurate as his semantic memory

Question 74

Most research shows that most babies do not show explicit memory until:

A)3 to 6 months.
B)6 to 12 months.
C)18 months.
D)2 years.

Question 75

The ability to consciously remember the past is known as:

A)explicit memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)automaticity.
D)encoding.

Question 76

Research shows that adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades.This is known as:

A)reminiscence bump.
B)source memory.
C)autobiographical memory.
D)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 77

"I remember my first vacation to Manhattan, New York, in 1949, and staying at the Casablanca Hotel," says Mabel, who is 77 years old.This is an example of:

A)a memory script.
B)implicit memory.
C)visuospatial working memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 78

Sally tells a joke to her friend Helen.Helen smiles and responds, "I told you that joke yesterday!" Sally's embarrassment is due to:

A)source amnesia.
B)the reminiscence bump.
C)prospective memory.
D)elderly amnesia.

Question 79

Which type of memory is more likely to be forgotten?

A)implicit
B)procedural
C)explicit
D)source

Question 80

Memory about life's events is labeled:

A)semantic.
B)implicit.
C)working.
D)episodic.