Deck 5: Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

Question 1

Activities that use large muscles develop:

A)the Moro reflex.
B)fine motor skills.
C)gross motor skills.
D)visual tracking.

Answer 1

gross motor skills.

Question 2

Shawn is 5 years old and sucks his thumb.His mother is worried that thumb sucking will become a lifelong habit.A developmental psychologist would MOST likely advise Shawn's mother to:

A)keep Shawn at home for another year before entering kindergarten.
B)change her disciplining methods.
C)develop a strict behavior intervention plan.
D)relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.

Answer 2

relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.

Question 3

Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound.She arches her back, throws back her head, and flings out her arms.Which reflex is she demonstrating?

A)sucking
B)Moro
C)rooting
D)grasping

Answer 3

Moro

Question 4

Which reflex involves many responses from the whole body?

A)sucking
B)rooting
C)Moro
D)stepping

Question 5

Infants root in order to:

A)find something to grasp.
B)find something to suck.
C)calm down.
D)go to sleep.

Question 6

How long does it take for most infants to establish a sucking style that matches how mothers hold them, how the milk is coming out of the bottle or breast, and the infant's temperament?

A)one day
B)one week
C)several weeks
D)two months

Question 7

Which reflex helps to ensure that an infant obtains nourishment?

A)sucking
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)rooting

Question 8

Marta is growing quickly.Many of the reflexes with which she was born are fading.She is developing new abilities such as sitting and standing but is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys.Marta is in her:

A)first year.
B)second year.
C)proximodistal period.
D)reflexive development phase.

Question 9

Infant reflexes:

A)assist in the development of intermodal perception.
B)may be important building blocks for later motor activity.
C)enable the infant to survive the birthing process without physical damage.
D)help strengthen the emotional bond with a primary caregiver.

Question 10

Infants normally are able to sit, stand, stoop, climb, and walk within the first:

A)6 months.
B)year.
C)18 months.
D)2 years.

Question 11

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the rooting and sucking reflexes?

A)Both involve avoiding toxic substances.
B)Rooting involves locating food; sucking involves eating food.
C)Sucking involves eating; rooting involves bonding with a caregiver.
D)Rooting involves grasping food source; sucking involves locating food.

Question 12

Baby Karyn has just learned to sit independently.Approximately how old is she?

A)1 year
B)3 weeks
C)2 months
D)6 months

Question 13

Six-month-old Andy is learning to scoot on his tummy in order to obtain nearby toys.This is an example of the:

A)dynamic systems theory of motor coordination.
B)bio-psycho-motor theory of coordination.
C)physio motor theory of maturation.
D)genetic plan theory of motor maturation.

Question 14

According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting.Her theory is called the _____ theory.

A)bio-psycho-motor
B)dynamic systems
C)bio-behavioral
D)perceptual systems

Question 15

Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robby.He turns his head toward that cheek and opens his mouth.This is an example of:

A)sucking.
B)the Moro reflex.
C)rooting.
D)grasping.

Question 16

The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to _____.

A)sound; touch
B)touch; sound
C)smell; sight
D)sight; smell

Question 17

According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills?

A)Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act.They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
B)Motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or maturation.
C)Motor skills are initially influenced by biology but become increasingly dependent on environmental factors.
D)Infants take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build representations of the world in their minds.

Question 18

Adaptive, built-in reactions to stimuli are called:

A)fine motor skills.
B)gross motor skills.
C)Moro.
D)reflexes.

Question 19

What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior?

A)reflexes
B)motor skills
C)vision and hearing
D)dynamic systems

Question 20

Research shows that infants occasionally take a few large steps when walking.These large steps indicate which of the following?

A)increased desire for independence
B)increased acceleration and speed
C)increased balance and strength
D)sign of future delay in motor development

Question 21

Tom wants to attend his son's little league game.His son is embarrassed by Tom's loud cheering, though, and asks Tom not to come.What should Tom do?

A)go anyway and cheer
B)go but not cheer
C)go but hide so his son can't see him
D)respect his son's wishes and stay home

Question 22

Which of the following athletes would MOST likely show peak performance during adolescence?

A)golfer
B)swimmer
C)sprinter
D)baseball player

Question 23

Miri can walk quickly and run stiffly.She balances on her feet while playing with blocks on the floor and loves to stand and kick her soccer ball.Miri is likely between the ages of _____ months.

A)18 and 24
B)13 and 18
C)9 and 12
D)36 and 48

Question 24

demonstrated that infants:

A)have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.
B)do not have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.
C)have to be motivated by their environment and then act upon a perception in order to refine fine motor skills.
D)obtain fine motor skills in a predetermined, biological sequence.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gross motor activity during middle and late childhood?

A)Elementary-aged children become more fatigued by running, jumping, or bicycling than by sitting for long periods of time.
B)Girls usually outperform boys in large-muscle activities until adolescence when the opposite is true.
C)Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle activities.
D)Only structured and supervised activities are recommended for this age group due to the high risk of physical injury.

Question 26

Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent.Independence is important because it:

A)is a prerequisite for the development of fine motor skills.
B)allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment.
C)fosters greater numbers of dendritic connections in muscle tissue.
D)allows infants to strengthen the bonds with their primary caregivers.

Question 27

Instead of crawling on her hands and knees, 8-month-old Kenna scoots on her bottom using her hands to propel her.This is:

A)a perfectly acceptable means of infant locomotion.
B)likely to be correlated with poor reading ability later.
C)a prerequisite to hands-and-knees crawling.
D)a reason to enlist the services of an infant physical therapist.

Question 28

Jungle gyms, slides, and climbing equipment can help young children develop:

A)handedness.
B)fine motor skills.
C)gross motor skills.
D)concentration.

Question 29

Peak physical performance usually occurs during:

A)adolescence.
B)the 20s.
C)the 30s.
D)the 40s.

Question 30

Walking takes more than leg strength gained through genetic maturation.In order to solve this biomechanical problem, infants are first motivated to walk and then must learn to stabilize balance and shift weight.What theory of development does this describe?

A)bio-cognition
B)bio-psycho-social
C)motor systems
D)dynamic systems

Question 31

Playing organized sports can have which of the following negative effects on a child?

A)undo pressure and stress
B)overly developed muscle mass
C)decreased cognitive functioning
D)increased peer pressure for substance abuse

Question 32

What skills involve keenly tuned movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing?

A)fine motor
B)gross motor
C)reflexes
D)perceptual-motor

Question 33

Brent's biological functions are beginning to decline.How old is he?

A)65
B)50
C)45
D)30

Question 34

Gigi rarely falls when going down a steep incline.If a slope is too steep, she is likely to turn around and go down backward.Gigi is an:

A)experienced climber.
B)inexperienced crawler.
C)experienced walker.
D)inexperienced walker.

Question 35

Infants are likely to reach motor milestones at different ages depending on culture.This is probably due to:

A)climate.
B)activity opportunities.
C)genetic disposition.
D)nutrition.

Question 36

Joey is the best batter on his little league team.Which of the following is a consequence of playing organized sports that Joey may encounter?

A)unrealistically high self-esteem
B)too high academic expectations
C)lower fat mass
D)belonging to a smaller, less diverse social group

Question 37

Tammy is middle aged and walks daily with her friends.Research shows that she can expect which of the following in older adulthood?

A)higher level of adiposity
B)arthritis in her knees and hips
C)the same level of mobility restrictions as her non-walking counterparts
D)lower mobility restrictions

Question 38

Dalton enrolled his daughter in a soccer league to help her develop:

A)handedness.
B)fine motor skills.
C)gross motor skills.
D)concentration.

Question 39

Gross motor skills include activities such as running, whereas fine motor skills include activities such as:

A)jumping.
B)a somersault.
C)cutting with scissors.
D)crab walking.

Question 40

To foster infants' motor development, infancy experts recommend which of the following?

A)giving infants opportunities for exercise
B)rigorous physical handling
C)restricting physical movement for the first year
D)structured exercise classes

Question 41

Chauncey yells, "I hear a train!" This example describes the processes of:

A)sensation.
B)perception.
C)both sensation and perception.
D)neither sensation nor perception.

Question 42

Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and perception?

A)Sensation and perception are independent processes.
B)Sensation occurs after perception.
C)Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first.
D)Neither sensation nor perception occurs without environmental motivation.

Question 43

Baby Jasmina is sitting in her high chair and picks up Cheerios using her thumb and forefinger.This newfound ability is due to the development of the:

A)palmer grasp.
B)pincer grasp.
C)Babinski grasp.
D)Moro grasp.

Question 44

Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings because 4-year-olds have more developed:

A)artistic ability.
B)fine motor skills.
C)gross motor skills.
D)symbolic representation ability.

Question 45

Which of the following reasons BEST explains why 4-year-old Tanisha might knock over a tower of blocks she is building?

A)She fails to place a block squarely on the stack she is assembling.
B)She tries too hard to place every block perfectly.
C)She makes careless movements because she doesn't pay enough attention to what she is doing.
D)Knocking the tower down is more interesting than building it up.

Question 46

Perception brings people in contact with the environment in order for increased interaction and subsequent adaptation.This statement represents:

A)dynamic systems theory.
B)the ecological view.
C)the ethological view.
D)behaviorism.

Question 47

Eighteen-month-old Bridger is running in the park when he reaches a steep embankment.He stops, looks up, and then drops to his hands and knees and begins crawling up.This illustrates the concept of:

A)perceptual processes.
B)ecological functions.
C)affordances.
D)sensory function.

Question 48

The "sticky mittens" study concluded that:

A)gross motor coordination determines fine motor prowess.
B)experience is irrelevant to the development of fine motor skills.
C)experience plays a role in reaching and grasping.
D)texture and sound play a role in grasping but not reaching.

Question 49

Baby Ty is sitting on the floor and reaches for a toy.He picks up the toy using his entire hand and brings it towards him so that he can play with it.This ability is called the:

A)palmer grasp.
B)pincer grasp.
C)Babinski grasp.
D)Moro grasp.

Question 50

Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors such as:

A)the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
B)neurons and synapses.
C)the heart and lungs.
D)age, weight, and height.

Question 51

Which of the following would be the MOST useful dependent variable in studying infant perception?

A)length of visual fixation
B)item patterns
C)infant age
D)amount of crying

Question 52

Eleanor and James Gibson purport that all objects have opportunities for interactions called:

A)sensations.
B)affordances.
C)perceptions.
D)slopes.

Question 53

Dr.Jackson measures how long an infant regards different visual stimuli.Which experimental method is this?

A)visual perceptual
B)sensory perception
C)dynamic systems
D)visual preference

Question 54

A significant achievement in an infant's interactions with the environment is the:

A)onset of reaching and grasping.
B)grasping reflex.
C)Babinski reflex.
D)the sucking reflex.

Question 55

Third-grader Thania forms her cursive letters in small, even rows.What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity?

A)perception and environment interactions
B)increased myelination
C)bone ossification
D)increased muscle development

Question 56

Which of the following methods should Dr.Kim use if she wants to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another?

A)accommodation/assimilation
B)tracing
C)tracking
D)visual preference

Question 57

Which of the following statements is TRUE of fine motor skill development during middle and late childhood?

A)Increased myelination is independent of fine motor skill maturity.
B)Letter size becomes bigger and more even with age.
C)Boys usually outperform girls in fine motor skills.
D)Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills.

Question 58

According to the ecological view of sensory-perceptual development, how do we perceive and eventually represent objects in our minds?

A)We take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build up representations of the world.
B)Environmental stimuli motivate us to fine tune gross and fine motor movements in order to act.
C)We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.Perception fosters interaction with and adaptation to the environment.
D)We perceive information and immediately categorize it through accommodation and assimilation.

Question 59

Kate and her granddaughter, Pamela, are taking a crocheting class together.Which of the following is a likely outcome?

A)Kate progresses more quickly than Pamela.
B)Pamela progresses more quickly than Kate.
C)Kate and Pamela progress at the same rate.
D)Kate quits because of incurred nerve damage from overuse of her hands.

Question 60

David hears a loud signal.The sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create the _____ of sound.David interpreting the sound waves as the school bell is _____.

A)affordance; reception
B)reception; affordance
C)perception; sensation
D)sensation; perception

Question 61

Robert's teacher notices that he keeps blinking his eyes and squinting to see the board.These are signs that Robert may have:

A)attention deficit disorder.
B)vision problems.
C)color blindness.
D)presbyopia.

Question 62

Jane views a chair differently whether she is sitting on the floor or standing next to it, but she knows it is a chair no matter the orientation.This is an example of:

A)depth perception.
B)size constancy.
C)shape constancy.
D)object constancy.

Question 63

From the top of the Ferris wheel, the people on the ground look small, but Allison knows they are regular-sized humans.This is an example of:

A)object constancy.
B)depth perception.
C)shape constancy.
D)size constancy.

Question 64

In the Gibson-Walk experiment, most of the babies who were encouraged to crawl off the visual cliff would:

A)crawl off the drop off.
B)not crawl off the cliff.
C)crawl off the cliff side if their mothers coaxed them.
D)crawl off the cliff but showed a significant increase in heart rate indicating anxiety.

Question 65

Baby Jacci is shown four drawings-a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a black-and-white bull's-eye.Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at?

A)the oval
B)the face
C)the square
D)the bull's-eye

Question 66

Two-year-old Saunder rubs his eyes, squints, tilts his head, and blinks excessively.Saunder's parents should:

A)give him more daytime naps.
B)encourage more nighttime sleep.
C)make an appointment with an ophthalmologist.
D)wait for the results of the kindergarten vision screening.

Question 67

At what age is an infant able to distinguish male from female voices, discriminate between ethnic groups, and match grandma's voice to her face?

A)3 months
B)8 months
C)1 year
D)2 years

Question 68

When a 2-day-old infant consistently shows a visual preference for a bull's-eye pattern over a checkerboard pattern, we know that the infant:

A)has normal 20/20 vision.
B)can see fine details as well as adults can.
C)can see the difference between the two patterns.
D)recognizes circles more quickly than squares.

Question 69

What is commonly used to assess an infant's reaction to visual or auditory stimuli?

A)sucking behavior
B)vocalization
C)facial expression
D)voice pitch

Question 70

Ben and Becca have two deaf children.When their third child is born, which method could they use to test their infant's hearing?

A)high-amplitude sucking
B)visual preference
C)habituation/dishabituation
D)auditory preference

Question 71

The table appears to change shape depending on the angle from which baby Cory observes it.This is an example of:

A)binocular perception.
B)sensory compensation.
C)perceptual shape constancy.
D)visual lateralization.

Question 72

Christopher knows that the ball he is holding is smaller than the dog across the street, even though the retinal image of the dog is actually smaller than that of the ball.This is an example of:

A)sensory compensation.
B)perceptual size constancy.
C)binocular sensation.
D)glaucoma.

Question 73

As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborn's vision is estimated to be:

A)20/100.
B)20/240.
C)20/150.
D)20/50.

Question 74

Many preschool children are:

A)farsighted, unable to see far away as well as they can see close up.
B)farsighted, unable to see close up as well as they can see far away.
C)nearsighted, unable to see far away as well as they can see close up.
D)nearsighted, unable to see close up as well as they can see far away.

Question 75

William James said that the newborn's perceptual world is "a blooming, buzzing confusion." What did he mean?

A)The newborn's environment is loud.
B)The newborn has advanced skills in hearing even soft sounds.
C)The newborn lacks the perceptual skills to make sense of the surrounding stimuli.
D)The newborn can see to some degree, but hearing is not well developed.

Question 76

Which of the following is used in habituation studies?

A)sucking behavior
B)heart and respiration rates
C)length of time an infant looks at an object
D)all of these

Question 77

What is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus?

A)habituation
B)dishabituation
C)visual preference
D)affordance

Question 78

Infant Autumn begins to fuss and appears to be bored with her bouncer seat toys after several minutes.Autumn's mother does not put Autumn in the seat for a few days.When Autumn returns to the seat, she is very content to sit and play.This is an example of:

A)tracking.
B)habituation/dishabituation.
C)visual preference.
D)sensation and perception response.

Question 79

Su-Fang would like to hang one picture above her baby's crib.Which of the following would attract the MOST attention from the infant?

A)a red circle
B)a drawing of a face
C)a bull's-eye pattern
D)a bright white square

Question 80

randomly presented face patterns, newsprint, bull's-eye patterns, or colored circles in a looking chamber and then measured how long an infant fixated on each item.What was the independent variable in this study?

A)time the infant fixated on an item
B)age of the infants when they could see the patterns
C)number of items presented
D)type of item presented (face pattern, newsprint, etc.)