Deck 10: Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Effexor
B) Ritalin
C) Clozapine
D) Phenothiazines

Answer 1

Ritalin

Question 2

Approximately, _____ percent of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) respond to stimulant drugs.

A) 10
B) 25 to 30
C) 40 to 60
D) 70 to 85

Answer 2

70 to 85

Question 3

Which of the following drugs is known to reduce disruptive behaviors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Antidepressants
B) Stimulants
C) Antipsychotics
D) Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 3

Stimulants

Question 4

Nationwide, the number of children prescribed stimulant medications increased by _____ percent in the past two decades.

A) 50 to 100
B) 75 to 150
C) 100 to 200
D) 200 to 300

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about the biological factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) The prefrontal cortex, which regulates attention, organization, and planning, is larger in volume in children with ADHD and shows abnormal activation.
B) The catecholamine neurotransmitters, which include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, appear to function abnormally in individuals with ADHD.
C) The notion that hyperactivity in children is caused by dietary factors has been substantiated in controlled studies.
D) ADHD is largely associated with high birth weight.

Question 6

Which of the following drugs is known to reduce tics and increase cognitive abilities in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Ritalin
B) Guanfacine
C) Dexedrine
D) Adderall

Question 7

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely than children without a psychological disturbance to belong to families:

A) that strictly enforce discipline through physical punishment.
B) in which both parents are employed.
C) that experience frequent disruptions and aggressive parents.
D) from lower socioeconomic groups.

Question 8

Which type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed if six or more symptoms of inattention but fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present?

A) Predominantly inattentive type
B) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
C) Predominantly sluggish type
D) Combined type

Question 9

Stimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may work by increasing levels of _____ in the synapses of the brain.

A) cortisol
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrine

Question 10

Charlie has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). His medication improves his level of attention and helps him control his impulsive behavior, but he often experiences dryness in his mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and constipation. Which of the following drugs is Charlie most likely taking for his condition?

A) Ritalin
B) Dexedrine
C) Adderall
D) Clonidine

Question 11

Children who find it difficult to pay attention, control their impulses, and organize their behaviors are most likely exhibiting symptoms of _____ disorder.

A) antisocial personality
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity
C) psychomotor
D) communication

Question 12

Atomoxetine, clonidine, and guanfacine are used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and operate by affecting the levels of _____.

A) cortisol
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

Question 13

Which of the following therapies, used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), typically engage parents and teachers in changing rewards and punishments in every aspect of the child's life?

A) Cognitive therapies
B) Behavioral therapies
C) Psychodynamic therapies
D) Humanistic therapies

Question 14

According to research, which of the following treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more likely to produce short-term improvements?

A) A combination of two different types of drugs that are effective in treating ADHD
B) A combination of stimulant therapy and psychosocial therapy
C) Stimulant therapy alone
D) Behavioral therapy alone

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Epidemiological studies indicate that 20 percent of children develop ADHD.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to develop ADHD in childhood and early adolescence.
C) Girls with ADHD tend to have more disruptive behavior than boys with ADHD.
D) The percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD is much greater in the United States than in other countries.

Question 16

The DSM-5:

A) increased the number of ADHD subtypes.
B) increased the age of onset for ADHD from 7 to 12.
C) reduced the age the onset age for ADHD from 12 to 7.
D) added diagnostic criteria for ADHD that overlaps with other behavior disorders.

Question 17

Which subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) includes six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity?

A) The predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
B) The combined type
C) The predominantly inattentive type
D) The predominantly dissociative type

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Symptoms of ADHD disappear in young adulthood in about 75 percent of cases.
B) Adults with ADHD are at high risk for depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse.
C) Approximately 10 percent of children with ADHD develop a conduct disorder, abuse drugs, or violate the law.
D) According to an epidemiological study, ADHD is more likely to be diagnosed in adult females than adult males.

Question 19

The idea that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are unable to maintain their attention and control their behavior at a level appropriate for their age because they are neurologically immature is known as the _____ hypothesis.

A) impulse
B) immaturity
C) imbalance
D) irregularity

Question 20

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who begin taking stimulants:

A) often experience a dramatic increase in appetite and sleep.
B) may experience an increase in the frequency of tics.
C) are likely to experience accelerated growth.
D) show a decrease in positive mood and less goal-directed behavior.

Question 21

_____ was the first psychiatrist to describe autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

A) Carl Jung
B) Leo Kanner
C) Aaron T. Beck
D) Eugene Bleuler

Question 22

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD):

A) engage in symbolic play with toys.
B) develop the classic symptoms of schizophrenia as adults.
C) often place great importance on routine and rituals.
D) smile, coo, and gaze at their caregivers, just like other infants.

Question 23

A key communication issue autistic children experience is the tendency to repeat words they have heard, a condition known as _____.

A) aphasia
B) echolalia
C) apraxia
D) aplasia

Question 24

The DSM-IV TR had a classification for both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Asperger's disorder arguing that in the latter:

A) children show no significant communication deficits.
B) in the first three years of life, children show underdeveloped cognitive skills.
C) children tend to have lower IQ scores.
D) children experience significant impairments in their language and social functioning.

Question 25

Individuals like Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie Rain Man, who show an exceptionally high ability in one area but also have a moderate intellectual disability, are considered _____.

A) gifted
B) savants
C) dyslexic
D) geniuses

Question 26

One of the concerns of the new DSM-5 diagnosis for autism spectrum disorder is that it may be better at meeting DSM-IV TR criteria for _____ disorders, than DSM-IV TR criteria for _____ disorders.

A) pervasive developmental; high functioning autistic
B) Rett's; low functioning autistic
C) Asperger's; pervasive developmental
D) pervasive developmental; low functioning autistic

Question 27

Zoila shows moderate intellectual disability but has an exceptionally high ability in math. She can ask you what day your birthdate is and tell you immediately what day of the year you were born on. Individuals like Zoila are considered _____.

A) gifted
B) savants
C) dyslexic
D) geniuses

Question 28

Psychosocial therapies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) combine:

A) structured educational services and psychoanalysis.
B) behavioral techniques and structured educational services.
C) cognitive-therapy and psychoanalysis.
D) psychotherapy and rational-emotive therapy.

Question 29

_____ appear(s) to reduce repetitive behaviors and aggression, and improve social interactions in some people with autism spectrum disorder.

A) Haldol
B) Lithium
C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 30

Roughly _____ percent of children on the autism spectrum show at least moderate intellectual disability.

A) 25
B) 33
C) 50
D) 66

Question 31

In the DSM-IV TR, autism was included in a category called _____ disorders.

A) pervasive developmental
B) Rett's
C) Asperger's
D) childhood disintegrative

Question 32

Dimitri tends to move his body in a repetitive manner such as waving his hands. These behaviors sometimes are referred to as _____.

A) rhythmic activities
B) self-stimulatory behaviors
C) recurrent performances
D) habitual routines

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true about autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A) The symptoms of ASD have their onset between ages six and nine.
B) The best predictor of the outcome of ASD is a child's IQ and the amount of language development before age six.
C) The prevalence of ASD is not affected by socioeconomic status and parents' mental abilities.
D) The prevalence of ASD has been decreasing in recent years, probably due to increased awareness of the disorder.

Question 34

Mariposa tends to repeat words she hears her mother use. She also tends to reverse her pronouns using you instead of I and also has difficulty intonating pitch and tone. These speech patterns represent _____.

A) aphasia
B) echolalia
C) apraxia
D) dyslexia

Question 35

In the DSM-5, all the pervasive developmental disorders have been subsumed under the new category of _____.

A) disintegrative disorder
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) neurological dysfunction disorders
D) pervasive neurological disorders

Question 36

Some children perform stereotyped and repetitive behaviors using some parts of their body, such as incessantly flapping their hands or banging their head against a wall. These behaviors sometimes are referred to as _____.

A) rhythmic activities
B) self-stimulatory behaviors
C) recurrent performances
D) habitual routines

Question 37

_____ is/are a drug that blocks receptors for opiates and has been shown to be useful in reducing hyperactivity in some children with autism spectrum disorder.

A) Lithium
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Naltrexone
D) Phenothiazines

Question 38

Which of the following is true about the factors that contribute to autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A) Researchers have been able to identify a specific gene that causes ASD, thereby disproving the notion that ASD is a result of a combination of genes.
B) Children with ASD have a higher than average rate of other genetic disorders associated with cognitive impairment, including fragile X syndrome and PKU.
C) Children with ASD are no more likely than other children to have prenatal and birth complications.
D) Neuroimaging studies have found few structural and functional deficits in the brains of individuals with ASD, thereby strengthening the role of environmental factors.

Question 39

In addition to subaverage intellectual functioning, a diagnosis of _____ requires that a child show deficits relative to his or her age group in at least two of the following skill areas: communication, self-care, home living, social or interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, academic skills, work, leisure, health, and personal safety.

A) Asperger's disorder
B) intellectual disability
C) Tourette's disorder
D) illness anxiety disorder

Question 40

Disorders characterized by impairment in two key areas of development including deficits in social interactions, communication with others, and repetitive patterns of behavior are called _____.

A) chronic developmental disorders
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) intellectual development disorder
D) conduct disorder

Question 41

Phenylketonuria (PKU):

A) helps the individual develop resistance against brain damage.
B) is not a genetically transmitted and occurs in about 50 in 1,000 births.
C) involves an inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid.
D) can lead to IQ levels between 75 and 100.

Question 42

Children with _____ disorder may substitute one sound for another or omit final consonants, and their words come out like baby talk.

A) specific learning
B) childhood onset fluency
C) speech sound
D) language

Question 43

Landon is having difficulty learning to read in school. He has poor word reading accuracy, a slow rate of reading, and a weakness in reading comprehension. If Landon were to be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder, it would most likely be _____.

A) social communication disorder
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Question 44

Which of the following disorders is characterized by a limited vocabulary, difficulty in learning new words, difficulty in retrieving words, and poor grammar?

A) Social communication disorder
B) Childhood onset fluency disorder
C) Speech sound disorder
D) Language disorder

Question 45

_____ is caused when a baby is jostled, leading to intracranial injury and retinal hemorrhage.

A) Sudden infant death syndrome
B) Korsakoff's syndrome
C) Shaken baby syndrome
D) Intracranial-kinesis syndrome

Question 46

Children with mild intellectual disability (IDD):

A) have IQ scores between 50 and 70.
B) generally do not complete their high school education.
C) are unable to feed and dress themselves.
D) are mostly unemployable.

Question 47

_____, a common cause of intellectual disability, is caused when a tip of the X chromosome breaks off.

A) Trisomy 13
B) Down syndrome
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) Trisomy 18

Question 48

Children and adults with profound intellectual disability:

A) usually do not suffer from sensory or motor impairments.
B) may not develop comprehension skills beyond concrete instructions and gestures.
C) have normal rates of life expectancy.
D) tend to interact with others socially.

Question 49

_____ is carried by a recessive gene and occurs primarily in Jewish populations.

A) Phenylketonuria
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) Down syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 50

The most common specific learning disorder is:

A) social communication disorder
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A) Children with FAS demonstrate relatively good judgment.
B) More than 15 percent of all children born in the United States have FAS.
C) Children with fetal alcohol syndrome have an average IQ of 68.
D) At adolescence, the academic functioning of individuals with FAS is usually at the sixth-grade level.

Question 52

Kayla has been diagnosed with moderate intellectual disability. Which of the following is mostly likely to be true about her?

A) She can easily feed and dress herself.
B) She can easily feed and apacity to acquire even simple vocational skills.
C) She may be able to hold a job that requires elementary-school level of conceptual skills.
D) She is unlikely to show poor social judgment.

Question 53

Children who suffer from _____ disorder have significant problems with speaking evenly and smoothly, often voicing frequent repetitions of sounds or syllables.

A) specific learning
B) childhood onset fluency
C) speech sound
D) language

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a specific learning disorder academic subskill in DSM-5?

A) With impairment in reading
B) With impairment in written expression
C) With impairment in mathematics
D) With impairment in oral expression

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true about social programs for children with intellectual disability?

A) Institutionalization is more common these days, especially for individuals with profound intellectual disability.
B) Research shows that mentally retarded children who receive regular education fare better academically than those who attend special education programs.
C) African American and Latino families are more likely than European American families to institutionalize their children with intellectual disability.
D) Many adults with intellectual disabilities live in group homes, where they receive assistance in the tasks of daily living and training in vocational and social skills.

Question 56

Tina spoke only in two- or three-word sentences. She was also unable to feed and dress herself. Her IQ score was 23. Tina is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

A) mild intellectual disability
B) moderate intellectual disability
C) severe intellectual disability
D) profound intellectual disability

Question 57

Children with an intellectual disability are more likely to:

A) be from rural areas than urban areas.
B) belong to the upper-middle class of society.
C) come from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
D) belong to two-income households.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true about the specific learning disorders?

A) Specific learning disorder of reading is more common among girls than boys.
B) Specific learning disorder of mathematics is present in about 20 percent of U.S. children.
C) Specific learning disorder of reading affects about 4 percent of children.
D) Specific learning disorder of written expression was renamed as dyslexia in the DSM-5.

Question 59

Perry has been diagnosed with profound intellectual disability. His treatment consists of behavioral therapy and drug treatments. His psychiatrist has prescribed risperidone which helps to:

A) increase cognitive abilities.
B) reduce aggression and self-injurious behaviors.
C) decrease depressive and anxiety symptoms.
D) improve sleeping patterns.

Question 60

Down syndrome is also referred to as _____.

A) trisomy 15
B) trisomy 18
C) trisomy 13
D) trisomy 21

Question 61

Mary, a retired accountant in in her early seventies, keeps losing her keys and asks the same questions over and over again. To avoid forgetting, she often makes a list of things she has to do but always forgets to look at them later. She also requires more assistance in managing her finances. Mary is most likely in the early stages of _____.

A) aphasia
B) dementia
C) delirium
D) agnosia

Question 62

_____ disorder involves deficits in fundamental motor skills, such as walking, running, or holding on to objects.

A) Persistent motor or vocal tic
B) Stereotypic movement
C) Developmental coordination
D) Tourette's

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true about childhood-onset fluency disorder?

A) It has a sudden onset.
B) It usually begins before age five.
C) It is more prevalent among boys than girls.
D) Most individuals never fully recover from childhood-onset fluency disorder.

Question 64

Ahmed has difficulties with language-spoken and written. He has issues knowing how to describe something and how to put together stories. He has normal social interactions and he does not stutter. The school psychologist is most likely to diagnose him as having a:

A) social communication disorder.
B) childhood onset fluency disorder.
C) speech sound disorder.
D) language disorder.

Question 65

Lucy has cognitive impairment resulting in deterioration in her language abilities. She often uses vague references to hide her inability to produce names. It is most likely that Lucy is experiencing _____.

A) agnosia
B) palialia
C) aphasia
D) echolalia

Question 66

Shoko engages in repetitive hair swirling and hand shaking. These are not tics as she continues to engage in the behaviors for long periods of time. Although she has been diagnosed with autism spectrum, her doctor is adding a diagnosis of _____ disorder to expand her treatment.

A) persistent motor or vocal tic
B) stereotypic movement
C) developmental coordination
D) intellectual disability

Question 67

Tourette's disorder, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder respond well to a behavioral therapy called:

A) habit reversal therapy.
B) aversion therapy.
C) token economy.
D) shaping and chaining.

Question 68

Jonas displays deficits in motor skills like running, catching, and throwing. He finds it very distressing as the other children already tease him because of his attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. In order to have him go through occupational therapy to help with the delay, his school psychologist is most likely to add a diagnosis of:

A) persistent motor or vocal tic disorder.
B) stereotypic movement disorder.
C) developmental coordination disorder.
D) trisomy 21 disorder.

Question 69

Vashti displays multiple motor tics, like facial grimacing, jerking her arm, and neck stretching, and also a vocal tic (in her case, an objectionable word). Because she has both motor and vocal tics her doctor is most likely to diagnose her with:

A) Down syndrome.
B) a stereotypic movement disorder.
C) a developmental coordination disorder.
D) Tourette's syndrome.

Question 70

Which of the following is the most common form of neurocognitive disorder?

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Huntington's disease
C) Neurosyphilis
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 71

In the DSM-5, various forms of dementia are likely to be subsumed under one overarching category,

A) cognitive disorder spectrum
B) major neurocognitive disorder
C) continuous neurocognitive disorder
D) differentiated cognitive disorder spectrum

Question 72

The deterioration of language as seen in a neurocognitive disorder is referred to as _____.

A) amnesia
B) echolalia
C) palialia
D) aphasia

Question 73

Which of the following is the most prominent cognitive deficiency in a minor or major neurocognitive disorder?

A) Cognitive impairment
B) Motor impairment
C) Speech impairment
D) Emotional functioning

Question 74

The impaired ability to execute common actions such as tying shoelaces is referred to as _____.

A) apraxia
B) aphasia
C) blunted motor functioning
D) agnosia

Question 75

Delaney is in second grade but still makes errors in articulation and enunciation, saying things like "look at that wabbit" or saying "bu" instead of "blue." The school psychologist has recently diagnosed her as having a:

A) specific learning disorder.
B) childhood onset fluency disorder.
C) speech sound disorder.
D) language disorder.

Question 76

Tourette's disorder and persistent motor or vocal tic disorder respond well to the atypical antipsychotic medications by altering _____ systems.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) acetylcholine

Question 77

Oswaldo displays multiple motor tics, like facial grimacing, jerking his head, and neck stretching, but no vocal tics. Because he has only a motor tic and is not displaying vocal tics, his doctor is most likely to diagnose him with:

A) persistent motor or vocal tic disorder.
B) stereotypic movement disorder.
C) developmental coordination disorder.
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 78

Clayton often stutters saying things like "I-I-I-I see, I see h-h-im". Because the kids at school have started teasing him, the school psychologist has recently diagnosed him as having a _____ disorder, so that he can get help.

A) specific learning
B) childhood onset fluency
C) speech sound
D) language

Question 79

Marisol is in third grade, and when her teacher says "Hi," she doesn't respond with anything back. When the other kids ask her questions like "What did you do this weekend?" she also fails to respond appropriately. Her speech is normal and shows no symptoms of verbal disorder. The school psychologist is most likely to diagnose her as having a:

A) social communication disorder.
B) childhood onset fluency disorder.
C) speech sound disorder.
D) language disorder.

Question 80

An area of the inferior frontal gyrus called _____ is involved in the ability to articulate and analyze words.

A) Wernicke's area
B) Broca's area
C) the anterior cingulate
D) the anterior commisure