Deck 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Which of the following is true of the difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder?

A) Major depressive disorder is less severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder.
B) Major depressive disorder is less severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.
C) Major depressive disorder is more severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder.
D) Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

Answer 1

Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

Question 2

If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years he or she has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

A) postpartum depression
B) persistent depressive disorder
C) major depression
D) seasonal affective disorder

Answer 2

persistent depressive disorder

Question 3

As many as _____ percent of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Answer 3

75

Question 4

Jamie says that he hears voices telling him to hurt himself. This type of symptom is called a(n) _____.

A) delusion
B) hallucination
C) suspicion
D) obsession

Question 5

In the United States, which of the following age groups is more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past year?

A) 10- to 17-year-olds
B) 18- to 29-year-olds
C) 30- to 42-year-olds
D) 43- to 52-year-olds

Question 6

Bart has been diagnosed with major depression. Recently, he has been experiencing hallucinations. He sees mystical beings cloaked in white swooping down from the sky trying to "whisk" him away. Bart is most likely experiencing major depression with _____ features.

A) catatonic
B) psychotic
C) melancholic
D) atypical

Question 7

Which of the following is the most common explanation given by researchers for the low rate of depression among older adults?

A) Older people generally develop dementia, so they don't know they are depressed.
B) As people age, they develop adaptive coping skills and a psychologically healthier outlook on life.
C) Older adults tend to be in denial regarding the status of their psychological well-being.
D) The elderly usually decline requests for participation in research studies on mental health.

Question 8

Individuals suffering from depression with _____ features show strange behaviors ranging from a complete lack of movement to excited agitation.

A) melancholic
B) psychotic
C) catatonic
D) atypical

Question 9

Which of the following statements about depression is true?

A) Depression is chronic, and people diagnosed with its symptoms are unlikely to recover, even with treatment.
B) People with major depression lose an average of 60 days of work per year.
C) People with depression often do not seek treatment, as they expect to overcome their symptoms on their own.
D) The majority of people with depression seek treatment as soon as symptoms first appear.

Question 10

The combination of major depression and anxiety is so common that the authors of the DSM-5 introduced the subtype of _____.

A) anxious distress
B) chronic depressive disorder
C) generalized anxiety depression
D) major depression, recurrent episode

Question 11

_____ to experience mild depressive symptoms and severe depressive disorders.

A) Men are about twice as likely as women
B) Women are about twice as likely as men
C) Men and women are equally likely
D) Women are five times more likely than men

Question 12

A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities is called _____.

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) anhedonia
D) dissociation

Question 13

Martha gave birth to twins two weeks ago. She finds herself weeping while she is changing the twins or feeding them. She is irritable and has had little sleep since their birth. Martha feels guilt and shame because she says a good mother would be able to take care of her children. The subtype of major depression Martha is most likely suffering from is depression with:

A) atypical features.
B) melancholic features.
C) peripartum onset.
D) catatonic features.

Question 14

In the DSM-5, dysthymic disorder is termed _____.

A) major depression
B) major depression, recurrent
C) persistent depressive disorder
D) unipolar depression

Question 15

Individuals with _____ walk, gesture, and talk slowly. On the other hand, people with _____ can't sit still and may move around or fidget aimlessly.

A) psychomotor agitation; psychomotor retardation
B) psychomotor retardation; psychomotor agitation
C) psychomotor atrophy; psychomotor dystrophy
D) psychomotor dystrophy; psychomotor atrophy

Question 16

Which of the following disorders most commonly occurs with persistent depressive disorder?

A) Anxiety disorders
B) Dissociative disorders
C) Personality disorders
D) Psychotic disorders

Question 17

If a person experiences a loss of interest in usual activities and at least four other depressive symptoms chronically for at least two weeks, and these symptoms are severe enough to interfere with the person's ability to function in everyday life, the person meets the criteria for _____.

A) adjustment disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) depression with psychotic features
D) bipolar disorder

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true about individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A) They have a history of at least two years of experiencing major depressive episodes with little or no recovery.
B) They become depressed when the daylight hours are long and recover when the daylight hours are shorter.
C) They do not experience mood changes as a result of psychosocial events, such as regularly being unemployed during the winter.
D) They are generally depressed all year long with very little variation in their moods.

Question 19

The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because:

A) most older adults tend to exaggerate their symptoms.
B) their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses.
C) most claims made by the elderly are just cries for attention.
D) it is easy to distinguish between a depressive disorder and cognitive disorder.

Question 20

In severe cases of depression, individuals experience _____ that refers to beliefs with no basis in reality and _____, which refers to seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real.

A) delusions; hallucinations
B) hallucinations; delusions
C) agoraphobia; paranoia
D) paranoia; agoraphobia

Question 21

Which of the following is true about the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

A) Women are more likely than men to develop bipolar disorder.
B) Men are more likely than women to develop bipolar disorder.
C) Women and men are equally likely to develop bipolar disorder.
D) Men are three times as likely than women to develop bipolar disorder.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of mood disorders?

A) A major depressive episode is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder.
B) Hypomania is a diagnostic criterion for bipolar II disorder but not for cyclothymic disorder.
C) The level of social and occupational functioning of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders are identical.
D) A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires that the person alternates between cycles of hypomania and depression.

Question 23

The anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in _____.

A) sexual urges
B) primitive responses
C) impulsive behaviors
D) responses to stress

Question 24

The neurotransmitters that have been implicated most often in depression are the _____.

A) monoamines
B) opioids
C) secretins
D) endorphins

Question 25

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A) Most people who develop bipolar disorder do so in early to late adulthood.
B) Biological factors may be more responsible for bipolar disorder than for depressive disorder.
C) People with bipolar disorder are less likely to abuse substances than those with other disorders.
D) The prevalence of bipolar disorder is higher than that of depression.

Question 26

In the brain, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are found in large quantities in the _____.

A) hypothalamus
B) hippocampus
C) limbic system
D) amygdala

Question 27

Which of the following is true of the difference between cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder?

A) Cyclothymic disorder is less severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder.
B) Cyclothymic disorder is less severe and less chronic than bipolar disorder.
C) Cyclothymic disorder is more severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder.
D) Cyclothymic disorder is more severe and less chronic than bipolar disorder.

Question 28

The agitation and risky behavior accompanying mania in youth are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of _____.

A) catatonia
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) separation anxiety disorder

Question 29

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A) Only about 10 percent of people with bipolar disorder have multiple cycles during their lifetimes.
B) The length of individual episodes of bipolar disorder varies greatly from one person to the next.
C) Most people with bipolar disorder swing from mania to depression and back again within a day.
D) A relatively common pattern in bipolar disorder is for episodes to get longer but less frequent over time.

Question 30

A person filled with grandiose self-esteem, displaying rapid speech and impulsive behaviors, and showing an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

A) mania
B) OCD
C) stress
D) catatonia

Question 31

Chronic elevated levels of cortisol in the hippocampus may:

A) promote the development of new neurons in the hippocampus.
B) cause chronic arousal of the body's stress response.
C) further an individual's memory and fear-related learning.
D) lead to chronic atrophy of areas of the brain associated with anhedonia.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about the genetic factors of depression?

A) First-degree relatives of people with depression are not likely to have depression themselves.
B) Twin studies of major depression find lower concordance rates for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins.
C) Abnormalities on the serotonin transporter gene could affect the stability of individuals' moods.
D) It has been proven that genetics plays a greater role in this disorder for women than for men.

Question 33

The amygdala plays an important role in:

A) short-term memory, planning, and problem solving.
B) emotional expression and social behavior.
C) memory and fear-related learning.
D) directing attention to emotionally salient stimuli.

Question 34

According to the DSM-5, which of the following is an appropriate diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A) Symptoms must first occur before age six.
B) Symptoms must be present for at least three months.
C) The individual's mood must be stable between temper outbursts.
D) Temper outbursts must occur at least three times per week for at least 12 months.

Question 35

People with bipolar II disorder experience episodes that meet the criteria for major depression, but have:

A) milder episodes of mania known as hypomania.
B) stronger episodes of mania known as hypermania.
C) milder symptoms of psychomotor retardation.
D) stronger symptoms of psychomotor agitation.

Question 36

_____ cycles of mania and depression within a year lead to a diagnosis of rapid cycling bipolar I disorder.

A) Two or more
B) Three
C) Four or more
D) Less than three

Question 37

One major difference between hypomania and mania is that the symptoms of hypomania:

A) do not last for more than two consecutive days.
B) usually involves delusions.
C) interfere with daily functioning.
D) do not involve hallucinations.

Question 38

Which of the following brain abnormalities have been implicated in depression?

A) An increase in the volume of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex.
B) Higher levels of brain-wave activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex.
C) Greater volume and higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus.
D) An enlargement of and increased activity in the amygdala.

Question 39

The effects of overactivity in the _____ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information.

A) anterior cingulate
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 40

_____ have a higher-than-normal prevalence of mania and depression.

A) Athletes
B) Political leaders
C) Creative artists
D) Academicians

Question 41

Frankie has never been convinced that his parents love him unconditionally. He continues to do things to gain their approval. From an interpersonal perspective, Frankie is most likely engaging in _____.

A) rumination
B) excessive reassurance seeking
C) attention seeking behaviors
D) causal attributions

Question 42

Aaron Beck's concept of the negative cognitive triad led to one of the most widely used and successful therapies for depression, which is _____ therapy.

A) psychodynamic
B) existential
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) light

Question 43

People with depression tend to show:

A) chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis.
B) low activity in the HPA axis.
C) normal activity in the HPA axis.
D) no activity in the HPA axis.

Question 44

Mae sits and ruminates about her life daily. She has no motivation to make changes in the areas of her life that are bothering her. She spends a great deal of time focusing on how badly she feels. According to cognitive theorists, which theory is most likely to apply to this situation?

A) Rational-emotive theory
B) Negative cognitive triad
C) Learned helplessness theory
D) Ruminative response styles theory

Question 45

Which of the following psychological factors has NOT been implicated in bipolar disorder?

A) Sensitivity to reward
B) Enmeshed families
C) Changes in bodily rhythms
D) Stressful events

Question 46

Chronic excessive exposure to cortisol:

A) may account for the increase in volume of several areas of the brain.
B) has an inhibiting effect on receptors for the monoamine neurotransmitters.
C) is likely to cause higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus.
D) produces a highly regulated neuroendocrine system that functions efficiently.

Question 47

Which of the following explanations has been given for the age-based variation in the risk for depression?

A) Increasing diversity
B) Lower expectations
C) Changing social values
D) Greater access to information

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in vulnerability to depression?

A) Men tend to be more interpersonally oriented than women, perhaps due to gender socialization.
B) When faced with distress, men are more likely than women to ruminate about their feelings and problems.
C) Men appear more likely than women to base their self-worth on the health of their relationships.
D) The differences in the responses of men and women to stress may be due to social norms.

Question 49

Which of the following is true according to the cognitive theories of depression?

A) Depressed people are more likely to have highly specific and detailed memories.
B) Depressed people with a hopeless style are less likely to relapse.
C) Depressed people show a bias toward negative thinking.
D) Depressed people are less likely than others to dwell on negative stimuli.

Question 50

Several studies suggest that dysregulation of the _____ system contributes to bipolar disorder.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) norepinephrine

Question 51

Sara feels as though every aspect of her life is dismal. She has a pessimistic attitude toward her family, friends, and important events in her life. She views everything on the dark side, and she does not believe that positive thinking is useful in her situation. Sara is most likely exhibiting _____.

A) causal attributions
B) hopelessness depression
C) realistic depression
D) depression with psychotic features.

Question 52

Which of the following has been implicated in bipolar disorder?

A) Abnormality in the size and functioning of the hippocampus
B) Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia
C) Abnormality in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex
D) Abnormality in the functioning in the anterior cingulate

Question 53

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are:

A) internal, stable, and global.
B) specific, instable, and internal.
C) external, specific, and global.
D) instable, external, and specific.

Question 54

Which of the following adult groups has the lowest rates of reported depression?

A) Latinos
B) African Americans
C) European Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 55

One view that focuses on the process of thinking, rather than the content of thinking, as a contributor to depression is called the _____.

A) ruminative response styles theory
B) inappropriate cognitions theory
C) cognitive-stress hypothesis
D) hopelessness depression theory

Question 56

Learned helplessness theory suggests that:

A) people with depression are too dependent on their families.
B) frequent stressful events can make people believe their situation is uncontrollable.
C) people learn to be helpless by watching others' lack of motivation.
D) stressful events only perpetuate if people are inactive participants in their life's decisions.

Question 57

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on:

A) behavioral components, such as reinforcement and punishment.
B) causal attributions or an explanation of why an event happened.
C) maladaptive behaviors and their impact on depression.
D) the impact of family as a factor in maladaptive cognitions.

Question 58

Changes in the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, affect the _____ and _____ neurotransmitter systems.

A) dopamine; GABA
B) serotonin; norepinephrine
C) dopamine; norepinephrine
D) serotonin; GABA

Question 59

According to behavioral theories of depression,

A) life stress leads to depression because it produces positive reinforcers.
B) depressive behaviors often are reinforced by the sympathy and attention they bring about in other people.
C) depressive patterns are more likely in extroverted people with good social skills.
D) the presence of a support system has no influence on one's susceptibility to depression.

Question 60

According to interpersonal theories of depression, some depressed people have a heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejection by others, a characteristic called rejection _____.

A) learning
B) rumination
C) sensitivity
D) memory

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of light therapy?

A) It may help reduce seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms.
B) It works by increasing levels of melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland.
C) It may decrease serotonin levels, thereby also reducing depression.
D) It may lead to abnormal production of hormones and neurotransmitters.

Question 62

When people first begin taking a(n) _____, they sometimes report feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin."

A) MAOI
B) tricyclic antidepressant
C) SSRI
D) SNRI

Question 63

_____ can cause diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney dysfunction and can contribute to birth defects if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

A) Lithium
B) MAOIs
C) SSRIs
D) SNRIs

Question 64

Which of the following affects norepinephrine and dopamine systems, has been useful in treating psychomotor retardation, and appears to overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs?

A) Effexor
B) Bupropion
C) Remeron
D) Cymbalata

Question 65

Stewart has been warned by his psychiatrist not to miss any of his medication-check appointments. The drug he is taking can be lethal if not monitored regularly. Which of the following drugs is Stewart most likely taking?

A) Anticonvulsants
B) Lithium
C) Tricyclics
D) MAOIs

Question 66

In the treatment of depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

A) are more effective than other antidepressants.
B) produce more insufferable side effects.
C) tend to be fatal if taken in overdose.
D) have positive effects on co-occurring symptoms.

Question 67

Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist tells him that his treatment will be short-term, will entail identifying the circumstances that precipitate his depressive symptoms, and will involve learning new skills necessary to interact effectively with his environment. Luke is most likely undergoing _____.

A) behavior therapy
B) existential therapy
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) psychoanalysis

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true of drug treatments for depression?

A) Drugs have fast emerging effects on intracellular processes in the neurotransmitter systems.
B) Medications appear to work better for treating mild-to-moderate depression rather than severe and chronic depression.
C) Discontinuing antidepressant use during the first six to nine months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression.
D) All of the different antidepressant drugs currently available reduce depression in only about 15 to 20 percent of the people who take them.

Question 69

In the treatment of mood disorders, which of the following is the first phase of behavior therapy?

A) Cohort effect
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) Functional analysis
D) Causal attribution

Question 70

Belinda has been warned not to mix her antidepressant medication with certain over-the-counter drugs. She has also been told to watch her consumption of aged cheese, red wine, and beer. Belinda's is most likely taking _____.

A) MAOIs
B) tricyclic antidepressants
C) SSRIs
D) benzodiazepines

Question 71

The agitation some people experience while taking an SSRI may contribute to an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. This risk may be greatest for:

A) children and adolescents.
B) adolescents and the elderly.
C) children and the elderly.
D) adults and adolescents.

Question 72

What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression?

A) To change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills
B) To change negative behaviors and help clients change their negative perceptions about taking medication
C) To develop a rapport between the therapist and client in order to help the client feel more secure in her or his environment
D) To remove reinforcers and implement punishers to extinguish the client's negative thinking and beliefs about her or his depressive symptoms

Question 73

Which of the following anticonvulsants tends to produce the fewest side effects?

A) Carbamezepine
B) Valproate
C) Tegretol
D) Equetro

Question 74

Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist begins by helping him discover the negative automatic thoughts that he habitually exhibits and how these thoughts are connected to his depression. Luke is encouraged to challenge these thoughts and his therapist helps him to develop skills such as assertiveness to help him cope better in his daily life. The therapy Luke is most likely receiving is _____ therapy.

A) behavior
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) rational-emotive

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of tricyclic antidepressants?

A) They are safe even if taken in overdose.
B) They are used more frequently these days.
C) Their side effects are related to the levels of the neurotransmitter secretin.
D) They can cause cardiac arrhythmia in people with heart problems.

Question 76

Anti-epileptics may work by restoring the balance between the neurotransmitter systems in the _____.

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) prefrontal cortex
D) basal ganglia

Question 77

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT) for people with bipolar disorder combines _____ techniques with _____ techniques to help patients maintain regular routines of eating, sleeping, and activity, as well as stability in their personal relationships.

A) psychodynamic; cognitive
B) interpersonal therapy; behavioral
C) cognitive; interpersonal therapy
D) behavioral; psychodynamic

Question 78

In _____ therapy, therapists look for four types of problems in depressed individuals: grief, role transitions, role disputes, and skill deficits.

A) interpersonal
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) behavior

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true about the newer methods of brain stimulation?

A) Patients who receive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments must be anesthetized.
B) Vagus nerve stimulation results in reduced activity in the hypothalamus and amygdala.
C) Deep brain stimulation can be performed without surgery through using light therapy.
D) In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall.

Question 80

Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A) ECT decreases metabolic activity in several regions of the brain.
B) These days, ECT is administered to only the left side of the brain.
C) People who undergo unilateral ECT experience memory problems.
D) The relapse rate among people who have undergone ECT is moderate to low.