Deck 5: Trauma, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following disorders consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or conduct disturbance behaviors that occur within three months of the experience of a stressor?

A) Agoraphobia
B) Generalized anxiety disorder
C) Social anxiety disorder
D) Adjustment disorder

Answer 1

Adjustment disorder

Question 2

_____ refer to a set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight threats or flee from them.

A) Patellar reflexes
B) Fight-or-flight responses
C) Tendon reflexes
D) Parasympathetic responses

Answer 2

Fight-or-flight responses

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is often used as a measure of stress?

A) Cortisol
B) Thyroxine
C) Serotonin
D) Renin

Answer 3

Cortisol

Question 4

Janie's house was broken into, and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has withdrawn from family and friends. Janie is most likely:

A) experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.
B) exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.
C) reexperiencing the trauma.
D) showing signs of paranoia and delusions.

Question 5

Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A) The liver reduces the amount of glucose it releases to the muscles.
B) Saliva and mucus dry up, decreasing the size of the air passages to the lungs.
C) The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.
D) The body's metabolism decreases in order to conserve energy for physical action.

Question 6

A study of adults in rural Mexico found that among underprivileged Latino communities, particularly women, _____ expresses the anger and frustration of "being at the bottom" and provides temporary release from the everyday burdens of life.

A) "amok";
B) "nervios"
C) "susto"
D) "mal de ojo"

Question 7

Which of the following is true of brain activities found in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers?

A) The amygdala appears to be less responsive to emotional stimuli.
B) The medial prefrontal cortex tends to be unregulated.
C) The hippocampus may shrink due to overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones.
D) The medial prefrontal cortex is more active in the case of severe symptoms of PTSD.

Question 8

The hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing _____, which signals the pituitary gland to secrete _____, the body's "major stress hormone."

A) cortisol; adrenaline
B) corticotropin-release factor; adrenaline
C) cortisol; adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) corticotropin-release factor; adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 9

_____ to be diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and most of the other anxiety disorders including panic disorder, social anxiety disorders, and generalized anxiety disorder.

A) Men are much more likely than women
B) Women are more likely than men
C) Men and women are equally likely
D) Women are slightly less likely than men

Question 10

Janie's house was broken into, and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has been overly cautious and watchful. The smallest noise startles her. If someone looks at her "strangely," she becomes very anxious. Janie is most likely:

A) experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.
B) exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.
C) reexperiencing the trauma.
D) demonstrating deluded thinking.

Question 11

Which of the following environmental, social, and psychological factors increases an individual's vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) Having a strong support network of friends and family
B) Having experienced the traumatic event first-hand
C) Having adopted a non-avoidant coping strategy to deal with the traumatic event
D) Having experienced no anxiety and depression symptoms before the traumatic event

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) Common events, such as traffic accidents, are rarely associated with PTSD.
B) About 25 percent of adults will develop PTSD at some time in their lives.
C) Even the mildest symptoms of PTSD prevent normal functioning.
D) Women are at a greater risk of developing PTSD than men.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about cross-cultural and gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms?

A) Mexican women are less likely to feel helpless than Mexican men after a traumatic event.
B) Mexican men are less likely to get the material support they need after a traumatic event compared to Mexican women.
C) The tendency to dissociate in response to severe stress is extremely rare among Latinos.
D) African Americans have higher rates of PTSD compared to Whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

Question 14

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a consequence of:

A) structural brain damage.
B) increased parasympathetic activities.
C) experiencing extreme stressors.
D) low levels of norepinephrine.

Question 15

Three years ago, Mark's mother passed away unexpectedly. Since her death, he has been unable to function at school, has lost interest in extracurricular activities, and gets agitated easily. Mark may be exhibiting the symptoms of _____.

A) persistent complex bereavement disorder
B) acute stress disorder
C) adjustment disorder
D) general anxiety disorder

Question 16

Which of the following is least likely to cause posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) Natural disasters
B) Child birth
C) Physical abuse
D) War-related trauma

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between adaptive fear responses and maladaptive anxiety responses?

A) Maladaptive responses subside once the threat ends, whereas adaptive fear persists after the threat passes.
B) Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation.
C) Adaptive responses lead people take extreme steps to protect themselves, whereas maladaptive responses lead individuals to take risks.
D) Adaptive responses can lead to anticipatory anxiety, whereas maladaptive responses can lead to generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 18

Janie's house was broken into, and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since then, she has been dreaming about the attack and often wakes up screaming and crying. According to Janie, she feels as though she is reliving the attack in each dream. Janie is most likely:

A) experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.
B) exhibiting hypervigilance.
C) reexperiencing the trauma.
D) showing signs of paranoia and delusions.

Question 19

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers are most likely to report _____ about having lived through a traumatic event.

A) communication disorder
B) survivor guilt
C) hysteria
D) acceptance

Question 20

People in Latino cultures report a syndrome known as _____, which might include trembling, heart palpitations, a sense of heat in the chest rising into the head, difficulty moving limbs, loss of consciousness, memory loss, paresthesia, chest tightness, dyspnea, dizziness, and faintness.

A) ataque de nervios
B) amok
C) mal de ojo
D) susto

Question 21

According to Freudian theory, phobias develop when:

A) the ego is unable to meet the needs of the id.
B) unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.
C) the preconscious state of mind becomes tied to the conscious state of mind.
D) sexual urges and drives are retarded or suppressed.

Question 22

Freud's theory of phobias is detailed in a 150-page case history of a little boy named Hans. In his study, little Hans's behavior was representative of which phobia?

A) Animal-type phobias
B) Natural environment type phobias
C) Social anxiety disorder
D) Situational type phobias

Question 23

Which of the following biological treatments has been successful in dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms such as nightmares, irritability, and sleep problems?

A) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
B) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines
C) Benzodiazepines and tricyclics
D) Tricyclics and barbiturates

Question 24

Almost _____ percent of people with a specific phobia never seek treatment.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 90

Question 25

Ruth is afraid of being in large open spaces. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing _____.

A) social anxiety disorder
B) agoraphobia
C) acute distress disorder
D) claustrophobia

Question 26

Patrick is a Vietnam War veteran who has been having a recurring nightmare of being on the frontline. Any sound that remotely resembles gunfire makes him anxious. Although he has been suffering for years with this problem, only recently did he decide to seek treatment. His psychologist asks Patrick to identify the thoughts and situations that evoke anxiety and rank them. His psychologist then begins to help him work through each situation by using relaxation techniques. This technique is called:

A) behavior modification.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) rational-emotive behavioral therapy.
D) flooding.

Question 27

Which of the following processes explain phobias in terms of negative reinforcement of avoidant behavior?

A) Observational learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Social-cognitive learning
D) Social learning

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true of acute stress disorder?

A) It is diagnosed when symptoms arise within one month of exposure to a stressor and last no longer than six months.
B) The sufferer of acute stress disorder persistently avoids reminders of the trauma and is constantly aroused, but does not reexperience the trauma.
C) To receive the diagnosis, individuals must exhibit at least one dissociative symptom.
D) In acute stress disorder, dissociative symptoms are common, including detachment, derealization, and depersonalization.

Question 29

Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families?

A) Natural environment type phobias
B) Blood-injection-injury type phobias
C) Situational type phobias
D) Animal-type phobias

Question 30

Susan is deathly afraid of the wind since she and her family survived Hurricane Ike. She gets very worried and panicky when the sky gets dark and the wind begins to blow. Susan is most likely experiencing:

A) a situational type phobia.
B) an animal type phobia.
C) a social anxiety disorder.
D) a natural environment type phobia.

Question 31

When June was seven years old, she and her mother were stuck in an elevator. Several other people were in the elevator as well. The elevator became hot and stuffy, and breathing became difficult. June remembers experiencing shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness. Now, June refuses to ride elevators. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June is probably suffering from _____.

A) a situational type phobia
B) an animal-type phobia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) a natural environment type phobia

Question 32

Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night, a mouse crawled on Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she now avoids any situation where she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Tina is most likely exhibiting behaviors related to _____.

A) a social anxiety disorder
B) agoraphobia
C) an animal-type phobia
D) a natural environment type phobia

Question 33

When they are not exposed to trauma reminders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers tend to have resting levels of cortisol that are:

A) somewhat higher than those of people without PTSD.
B) much higher than those of people without PTSD.
C) lower than those of people without PTSD.
D) similar to those of people without PTSD.

Question 34

Janelle is terrified of needles and the sight of blood. When she was younger, she had to have several stitches because of a bicycle accident. The cut on her forehead was deep and bled profusely. At the sight of blood, Janelle feels her blood pressure and heart rate drop, and on one occasion, she even fainted. Janelle is most likely suffering from _____.

A) a situational type phobia
B) a social anxiety disorder
C) a blood-injection-injury type phobia
D) a natural environment type phobia

Question 35

Which diagnosis is most likely when panic attacks that are not usually provoked by any particular situation become a common occurrence, leading one to begin to worry about having the attacks and change behaviors as a result?

A) Generalized anxiety disorder
B) Panic disorder
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Separation anxiety disorder

Question 36

The translation of the Greek term "agoraphobia" means:

A) fear of dark places.
B) fear of the marketplace.
C) fear of all places.
D) fear of closed places.

Question 37

Freud's theory of phobias is detailed in a 150-page case history of a little boy named Hans. Freud explained Hans's phobia with which of the following processes?

A) Electra complex
B) Oedipus complex
C) Anal fixation
D) Oral fixation

Question 38

Which of the following is a heritable risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) Overdeveloped medial prefrontal cortex
B) Fraternal twins among first-degree relatives
C) Abnormally low cortisol levels
D) Higher volume of the hippocampus

Question 39

Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his home. Now, he becomes very anxious every time the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area in the house where he feels safe. Bradley is most likely suffering from _____.

A) a situational type phobia
B) an animal-type phobia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) a natural environment type phobia

Question 40

_____ may cause memories of the traumatic event to be planted more firmly in memory.

A) Lack of cortisol secretion
B) Damage to the amygdala
C) Sluggish reactions of the HPA axis
D) Overexposure of the brain to neurochemicals

Question 41

According to the cognitive theories of phobias, people with social anxiety disorder:

A) are blind to potentially threatening social cues.
B) have very low standards for their social performance.
C) evaluate their own behavior harshly.
D) are not in touch with their internal feelings.

Question 42

Trudy's mother is afraid of bees. Her mother always screams and runs away every time she sees them. Trudy, seeing her mother's response, also runs and screams every time she sees a bee. In this case, Trudy's behavior can be explained by which theory?

A) Social-cognitive learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Operant conditioning

Question 43

Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning posit that:

A) phobic behaviors are responses to aversive stimuli.
B) fear responses are generated when the behaviors are positively reinforced.
C) people learn phobic behaviors by modeling the behaviors of others.
D) classical conditioning must be coupled with observational learning.

Question 44

The idea that people learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary history, and individuals are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects is called _____ conditioning.

A) traditional classical
B) social classical
C) biological classical
D) prepared classical

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true about taijinkyofusho?

A) It is most frequently encountered among young women.
B) It reflects concerns about embarrassing oneself, rather than offending others.
C) It is in line with the Japanese emphasis on deference to others.
D) It is the fear of meeting people from different cultures.

Question 46

June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was seven years old. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs and feels relief upon avoiding elevator rides. June's fear of elevators is being maintained by _____ reinforcement.

A) positive
B) negative
C) partial
D) neutral

Question 47

In Japan, the term _____ describes an intense fear of interpersonal relations and is characterized by shame about and persistent fear of causing others offense, embarrassment, or even harm through one's personal inadequacies.

A) qigong
B) shenkui
C) taijinkyofu-sho
D) shenjing shuairuo

Question 48

Julie has been diagnosed with ornithophobia-the fear of birds. For her treatment, her therapist makes her sit in a room filled with caged birds for several hours. Which behavioral treatment is being used in this situation?

A) Systematic desensitization
B) Modeling
C) Flooding
D) Applied tension technique

Question 49

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _____.

A) a white rat
B) the experimenter
C) a loud noise
D) a startle and fear response

Question 50

According to the prepared classical conditioning theory, Rachel is more likely to be afraid of which of the following?

A) School
B) Snakes
C) Parties
D) Flying

Question 51

Which of the following is true of cognitive theorists' perspective on social anxiety disorder?

A) They view social anxiety disorder as merely a behavioral problem with no cognitive factors contributing to the behavior.
B) They suggest that social anxiety disorders are rooted in early childhood experiences.
C) They argue that people with social anxiety disorders tend to focus on the negative aspects of social situations.
D) They posit that people with social anxiety disorders externalize their anxiety of the social situation and make others uncomfortable.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true about social anxiety disorder?

A) Social anxiety disorder is relatively rare, with a lifetime prevalence of about three percent in the United States.
B) Social anxiety disorder tends to develop in early adulthood.
C) Lesser than 30 percent of adults with social anxiety disorder report humiliating experiences that contributed to their symptoms.
D) Social anxiety disorder often co-occurs with mood disorders and other anxiety disorders.

Question 53

Drake has a fear of dogs. As part of his therapy, Drake must first observe his therapist petting a dog and then, when instructed, must do the same. Which behavioral treatment is most likely being used in this situation?

A) Systematic desensitization
B) Modeling
C) Flooding
D) Applied tension technique

Question 54

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets someone to speak for her. Once, Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is most likely exhibiting symptoms of:

A) an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 55

In _____, individuals can practice their feared behaviors in front of others while also building social skills.

A) psychodynamic therapy in a group setting
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy in a group setting
C) behavioral therapy in a group setting
D) mindfulness-based therapy in a group setting

Question 56

What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization?

A) The effectiveness of the treatment
B) The use of relaxation techniques
C) The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuli
D) The therapist's level of participation

Question 57

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ______.

A) a white rat
B) the experimenter
C) a loud noise
D) a startle and fear response

Question 58

Which of the following statements about panic disorder is true?

A) People with panic disorder do not fear long-term life-threatening illnesses.
B) Many people with panic disorder feel ashamed of it and try to hide it from others.
C) About 28 percent of people will develop panic disorder at some time, usually between late adolescence and the mid-thirties.
D) People with panic disorder may become demoralized and depressed but rarely do they become suicidal.

Question 59

The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that:

A) most phobias do not have an evolutionary basis and are not part of our collective unconscious.
B) phobias should disappear once the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
C) many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered them.
D) observational learning helps in the maintenance of phobias more than operant conditioning.

Question 60

Which of the following would be most useful in treating blood-injection-injury phobias?

A) Systematic sensitization
B) Modeling
C) Applied tension technique
D) Flooding

Question 61

Cognitive theorists maintain that people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) focus on threats at both the _____ levels.

A) unconscious and conscious
B) conscious and preconscious
C) preconscious and subconscious
D) subconscious and unconscious

Question 62

Children with a genetic predisposition toward anxiety or who are behaviorally inhibited may not develop a specific phobia, unless:

A) they experience some traumatic event.
B) their behavior is positively reinforced by the environment.
C) the parenting they receive worsens their anxiety.
D) the performance of the behavior reduces their anxiety.

Question 63

Virginia is very aware of her bodily cues that signal a panic attack. This heightened awareness is known as _____.

A) conditioned avoidance response
B) introjective awareness
C) interoceptive awareness
D) anxiety sensitivity

Question 64

Which of the following applies to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A) People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss.
B) GAD most commonly begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.
C) GAD has a lifetime prevalence of about 40 percent in women and men.
D) Other anxiety disorders generally do not co-occur with GAD.

Question 65

Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Judith is most likely suffering from:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) social anxiety disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) trauma-and stressor-related disorder.

Question 66

Which of the following is true about the integrated model of panic disorder?

A) It states that structural damage to the brain is the reason for panic disorder.
B) It states that panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fightor-flight response.
C) It suggests that people will not develop a panic disorder if they engage in catastrophizing thinking about their physiological symptoms.
D) It suggests that those suffering from panic disorder have no cognitive vulnerabilities.

Question 67

Which of the following suppress the central nervous system and influence functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems?

A) Tricyclic antidepressants
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
D) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 68

The process where bodily cues that occur at the beginning of panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks is known as:

A) classical conditioning.
B) interoceptive conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 69

According to cognitive theorists, people who experience panic attacks engage in all of the following behaviors EXCEPT:

A) paying close attention to their bodily sensations.
B) reasoning that the stressor is temporary and will dissolve soon.
C) misinterpreting bodily sensations in a negative way.
D) engaging in snowballing catastrophic thinking.

Question 70

Which of the following theories have been integrated into a model that suggests genetic vulnerabilities and psychological factors come together to create panic disorder and agoraphobia?

A) Biological and cognitive
B) Cognitive and social
C) Social and biological
D) Psychological and social

Question 71

Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He was taking his medication regularly until recently. Since discontinuing his medication, he is experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms and a rebound of anxiety symptoms. Which medication was Jacob most likely taking?

A) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
B) Tricyclic antidepressants
C) Benzodiazepines
D) Phenothiazines

Question 72

Gerald has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). He has been taking his medicine regularly, but has begun to experience side effects such as constipation and drowsiness. Which drug is he most likely taking for his symptoms?

A) Tricyclic antidepressants
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Phenothiazines
D) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 73

Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful consequences. This is known as _____.

A) existential anxiety
B) systematic insensitivity
C) simple anxiety
D) anxiety sensitivity

Question 74

According to cognitive theory, which of the following statements is true about people diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A) They do not anticipate negative events.
B) They believe that worrying can help them avoid bad events.
C) They do not fear losing control.
D) They often succeed in problem solving by thinking through the issues.

Question 75

Terrence has been seeing a therapist for his recurrent panic attacks. His therapist teaches him relaxation techniques to help him gain control over his anxiety symptoms. Terrence is also taught to identify the thoughts that are intrusive and aggravate his symptoms. He is encouraged to note these thoughts in a daily journal. Terrence's therapist is most likely using _____ to treat his panic disorder.

A) cognitive-behavioral therapies
B) humanistic therapies
C) behavioral therapies
D) cognitive therapies

Question 76

People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem called the:

A) basal tencephalon.
B) locus ceruleus.
C) nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.
D) reticular formation.

Question 77

Fluctuations in _____ levels might cause imbalances or dysfunction of the serotonin or GABA systems in females, leading to panic attacks.

A) progesterone
B) testosterone
C) estriol
D) epinephrine

Question 78

Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorders?

A) Cognitive therapies
B) Biological therapies
C) Behavioral therapies
D) Cognitive-behavioral therapies

Question 79

Family history studies reveal that the heritability of panic disorder is _____ percent.

A) 10 to 20
B) 22 to 34
C) 30 to 40
D) 43 to 48

Question 80

People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):

A) know their anxiety is provoked by uncontrollable circumstances.
B) are often excessively worried about almost all situations.
C) only worry about the safety and security of their family members.
D) see their anxiety and worry as part of their personality.