Deck 7: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

According to the study at Penn State, which statement is true?

A) A heavily crying woman was always perceived positively.
B) A moist eye in a man was perceived as better than open crying.
C) Women and men benefit equally from crying in public.
D) A crying man is always perceived negatively.

Answer 1

A moist eye in a man was perceived as better than open crying.

Question 2

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing largely on:

A) sociocultural factors.
B) cognitive factors.
C) biological factors.
D) psychodynamic factors.

Answer 2

biological factors.

Question 3

Which symptom pair denotes a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?

A) dysthymic symptoms and mania
B) hypomania and depression
C) mania and depression
D) dysthymic symptoms and hypomania

Answer 3

mania and depression

Question 4

What does the most recent research tell us about genetic factors involved in the development of bipolar disorder?

A) a number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to help bring about bipolar disorder.
B) it is linked to the Y chromosome, which is why it is so much more prevalent in men.
C) it is a sex-linked disorder that can only be passed from father to son or from mother to daughter.
D) it is found exclusively on the X chromosome.

Question 5

The DSM-5 lists three types of this disorder:

A) unipolar depression.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) seasonal affective disorder.
D) anaclitic depression.

Question 6

Which does not describe a person experiencing mania?

A) getting little sleep
B) seeking constant excitement
C) feeling pessimistic
D) euphoric joy

Question 7

Freud proposed the concept of _____, in which other kinds of events are equated with loss of a loved one.

A) projection
B) object relations
C) symbolic loss
D) delusion

Question 8

Which is NOT a theory that has been offered to explain the relative high rates of depression in women as compared to men?

A) artifact theory
B) rumination theory
C) body dissatisfaction explanation
D) learned helplessness theory

Question 9

Depressed people sometimes experience a steady train of unpleasant thoughts that suggest to them that they are inadequate and that their situation is helpless. These are known as:

A) arbitrary inferences.
B) automatic thoughts.
C) selective abstractions.
D) cognitive triads.

Question 10

Which is NOT a way of categorizing unipolar depression?

A) peripartum
B) melancholic
C) catatonic
D) rapid cycling

Question 11

Research has found a link between _____ and creative thinking and greater productivity. This was demonstrated in the discussion of composer Robert Schumann.

A) bipolar disorder
B) unipolar depression
C) dysthymia
D) mild psychological disturbances

Question 12

If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and depression within a one-year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid cycling.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12

Question 13

Despite common misperception that depression is an incurable illness, research suggests that _____ percent of people recover, some without treatment.

A) 30
B) 45
C) 70
D) 85

Question 14

Some theorists believe that improper transport of _____ may cause neurons to fire too easily, resulting in mania.

A) norepinephrine
B) cortisol
C) sodium ions
D) calcium ions

Question 15

Which statement is true of postpartum depression?

A) Ninety-five percent of women experience "baby blues," but this is not considered to be as serious as postpartum depression.
B) A woman with a family history of mood disorders is at greater risk for developing postpartum depression.
C) Antidepressant medication has been found to be one effective treatment for postpartum depression.
D) Women experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.

Question 16

Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a _____ percent chance of developing bipolar disorder.

A) 40
B) 50
C) 15
D) 25

Question 17

Aaron Beck believes that _____ contribute(s) to the development of depression.

A) symbolic loss
B) internal conflicts
C) maladaptive attitudes
D) reduction in positive rewards

Question 18

When a person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms, DSM-5 assigns a diagnosis of:

A) bipolar III disorder.
B) cyclothymic disorder.
C) unipolar II disorder.
D) dysmanic disorder.

Question 19

The _____ theory holds that men and women are equally prone to depression but that clinicians fail to detect depression in men.

A) societal pressure
B) self-blame
C) artifact
D) lack-of-control

Question 20

Structural abnormalities have been noted in all but which brain parts of people suffering from bipolar disorder?

A) the dorsal raphe nucleus
B) the striatum
C) the basal ganglia
D) the reticular inhibition system

Question 21

_____ is the perception that one has no control over the reinforcements in his or her life.

A) Learned helplessness
B) Attributions
C) Learned hopelessness
D) Self-blame

Question 22

Which theorist is credited with formulating the concept of the cognitive triad?

A) Aaron Beck
B) Martin Seligman
C) Peter Lewinsohn
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 23

The cognitive triad is made up of maladaptive thoughts about all EXCEPT:

A) self.
B) experiences.
C) the future.
D) the past.

Question 24

_____ is an inability to experience any pleasure at all.

A) Anhedonia
B) Depression
C) Mania
D) Withdrawal

Question 25

Which type of research examines the relatives of people with unipolar depression to see whether the disorder affects other family members?

A) family pedigree
B) twin
C) genetic linkage
D) molecular

Question 26

The abnormal activity of which transmitter is linked to depression and panic disorder?

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine

Question 27

Low _____ activity accompanied by high _____ activity may lead to mania.

A) norepinephrine; serotonin
B) serotonin; lithium
C) serotonin; norepinephrine
D) dopamine; serotonin

Question 28

The form of bipolar disorder characterized by episodes of hypomania alternating with major depressive episodes is:

A) dysthymic disorder.
B) bipolar II disorder.
C) cyclothymic disorder.
D) bipolar I disorder.

Question 29

A pattern of depression found among young children caused by separation from their mothers is known as:

A) clinical depression.
B) anaclitic depression.
C) situational depression.
D) recurrent depression.

Question 30

Which group of Americans has the highest rates of chronicity when it comes to depression?

A) American Indians
B) Hispanic Americans
C) white Americans
D) Asian Americans

Question 31

According to Peter Lewinsohn, which type of rewards are particularly important in the downward spiral of depression?

A) self-provided rewards
B) family rewards
C) monetary rewards
D) social rewards

Question 32

Around _____ percent of all adults may experience an episode of severe unipolar depression at some point in their lives.

A) 6
B) 18
C) 28
D) 42

Question 33

According to the DSM-5, a major depressive episode is a period marked by at least _____ symptoms of depression and lasting for _____ weeks or more.

A) six; two
B) five; three
C) five; two
D) six; six

Question 34

The hormone that may indirectly play a role in depression is:

A) serotonin.
B) testosterone.
C) thyroxin.
D) melatonin.

Question 35

_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression.

A) Aaron Beck
B) Albert Ellis
C) Martin Seligman
D) Rene Spitz

Question 36

Which stressor is NOT one that the life stress theory designates as playing a role in the development of depression in women?

A) Women have to give birth to children.
B) Women face more poverty then men do.
C) Women tend to have more menial jobs than men do.
D) Women face more discrimination then men do.

Question 37

Which country has the largest rate of major depressive disorder among adults each year?

A) Ukraine
B) United States
C) Brazil
D) Japan

Question 38

The category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility is:

A) recurrent.
B) catatonic.
C) melancholic.
D) dysthymic.

Question 39

What is the most commonly seen relationship between the frequency of depressive and manic episodes in a person with bipolar disorder?

A) Every depressive episode occurs immediately after a manic episode.
B) The manic episodes occur twice as often as the depressive episodes.
C) The depressive episodes occur three times as often as the manic episodes.
D) The manic episodes only occur when medication is taken to relieve a depressive episode.

Question 40

Women are _____ as likely as men to experience episodes of severe unipolar depression.

A) two times
B) four times
C) one and one-half times
D) three times

Question 41

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from _____ symptoms.

A) emotional
B) cognitive
C) motivational
D) behavioral

Question 42

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

A) emotional symptoms.
B) motivational symptoms.
C) behavioral symptoms.
D) cognitive symptoms.

Question 43

Which is a motivational symptom of depression?

A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

Question 44

A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is:

A) common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid-40s.
B) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid-40s.
C) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid- to late 20s
D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late 20s

Question 45

The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _____ symptom of depression.

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

Question 46

An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:

A) the particular medication used to treat the problem.
B) the cause of the problem.
C) the severity and duration of the problem.
D) the demographic characteristics of the person.

Question 47

Which is a behavioral symptom of depression?

A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

Question 48

In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is:

A) the same as it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women.
B) lower than it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women.
C) the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.
D) lower than it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

Question 49

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display:

A) repeated episodes.
B) fluctuation in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) onset within four weeks of giving birth.

Question 50

What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active?

A) recurrent depression
B) seasonal depression
C) catatonic depression
D) melancholic depression

Question 51

What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States?

A) 1-5 percent
B) 5-10 percent
C) 8-15 percent
D) 20-23 percent

Question 52

Which is a physical symptom of depression?

A) sleeping poorly
B) lack of desire to go to work
C) decreased level of physical activity
D) experiences of sadness and dejection

Question 53

Which would be an emotional symptom of depression?

A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

Question 54

Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder?

A) catatonic
B) seasonal
C) melancholic
D) posttraumatic

Question 55

Considering data from several countries around the world, which is an accurate statement about the percentages of adults in each country who suffer from major depressive disorder each year?

A) The percentages are virtually identical across countries.
B) Asian countries generally have higher percentages of mood disorders.
C) European countries generally have higher percentages of mood disorders.
D) The percentages are more than twice as high in some countries as they are in others.

Question 56

The experience of a lack of desire to engage in sexual activity with one's spouse would be considered a(n) _____ symptom

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

Question 57

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least:

A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

Question 58

Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are _____ symptoms of depression.

A) physical
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

Question 59

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:

A) mania.
B) dysthymia.
C) depression.
D) cyclothymia.

Question 60

A friend of yours diagnosed with unipolar depression says, "This can't be that bad. Maybe my creativity will increase." Which might be your BEST reply?

A) "You should get some therapy; there's nothing positive about depression."
B) "You should get some therapy; only about half of people with depression get more creative."
C) "Think about getting some therapy; becoming more creative might not be worth it."
D) "Don't worry; almost all people with depression recover and retain the creativity gains."

Question 61

Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, she feels terrible, and she feels like it will never get any better. When she responds to questions, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be:

A) manic depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) exogenous depression.
D) endogenous depression.

Question 62

What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future?

A) almost zero-so far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression
B) low-so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression
C) moderate-researchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to unipolar depression
D) high-researchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to unipolar depression

Question 63

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be:

A) postpartum depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) exogenous depression.
D) endogenous depression.

Question 64

Which statement is true for women experiencing postpartum depression regarding psychotherapy for depression?

A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within four weeks after the birth of their child.
B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well.
C) Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.
D) They should avoid antidepressant medications. Such medications work well for unipolar depression but not for postpartum depression.

Question 65

There are several factors related to unipolar depression-reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. How do these factors relate to depression? The MOST recent research shows that:

A) all of these factors working together appear to be responsible for causing and maintaining depression.
B) most of these factors don't appear to cause or maintain depression but are simply correlated with depressive symptoms.
C) some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression.
D) depression should in fact usually be considered a disease, rather than a psychological disorder.

Question 66

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display:

A) repeated episodes.
B) fluctuation in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

Question 67

If a study showed that both monozygotic twins had about a 45 percent chance of having unipolar depression when one twin had unipolar depression, this would provide:

A) very little support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
B) moderate support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
C) strong support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
D) near-certain support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.

Question 68

All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting no longer give him any joy. He wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. This has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed?

A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

Question 69

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most likely:

A) the "baby blues," something experienced by less than half of new mothers.
B) the "baby blues," something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
C) postpartum depression, something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
D) postpartum depression, something experienced by less than half of new mothers.

Question 70

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than six months. The woman is experiencing:

A) the "baby blues."
B) postpartum psychosis.
C) hormone withdrawal syndrome.
D) postpartum depression.

Question 71

_____ follows clear-cut stressful events where _____ seems to be a response to internal factors.

A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression
B) Cyclothymic disorder; reactive depression
C) Postpartum depression; cyclothymic depression
D) Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder

Question 72

This disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons.

A) persistent depressive disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Question 73

A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:

A) experience postpartum depression after her first birth but rarely experience it again.
B) only experience postpartum depression after the birth of a first child.
C) have up to a 50 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.
D) have a 100 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

Question 74

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?

A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

Question 75

Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with?

A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) persistent
D) melancholic

Question 76

To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

Question 77

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:

A) a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder.
B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.
C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins.
D) no compelling evidence for depression to be found in relatives of a depressed individual.

Question 78

Since immediately after the birth of her son, Maria has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, and this has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed?

A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) postpartum
D) melancholic

Question 79

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?

A) humanist
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

Question 80

Jose saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work; everything seems hopeless. There are several other symptoms consistent with these. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:

A) recurrent depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) endogenous depression.
D) melancholic depression.