Deck 6: Disorders of Trauma and Stress

Question 1

The key psychological stress disorders are:

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder and acute stress disorder.
B) panic disorder and acute stress disorder.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder.
D) schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Answer 1

posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder.

Question 2

People with _____ suddenly travel to an entirely different location and cannot recall the details of their past lives.

A) circumscribed amnesia
B) an amnestic episode
C) dissociative fugue
D) Briquet's syndrome

Answer 2

dissociative fugue

Question 3

People who suffer from dissociative amnesia most often lose their _____ memories but retain their _____ memories.

A) immediate; long-term
B) local; global
C) semantic; procedural
D) personal; abstract/encyclopedic

Answer 3

personal; abstract/encyclopedic

Question 4

Dread and horror are part of the _____ responses to stress.

A) physical
B) mental
C) emotional
D) cognitive

Question 5

Symptoms after a traumatic event that last for _____ may be diagnosed as acute stress disorder.

A) more than one month
B) three months
C) three weeks
D) six months

Question 6

According to one study, children who were younger than _____ years old when their parents separated or divorced are more likely to develop stress-related disorders later in life.

A) 3
B) 10
C) 15
D) 18

Question 7

Most clinicians believe that veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder cannot fully recover until what happens?

A) They come to grips with their combat experience and the impact that those experiences continue to have.
B) They revisit the country/territory where their combat experience took place.
C) They have an interaction with one of their former enemies to put the "war inside" to rest.
D) They learn to accept that they did what was required and learn to stop caring what others think.

Question 8

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of _____ therapy.

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) exposure

Question 9

The hypothalamus activates which two bodily systems?

A) autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
B) autonomic nervous system and digestive system
C) sympathetic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
D) sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system

Question 10

Variations in the types of situations that people find threatening are referred to as differences in _____ anxiety.

A) personal
B) state
C) trait
D) evolutionary

Question 11

When would you expect the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder to first appear?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 18

Question 12

Dissociative disorders are primarily a major disruption of:

A) development.
B) memory.
C) attachment.
D) social bonds.

Question 13

Which is not listed in the DSM-5 as a method of re-experiencing traumatic events by one suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) memories
B) dreams
C) nightmares
D) delusions

Question 14

When people are confronted with stressors, the hypothalamus signals the _____ gland to release the adrenocorticotropic hormone.

A) pineal
B) adrenal
C) pituitary
D) thyroid

Question 15

More than ____ percent of rape victims were victimized by acquaintances, intimates, or relatives.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80

Question 16

The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in a patient with dissociative identity disorder is known as:

A) joining.
B) fusion.
C) connectivity.
D) interpolation.

Question 17

Which war-related experience does not seem to increase the risk of a stress reaction?

A) mutilation
B) severe physical injury
C) witnessing the injury or death of other people
D) reenlisting in the military

Question 18

_____ are the "quiet observers" in someone with dissociative identity disorder.

A) Host personalities
B) Primary personalities
C) Mutually cognizant personalities
D) Coconscious subpersonalities

Question 19

Which term was used to describe symptoms of severe anxiety and depression experienced during World War II and the Korean War?

A) shell shock
B) nostalgia
C) combat fatigue
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 20

The neurotransmitter(s) associated with the fight-or-flight response is

A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) epinephrine.
D) norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Question 21

Some theorists conclude that dissociative disorders may be a form of _____, in which people hypnotize themselves to try to forget unpleasant events.

A) daydreaming
B) hallucinations
C) self-hypnosis
D) delusions

Question 22

People who suffer from depersonalization disorder often experience a sensation known as _____, or the feeling that their mind seems to be floating a few feet above them.

A) hovering
B) parting
C) drifting
D) doubling

Question 23

Which technique has been shown to be most helpful in the treatment of pain?

A) self-instruction training
B) insight therapy
C) hypnosis
D) meditation

Question 24

The state of stress has two components:

A) stress and stressor.
B) stressor and stress response.
C) stress and appraisal.
D) stress and recovery.

Question 25

Some studies indicate that _____ treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with stress disorders, irrespective of the precipitating trauma.

A) drug
B) exposure
C) electroconvulsive
D) psychodynamic

Question 26

Research suggests that more than _____ of all victims of physical or sexual assault develop posttraumatic stress disorder.

A) one-tenth
B) one-quarter
C) one-third
D) half

Question 27

_____ suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder seem to benefit from talking about their experiences and sharing feelings of guilt with others who have had similar experiences.

A) Rape victims
B) Sexual abuse victims
C) Combat veterans
D) Flood victims

Question 28

If a victim of rape is treated with dignity and respect by the criminal justice system, what does research suggest is a likely outcome?

A) The victim will be more likely to press charges against the attacker.
B) The victim will have a greater chance of developing a stress-related illness.
C) The victim will be less likely to press charges because they will decide to simply "move on."
D) The victim will have a greater chance of recovering more successfully.

Question 29

Which group had the highest substantial reaction to the events of September 11, 2001?

A) Asian Americans
B) white Americans
C) Hispanic Americans
D) African Americans

Question 30

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by the defense mechanism of:

A) denial.
B) repression.
C) ritual and undoing.
D) compensation.

Question 31

Some argue that many cases of dissociative identity disorder are _____; that is, the symptoms are unintentionally produced by the practitioner who is treating the client.

A) iatrogenic
B) teratogenic
C) chorionic
D) dependent

Question 32

Researchers have found evidence of abnormal activity of _____ in the urine, blood, and saliva of combat soldiers and rape victims.

A) adrenaline and serotonin
B) cortisol and norepinephrine
C) epinephrine and cortisol
D) dopamine and cortisol

Question 33

Glands release _____ into the bloodstream.

A) glucose
B) neurotransmitters
C) cerebral spinal flood
D) hormones

Question 34

People with _____ feel as though they have become separated from their own mental processes or body and are observing themselves from outside.

A) multiple personality disorder
B) dissociative fugue
C) depersonalization disorder
D) dissociative amnesia

Question 35

The heightened biochemical arousal of posttraumatic stress victims may eventually damage which parts of their brain?

A) hypothalamus and limbic system
B) frontal and temporal lobes
C) thalamus and pons
D) hippocampus and amygdala

Question 36

When we encounter a stressor, the _____ nervous system accelerates the automatic processes in our body, and after the stressor is over, the _____ nervous system returns us to normal functioning.

A) somatic; autonomic
B) somatic; sympathetic
C) parasympathetic; sympathetic
D) sympathetic; parasympathetic

Question 37

Symptoms of dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) usually begin after episodes of:

A) suggestibility.
B) hypnosis.
C) trauma or abuse.
D) anxiety.

Question 38

The ultimate goal of treatment for people with dissociative identity disorder is:

A) recovering memories.
B) recognizing the disorder.
C) integration of subpersonalities.
D) asserting subpersonalities at will.

Question 39

Derek looked at his car, knew it was his, but felt like he had never seen it before. Derek may have been experiencing:

A) jamais vu.
B) absentmindedness.
C) déjà vu.
D) eidetic images.

Question 40

Psychologists have found that differences in which type of anxiety may appear soon after birth?

A) trait anxiety
B) state anxiety
C) somatic anxiety
D) cognitive anxiety

Question 41

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the:

A) somatic nervous system.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 42

Poor health is BEST described as a:

A) stress.
B) stressor.
C) stress response.
D) stress model.

Question 43

Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

A) somatic nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 44

In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which fear response?

A) physical
B) emotional
C) cognitive
D) psychological

Question 45

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active?

A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) cortisol system
C) conservation system
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 46

The group of hormones that appear to be MOST involved in arousal and the fear reaction are the:

A) prolactins.
B) corticosteroids.
C) adrenalaltoids.
D) beta-blockers.

Question 47

The gland that produces a hormone that is involved in the reaction to fearful and stressful situations is the:

A) ganglion.
B) adrenal gland.
C) hippocampus.
D) medulla.

Question 48

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive:

A) stress.
B) stressor.
C) stress response.
D) stress model.

Question 49

A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress.

A) emotional
B) cognitive
C) developmental
D) physical

Question 50

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?

A) They are disorders of the twentieth century; that is, they were not diagnosed before 1900.
B) They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medication-antipsychotics.
C) They are triggered by traumatic events.
D) They are varieties of depression

Question 51

I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in:

A) trait anxiety.
B) state anxiety.
C) situation anxiety.
D) content anxiety.

Question 52

Which statement accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response?

A) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.
B) The hypothalamus produces corticosteroids, which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
C) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids that cause the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
D) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release hypothalamic hormone in a feedback loop.

Question 53

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:

A) stressor.
B) stress response.
C) stress disorder.
D) psychophysical disorder.

Question 54

The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," represents one person's:

A) stress.
B) stressor.
C) stress response.
D) somatization.

Question 55

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a:

A) stressor.
B) stress response.
C) social support system.
D) potential stressor.

Question 56

A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress.

A) physical
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) developmental

Question 57

The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system.

A) nervous
B) exocrine
C) endocrine
D) autonomic

Question 58

Which statement accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?

A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal.
B) The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal.
C) The hypothalamus excites the parasympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal.
D) The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which then inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing a reduction in arousal.

Question 59

Norepinephrine is to _____ as corticosteroid is to _____.

A) acute stress; posttraumatic stress
B) fight response; flight response
C) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
D) sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

Question 60

A teammate of a basketball player says, "Congratulations on making those game-winning free throws. Weren't you bothered by the fans waving their arms behind the basket?" The basketball player replies, "Thanks. I felt a little nervous, but to tell the truth, I didn't even notice the fans." MOST likely, the player who made the foul shots has:

A) high situational and trait anxiety.
B) low trait anxiety, but high situational anxiety.
C) high trait anxiety, but low situational anxiety.
D) low situational and trait anxiety

Question 61

Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are:

A) female, or low-income individuals.
B) male, or low-income individuals.
C) female, or high-income individuals.
D) male, or high-income individuals.

Question 62

When was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called "shell shock") first recognized?

A) after World War I
B) after World War II
C) after the Vietnam War
D) during the Iraqi War

Question 63

Posttraumatic stress disorders:

A) begin immediately after the stress occurs.
B) last between one and three weeks.
C) don't begin until years after the traumatic event.
D) last longer than a month.

Question 64

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on:

A) how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are.
B) what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was.
C) how long the anxiety symptoms last.
D) what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms.

Question 65

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?

A) recurring memories, dreams, or nightmares about the event
B) a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event
C) reduced responsiveness to the world around one
D) signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions

Question 66

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

Question 67

A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing:

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) pretraumatic stress disorder.
C) combat fatigue.
D) acute stress disorder.

Question 68

Women are _____ as likely as men to develop stress disorders.

A) just
B) twice
C) three times
D) four times

Question 69

Years after the U.S. Civil War was over, many veterans diagnosed with "melancholia" or "soldier's heart" still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their MOST likely diagnosis would be:

A) factitious disorder, or somatoform disorder.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) acute distress disorder.
D) psychophysiological disorder.

Question 70

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

Question 71

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called:

A) hysteria.
B) acute stress disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 72

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

Question 73

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called:

A) hysteria.
B) acute stress disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 74

Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in:

A) trait anxiety.
B) state anxiety.
C) neurotic anxiety.
D) existential anxiety.

Question 75

Which is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities
B) feelings of extreme guilt for surviving the traumatic event
C) reliving the event through daydreams and night dreams
D) excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings

Question 76

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

Question 77

People with low incomes are _____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders.

A) just
B) twice
C) three times
D) four times

Question 78

Based on recent research, it can be concluded that the impact of repeated combat deployments:

A) significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD.
B) doesn't impact troops much at all.
C) actually decreases the risk of a soldier experiencing PTSD.
D) increases PTSD risk, but only by a small amount.

Question 79

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." Your response would MOST likely be:

A) "Yes-in fact, combat trauma is the leading source of PTSD worldwide."
B) "Yes-combat trauma produces as many cases of PTSD worldwide as civilian trauma does."
C) "Yes-although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."
D) "Maybe-however, many researchers think that combat trauma is significantly overrated as a source of PTSD."

Question 80

Which is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
B) inability to remember the event that led to the stress
C) increased responsiveness and emotion right after the event
D) a tendency to want to go back to see the site of the stress