Deck 12: Substance Use and Addictive Disorders

Question 1

Which theory explains drug-seeking behavior as led by a rewarding effect that makes using again more likely?

A) operant conditioning
B) learned helplessness
C) synergistic theory
D) opponent-process theory

Answer 1

operant conditioning

Question 2

The combined impact of different drugs multiplying or potentiating each other's effects is known as the _____ effect.

A) cross-tolerance
B) synergistic
C) potentiation
D) double bind

Answer 2

synergistic

Question 3

Which category of drug is often given to patients in detoxification to reduce severe alcohol withdrawal reactions such as delirium tremens and seizures?

A) antianxiety drugs
B) sedatives
C) antidepressant drugs
D) antipsychotic drugs

Answer 3

antianxiety drugs

Question 4

_____ is often given to people who are trying to stop consuming alcohol.

A) Methadone
B) Naloxone
C) Disulfiram
D) The alcohol patch

Question 5

Which drug has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties?

A) cocaine
B) heroin
C) MDMA
D) marijuana

Question 6

What is the most immediate danger of heroin use?

A) delirium tremens
B) overdose
C) being arrested
D) methadone toxicity

Question 7

Sometimes two or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other. This is known as:

A) synergism.
B) polysubstance disorder.
C) cross-tolerance.
D) comorbidity.

Question 8

When different drugs are in the body at the same time, the combined effect can be greater than when each drug is taken alone. This is called a(n):

A) antagonistic action.
B) polysubstance rush.
C) pharmacological potentiation.
D) synergistic effect.

Question 9

Methadone is a(n):

A) depressant.
B) stimulant.
C) sedative.
D) opioid.

Question 10

Drugs that attach to endorphin receptor sites and make it impossible for opioids to have their usual effect are known as:

A) detoxifiers.
B) agonist drugs.
C) narcotic antagonist.
D) benzodiazepines.

Question 11

_____ is the world's most widely used stimulant.

A) Nicotine
B) Dextroamphetamine
C) Caffeine
D) Cocaine

Question 12

Some _____ theorists believe that people can control their drinking by drinking in moderation rather than engaging in strict abstinence.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) biological
D) sociocultural

Question 13

Behavioral interventions for substance abuse and dependence:

A) are generally successful.
B) are rarely successful.
C) have had the most success when they are the sole form of treatment.
D) work best in combination with either biological or cognitive approaches.

Question 14

Chronic and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of:

A) endorphins.
B) dopamine.
C) GABA.
D) anandamides.

Question 15

Regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of:

A) dopamine.
B) anandamides.
C) endorphins.
D) GABA.

Question 16

Which method of ingesting a substance produces the fastest effect on the brain?

A) chewing
B) injecting
C) snorting
D) inhaling

Question 17

Which statement is not a sociocultural explanation for the cause of substance disorders?

A) Living in a low socioeconomic class contributes to substance abuse.
B) Regions with higher levels of unemployment have higher rates of alcoholism.
C) Substance use and dependence are more likely to appear in families in which substance use is valued or at least accepted.
D) Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort, and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance.

Question 18

Which drug treatment approach makes incentives (such as program privileges) dependent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens?

A) relapse prevention
B) contingency management
C) covert sensitization
D) behavioral self-control training (BSCT)

Question 19

Which term is applied to an individual who demonstrates a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by a repeated use of a substance?

A) substance intoxication
B) substance use disorder
C) substance abuse
D) substance overdose

Question 20

Aversion therapy has been mainly used in the treatment of _____ use disorder.

A) alcohol
B) heroin
C) cocaine
D) nicotine

Question 21

Which drug was used as a cough medicine before its addictive properties were known?

A) whiskey
B) heroin
C) opium
D) caffeinated tea

Question 22

When alcohol concentration reaches _____ percent of a person's blood by volume, that individual has reached a state of intoxication.

A) .05 percent
B) .08 percent
C) .09 percent
D) .10 percent

Question 23

Cirrhosis of the liver accounts for approximately _____ deaths each year.

A) 2,000
B) 11,600
C) 22,500
D) 32,000

Question 24

Relapse-prevention training is a form of _____ therapy.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive-behavioral
C) cognitive
D) aversive

Question 25

In twin studies it was found that if one member of a pair of identical twins abused alcohol, the other abused it in _____ percent of cases. In a similar study of fraternal twins, if one twin abused alcohol, the other abused it in ____ percent of cases.

A) 54; 28
B) 27: 9
C) 95: 65
D) 70: 16

Question 26

The treatment model advocated by Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of a _____ approach.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) sociocultural

Question 27

Asking people with alcoholism to imagine extremely repulsive scenes while they are drinking is a form of:

A) psychodynamic therapy.
B) behavioral therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) sociocultural therapy.

Question 28

Which result has not been linked to binge drinking?

A) homicide
B) sexual assault
C) compromised heart functioning
D) impaired brain functioning

Question 29

Which drug is not known to directly stimulate the brain's reward center?

A) heroin
B) cocaine
C) amphetamines
D) caffeine

Question 30

Which is an accurate statement about the effects of marijuana?

A) It increases fertility in some men.
B) It causes infertility in most men.
C) It causes lower sperm count in some men.
D) It is not known to have any effect on male fertility.

Question 31

The segment of the U.S. population with the lowest prevalence of alcoholism is:

A) white males.
B) white females.
C) African American males.
D) Asian males and females.

Question 32

So many soldiers received morphine injections during the Civil War that addiction to morphine was known as:

A) early codeine.
B) wartime plague.
C) soldier's disease.
D) skin popping.

Question 33

Approximately what percentage of campus arrests are alcohol related?

A) 27 percent
B) 48 percent
C) 67 percent
D) 83 percent

Question 34

Genetic linkage studies have found an abnormal form of a gene for which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

A) D1
B) D2
C) GABA
D) serotonin

Question 35

Which drug increases the activity of the central nervous system?

A) alcohol
B) cocaine
C) barbiturates
D) marijuana

Question 36

Which neurotransmitter system does cocaine affect?

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) GABA
D) endorphins

Question 37

_____ involves using a drug to the point that it affects one's family, social relationships, and/or work.

A) Substance withdrawal
B) Substance use disorder
C) Substance tolerance
D) Substance intoxication

Question 38

Which activity will have the greatest effect on making an intoxicated person sober?

A) drinking strong hot coffee
B) taking a shower
C) getting control of his or her thinking
D) the passage of time

Question 39

What theory explains how the sight of a hypodermic needle can induce a "high" in one dependent on heroin?

A) operant conditioning
B) cognitive dissonance
C) opponent-process
D) classical conditioning

Question 40

Which substance is considered as addictive as heroin?

A) nicotine
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) alcohol

Question 41

If all you know about someone is that the person has been binge drinking in the past month, then you know the person had at least:

A) five drinks at a time at least once, and probably is a male.
B) five drinks at a time at least once, and probably is a female.
C) five drinks at a time at least twice, and probably is a male.
D) ten drinks at a time at least twice, and probably is a male.

Question 42

Mendon began by taking one amphetamine a day to control his appetite. After a month or so, the one pill did not work as well but two pills did. This is an example of:

A) tolerance.
B) resistance.
C) withdrawal.
D) dependence.

Question 43

Alcohol works as a central nervous system depressant by:

A) stimulating the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
B) blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
C) unbinding receptors on neurons.
D) binding to receptors on neurons.

Question 44

A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when she tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed:

A) withdrawal reactions.
B) increased tolerance.
C) hallucinosis.
D) intoxication.

Question 45

Which is a depressant?

A) opioids
B) cocaine
C) LSD
D) amphetamines

Question 46

Of the following, the MOST likely to exhibit a substance use disorder would be a(n):

A) American Indian.
B) African American.
C) white American.
D) Asian American.

Question 47

Because alcohol binds to neurons that normally receive the neurotransmitter GABA, it is not surprising that alcohol:

A) makes people feel sad.
B) makes people throw up.
C) relaxes people.
D) is a stimulant.

Question 48

Intoxication is actually a form of:

A) tolerance.
B) temporary change.
C) hallucination.
D) substance dependence.

Question 49

Considering alcoholism in white American men, African American men, and Hispanic American men, which of the following is MOST accurate?

A) Drinking patterns are pretty much the same.
B) African Americans drink the most, followed by other groups.
C) Alcoholism rates are highest for older white men.
D) The patterns of drinking differ across ethnic group.

Question 50

A frequent drug user finds that larger doses of a drug are necessary to produce the same "high" that much lower doses once produced. That drug user is developing:

A) withdrawal symptoms.
B) tolerance.
C) hallucinosis.
D) intoxication.

Question 51

Women tolerate alcohol LESS well than men because:

A) they have a higher proportion of body fat.
B) they drink alcohol in more concentrated forms.
C) they have less of a stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol.
D) they metabolize alcohol in the liver less well.

Question 52

In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found at:

A) higher levels in the brain, making them more susceptible to getting drunk.
B) higher levels in the kidneys, making them more likely to develop cirrhosis.
C) higher levels in the fatty tissue, making them more likely to retain alcohol.
D) lower levels in the stomach, making them more susceptible to getting drunk.

Question 53

Pat and Jody each have five screwdrivers (OJ and vodka). Pat gets very drunk. Jody does not. Which of the following is MOST likely to be true?

A) Pat is older than Jody.
B) Pat is healthier than Jody.
C) Pat is a woman, and Jody is a man.
D) Pat is Caucasian, and Jody is African American.

Question 54

A newly developed drug causes users to lose some muscle control and slur their words, The drug also results in a slowing of central nervous system activity. MOST likely this drug is a:

A) depressant.
B) hallucinogen.
C) stimulant.
D) polydrug.

Question 55

Melanie has been out with friends and has been using drugs. In spite of being obviously uncoordinated and under the influence, she wants to drive her car. Her condition is an example of:

A) addiction.
B) intoxication.
C) hallucinosis.
D) physical dependence.

Question 56

The long-term pattern of maladaptive behavior caused by the regular use of some chemical or drug is called:

A) tolerance.
B) intoxication disorder.
C) substance use disorder.
D) hallucinosis.

Question 57

Wes has a drink in the morning on rising. He has a cocktail with breakfast. He usually sneaks a snort during the morning ("just to get through the day") and then drinks during his lunch. When he leaves work, he goes to a singles bar and immediately has a drink to ease his nerves about approaching the women there. Later, at home, he generally has a small dinner and then sits in front of the TV watching sports and drinking beer (as many as 12 cans). Somehow he manages to get up and go to work the next morning. Wes is displaying:

A) withdrawal.
B) substance use disorder.
C) binge drinking.
D) delirium tremens.

Question 58

A college professor's work performance recently has deteriorated, and his colleagues find him difficult to talk to. If this is due to a problem with drugs, the best description of this professor's behavior as detailed above would be:

A) substance intoxication.
B) substance use disorder.
C) tolerance.
D) withdrawal.

Question 59

Which of the following would NOT be considered a "drug"?

A) heroin
B) caffeine
C) sugar
D) nicotine

Question 60

Of the following, the person who would probably have the highest blood alcohol level after an hour of drinking would be a:

A) 100-pound man who had drunk two cans of beer.
B) 200-pound woman who had drunk six cans of beer.
C) 200-pound man who had drunk six cans of beer.
D) 100-pound woman who had drunk two cans of beer.

Question 61

According to a recent study by Henry Wechsler and his colleagues at the Harvard School of Public Health, the BEST predictor of college binge drinking is:

A) being an athlete.
B) being a white male.
C) having a business major.
D) being in a social fraternity.

Question 62

Barbiturates were first prescribed to help people:

A) diet.
B) deal with the stresses of war.
C) sleep.
D) deal with pain.

Question 63

One study shows that, in "substance-free" dorms, the percentage of students who are occasional binge drinkers is:

A) about 25 percent.
B) about 36 percent.
C) about 42 percent.
D) equal to the percentage of students, nationwide, who are binge drinkers.

Question 64

A friend of yours has done some heavy drinking and asks you what to do to "sober up" as quickly as possible. Your BEST answer would be:

A) "Drink hot coffee, with or without cream or sugar."
B) "Stop drinking."
C) "Rest with a cold towel wrapped around your head."
D) "Drink carbonated soda."

Question 65

Nate took a drug and a few minutes later felt calm and drowsy. Then he went to sleep. Nate probably took:

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) cannabis.
D) a barbiturate.

Question 66

Kelly is a long-time serious drinker. In the last year she has started having huge memory lapses. When this happens, she makes up wild stories to help her fill in what she does not remember. This symptom is called:

A) confabulation.
B) Korsakoff's syndrome.
C) Wernicke's encephalopathy.
D) alcohol-induced psychotic disorder.

Question 67

Two people of the same gender and weight consume the same amount of alcohol in the same amount of time. Nevertheless, one of them sobers up substantially sooner than the other. MOST likely, this difference is due to:

A) the form in which they consumed the alcohol-beer versus wine, for instance.
B) personality; for example, Type B people usually sober up more quickly than Type A people do.
C) liver function; some people's livers metabolize alcohol faster than others' livers.
D) breathing rate; those who breathe more often can exhale the carbon-dioxide by-product of alcohol metabolism faster.

Question 68

An individual who is dependent on alcohol is experiencing delirium tremens. This reaction is:

A) common, starting about a week after an individual stops drinking.
B) common, starting within three days after an individual stops drinking.
C) uncommon, starting about a week after an individual stops drinking.
D) uncommon, starting within three days after an individual stops drinking.

Question 69

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can damage the developing embryo and fetus, resulting in:

A) excessively large babies.
B) sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) neonatal Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 70

Because of the likelihood of convulsions, withdrawal from _____ is especially dangerous.

A) heroin
B) cocaine
C) barbiturates
D) amphetamine

Question 71

A person has ingested enough ethyl alcohol to lose consciousness but has not died. The MOST probable alcohol concentration in that person, expressed as a percent of blood volume, is:

A) .03.
B) .09.
C) .40.
D) .70.

Question 72

In what proportion of suicides and rapes in the United States does alcoholism play a role?

A) one-tenth
B) one-quarter
C) one-third
D) more than one-half

Question 73

A person you know has just started experiencing delirium tremens. "The DTs" will probably last:

A) two or three days, with no significant health risk.
B) two or three days, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke.
C) about a week, with no significant health risk.
D) about a week, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke.

Question 74

The blood-alcohol level that typically produces the symptoms of intoxication is _____ of the blood volume.

A) .01 percent
B) .06 percent
C) .09 percent
D) .55 percent

Question 75

A patient in an alcohol rehabilitation center tells you a detailed story about growing up in the mountains of Tennessee. Later, you find out that the person had never even visited Tennessee. A day later you visit the patient again, and the patient does not recognize you. Most likely, the patient is suffering from:

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) cirrhosis.
C) withdrawal of delirium.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 76

Benzodiazepines primarily affect the neurotransmitter:

A) GABA.
B) serotonin.
C) dopamine.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 77

A pattern of abnormalities, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder characterizes someone with:

A) Korsakoff's syndrome
B) fetal alcohol syndrome.
C) alcohol abuse syndrome.
D) substance abuse syndrome.

Question 78

A combination of alcohol abuse and a vitamin-B deficiency can lead to:

A) delirium tremens.
B) Tourette's syndrome.
C) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) alcohol-induced psychotic disorder.

Question 79

The scarring of the liver caused by alcohol consumption is known as:

A) cirrhosis.
B) hemorrhaging.
C) vasoconstriction.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 80

A full-time college student has just become a college dropout. The chances that alcohol was a factor in dropping out is about:

A) 42 percent.
B) 37 percent.
C) 28 percent.
D) 12 percent.