Deck 10: Intimacy

Question 1

In Sullivan's view, the shift in the "targets" of intimacy during early adolescence from same-sex to other-sex relationships is primarily motivated by:

A) the need to transition from nonromantic to romantic relationships.
B) the onset of puberty and the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive.
C) resolving the homophobic conflict of childhood.
D) the need to appear popular by surrounding one's self with as many peers as possible.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Sullivan's theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of interpersonal needs?

A) need for contact with people; need for integration into adult society; need for intimacy
B) need for intimacy and consensual validation; need for adult participation; need for sexual contact
C) need for intimacy; need for sexual contact; need for integration into adult society
D) need for playmates; need for contact with people; need for sexual contact

Answer 2

C

Question 3

It is likely that a limitation in children's ability to ____ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships.

A) empathize
B) take another person's perspective
C) care deeply
D) understand friendships

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Sullivan, if the interpersonal tasks of adolescence are negotiated successfully, the young adolescent enters late adolescence able to:

A) be intimate.
B) enjoy sex.
C) experience intimacy and sex in the same relationship.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 5

According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop?

A) early adolescent, same-sex relationships
B) early adolescent, other-sex relationships
C) middle adolescent, other-sex relationships
D) preadolescent, same-sex relationships

Question 6

According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in:

A) psychosexual needs.
B) sexual drive.
C) interpersonal needs.
D) self-conceptions.

Question 7

Sullivan believed the crisis of adolescence is _____. Erikson believed it is _____.

A) identity; intimacy
B) autonomy; intimacy
C) intimacy; identity
D) intimacy; autonomy

Question 8

The textbook states all of the following to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence, except:

A) truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence.
B) the nature of the adolescent's social world changes, with increasing importance of both same sex and other-sex peers.
C) growth of social cognition reflects more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships.
D) friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

Question 9

According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop during:

A) childhood.
B) preadolescence.
C) early adolescence.
D) late adolescence.

Question 10

An adolescent may have an intimate relationship with:

A) a romantic partner.
B) parents.
C) friends.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 11

Children's friendships are based on _____, whereas adolescents' friendships are typically based on _____.

A) activities; competition
B) activities; intimacy
C) intimacy; competition
D) competition; activities

Question 12

Sullivan believed that important interpersonal transitions are more likely to be negotiated successfully if:

A) they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships.
B) an individual develops appropriate cognitive skills.
C) an individual had many playmates in childhood.
D) they have a solid basis in social cognition.

Question 13

When college students were asked to rate the most important criteria for deciding when someone is ready to get married, what was the most consistently endorsed item?

A) capacity for intimacy
B) being physically mature enough to have a child
C) being emotionally mature enough to have a child
D) being financially secure

Question 14

Sullivan believed a precondition to forming close relationships as an adolescent is:

A) being able to take someone else's perspective.
B) forming intimate friendships during preadolescence.
C) having secure interpersonal relationships since childhood.
D) overcoming the frustration and anxiety associated with making friends in childhood.

Question 15

As used in the study of adolescence, the term intimacy refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except:

A) concern for each other's well-being.
B) a sexual and/or physical relationship.
C) a willingness to disclose private, sometimes sensitive, information.
D) sharing common interests and activities.

Question 16

Sullivan emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development can be best understood when looked at in:

A) societal terms.
B) interpersonal terms.
C) identity terms.
D) medical terms.

Question 17

Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in:

A) sexual relationships.
B) other-sex friendships.
C) mixed-sex relationships.
D) same-sex relationships.

Question 18

What statement about intimacy is false?

A) Intimacy is an important concern only in adolescence.
B) One of the central issues in the study of intimacy during adolescence is the onset of dating.
C) Intimacy is characterized by a willingness to disclose private and occasionally sensitive topics and a sharing of common interests.
D) Intimacy can take the form of close friendships between people of both sexes.

Question 19

Which child is probably experiencing the need to be intimate with a friend of the same age for the first time?

A) Carlo, who is 7
B) Dierdre, who is 18
C) Randy, who is 11
D) Connie, who is 16

Question 20

Which theorist adopted the most important theoretical perspective of development?

A) Freud
B) Sullivan
C) Erikson
D) Benedict

Question 21

Dr. Diamond conducts an interview with a patient in order to assess the history of the patient's attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond use?

A) the Adult Attachment Interview
B) the Q-sort
C) the Longitudinal Attachment Measure
D) the Adolescent Security Scale

Question 22

Being securely attached in adolescence is associated with all of the following outcomes, except:

A) more stable romantic relationships than their insecure counterparts.
B) better academic success.
C) rejection sensitivity in adulthood.
D) better social competence.

Question 23

Optimal social development during adolescence most likely requires healthy relationships with:

A) parents.
B) peers.
C) important non-parental adults.
D) both parents and peers.

Question 24

Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships:

A) show that emotional attachments in adolescence were influenced by attachments formed in infancy.
B) suggest that an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains.
C) demonstrate different beliefs and expectations for different interpersonal domains.
D) show that early life attachments may not be relevant to relationships developed during adolescence.

Question 25

Research studying the relation between identity and intimacy has provided support for the idea that:

A) intimacy must develop first.
B) identity must develop first.
C) individuals follow different developmental paths.
D) identity and intimacy development are uncorrelated.

Question 26

Research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships in adolescence and young adulthood finds:

A) a consistent link between infant attachment and healthy adolescent relationships.
B) little continuity between infant attachment and adolescent relationships.
C) stability of attachment over time that withstands the pressures of major life events.
D) early relationships set the stage for later interpersonal relationships.

Question 27

During __________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls.

A) middle adolescence
B) late adolescence
C) early adolescence
D) late childhood

Question 28

The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called:

A) attachment.
B) goodness-of-fit.
C) symbiosis.
D) the secure base.

Question 29

Although it is difficult to separate "selection" and "socialization" effects, individuals who are securely attached in infancy are likely to:

A) be socially competent in childhood.
B) be securely attached to close friends in adolescence.
C) have positive romantic relationships in adulthood.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 30

In Chapter 4 of this textbook you learned that there are _________ differences among ethnic groups within the United States with respect to parental discipline and ethnic socialization. However, differences between ethnic groups in the expression of intimacy between adolescents and parents are _______.

A) substantial; modest
B) modest; substantial
C) negligible; substantial
D) modest; negligible

Question 31

Jennifer has never had a very good relationship with her parents, especially her mom. Lately, Jennifer has been exhibiting quite a lot of depressive symptomatology along with an extremely disordered relationship with food. Based on research from the textbook and according to the Adult Attachment Interview, which attachment style would you guess Jennifer most likely falls under?

A) anxious
B) dismissive or preoccupied
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 32

One study that used brain-imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to rejection while playing an online game called "Cyberball" found that:

A) adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression.
B) adolescents low in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression.
C) adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are less likely to develop symptoms of depression.
D) there are no biological differences in how individuals respond to not being thrown the ball based on whether he or she
Scores high or low on rejection sensitivity.

Question 33

Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria?

A) secure attachment
B) anxious-resistant attachment
C) anxious-avoidant attachment
D) indifferent attachment

Question 34

An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment?

A) secure
B) anxious-avoidant
C) anxious-resistant
D) anxious-secure

Question 35

Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability in childhood?

A) anxious-resistant
B) secure
C) anxious-avoidant
D) dependent

Question 36

The structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and internal working model of relationships is called the:

A) Adult Attachment Interview.
B) Q-sort.
C) Intimacy Measure.
D) Adolescent Security Scale.

Question 37

During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing:

A) a Q-sort technique.
B) an intimate ideology.
C) an internal working model.
D) a social support theory.

Question 38

Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe:

A) oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood.
B) the development of a working model of relationships in which parental and peer relationships are similar.
C) the development of a working model of relationships in which romantic partners and parents are less important than peers.
D) an oversensitivity to peer rejection in childhood that leads to an oversensitivity to rejection in the adult workplace.

Question 39

It appears that Daniel is uninfluenced by his childhood relationship with his mother. For example, even though his mother wasn't around much during his childhood, instead of being upset, Daniel replies, "No big deal, I didn't need her anyway." Based on the classifications, Daniel would be categorized as:

A) secure.
B) anxious-avoidant attachment.
C) anxious-resistant attachment.
D) preoccupied.

Question 40

Which of the following is not one of the adolescent classifications in the Adult Attachment Interviews?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) dismissing
D) preoccupied

Question 41

Fourteen-year-old Fatimah, who has relatively low self-esteem and is relatively high in rejection sensitivity, is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend:

A) criticizes Fatimah's clothes.
B) spends more time with a new friend she has made.
C) cannot come shopping with Fatimah because she has to babysit her sister.
D) disagrees with Fatimah about the boys each girl is dating.

Question 42

With respect to Internet use and social networking sites, adolescents are likely to:

A) communicate with people they have offline relationships with.
B) meet new people.
C) spend time interacting with people their parents would not approve of.
D) become obsessive, to the point of neglecting in-person relationships.

Question 43

Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children?

A) play
B) association
C) shared activities
D) loyalty

Question 44

Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in:

A) childhood.
B) preadolescence.
C) early adolescence.
D) middle adolescence.

Question 45

All of the following are examples of the ways adolescents display intimacy with their friends, except:

A) they know what their friends worry about.
B) their behaviors and emotional states are frequently synchronized.
C) they respond sensitively to their friends' feelings.
D) they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements.

Question 46

Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on:

A) play.
B) prosocial behavior.
C) intimacy and trust.
D) association.

Question 47

Which of the following is described by the textbook as being a "double-edged sword" (at least for girls)?

A) emotional mimicry
B) self-disclosure
C) internal working models
D) co-rumination

Question 48

Girls are more likely than boys to settle disagreements with friends by:

A) letting things slide.
B) engaging in physical aggression.
C) engaging in verbal aggression.
D) apologizing.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about intimate friendships for youth adolescent girls is not true?

A) They have a confidante with whom they can easily talk about their problems.
B) Their friendships are fragile.
C) Their friendships are more easily disrupted by feelings of betrayal.
D) Their friendships, on average, last longer than boys' friendships do.

Question 50

Girls are more likely than boys to express intimacy with their friends by doing all of the following, except:

A) having intimate knowledge about their friends.
B) expressing empathy when comforting their friends.
C) displaying a great deal of interest in close friendships.
D) being concerned about a friend's faithfulness and experiencing a high degree of anxiety over rejection.

Question 51

According to research presented in the textbook, the expression of intimacy is more advanced among adolescent girls than among boys. What is a consequence of this advanced intimacy?

A) Girls' mental health is more positively affected than boys' when things are going well in relationships
B) Girls' mental health is more negatively affected than boys' when things are going poorly in relationships.
C) Girls' mental health is more positively affected than boys' when things are going well in relationships AND girls' mental health is more negatively affected than boys' when things are going poorly in relationships.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 52

Which of the following friendship qualities would be most important to Sarah, a 14-year-old female adolescent?

A) self-disclosure
B) loyalty
C) honesty
D) openness

Question 53

Carol, an eighth-grader, is facing a big dilemma and she needs advice. To whom is Carol likely to turn for this support?

A) her friends
B) her parents
C) an adult expert outside the family
D) it depends on the specific issue at hand

Question 54

Girls are _____ likely to confide in friends than boys. This is primarily because _____.

A) more; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel better
B) less; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel vulnerable
C) more; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel empowered
D) less; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel weird

Question 55

Adolescents' close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are _______ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) slightly more; less
D) more; never

Question 56

Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called?

A) co-rumination
B) being intimate
C) engaging in mutual self-disclosure
D) co-internal working model

Question 57

Which of the following statements about adolescents' level and degree of interaction with parents is true?

A) Adolescents interact more often with, are closer to, and argue more with their mothers than with their fathers.
B) Adolescents interact more often and are closer to their mother; however both sons and daughters report arguing more often with their fathers than their mothers.
C) There are no differences in adolescents' level or degree of interaction with mothers and fathers.
D) Sons interact more often and are closer to fathers and daughters interact more often and are closer to mothers.

Question 58

Research suggests that with regard to the link between adolescents' relationships with their peers and their families:

A) close family relationships do not necessarily reflect close peer relationships.
B) close peer relationships do not necessarily reflect close family relationships.
C) peer and family relationships suggest little support for attachment theory.
D) improving the quality of relationships at home can help adolescents improve their peer relationships.

Question 59

The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble _____ in adolescence and the likelihood of turning to a parent _____.

A) increases; increases
B) decreases; decreases
C) decreases; remains stable
D) increases; remains stable

Question 60

Which of the following explanations of friendship would probably be associated with the oldest child?

A) "He always wants to play with me."
B) "He will stick up for me when a bully picks on me."
C) "He helps me figure out how to build things."
D) "He likes to go to the park with me."

Question 61

In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found:

A) cross-sex intimacy replaces intimacy with same-sex peers.
B) as the number of same-sex peers increases, the number of cross-sex peers decreases.
C) as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases.
D) although cross-sex interactions increase, there is little cross-sex intimacy.

Question 62

During preadolescence, _____ is the single most important determinant of friendship.

A) sex
B) ethnicity
C) socioeconomic status
D) neighborhood

Question 63

According to one study from Furman and Simon, on whom does an internal working model of relationships have the greatest effect?

A) Sarah, an adolescent girl
B) Tom, an adolescent boy
C) An internal working model of relationships has an equal effect on boys and girls.
D) An internal working model of relationships has no effect on boys or girls.

Question 64

The average age of an American adolescent to begin dating is ______ years.

A) 12-13
B) 13-14
C) 14-15
D) 15-16

Question 65

Which of the following is the best indicator of when an adolescent will engage in sexual behavior?

A) chronological age
B) biological development
C) the school norm
D) the age of their parents

Question 66

Which of the following factors is not closely related to when an adolescent will begin dating?

A) family instability
B) community norms
C) when peers start dating
D) depressive symptomatology

Question 67

Ron will be going to a new school in the fall. According to a research study presented in the textbook, what would be most effective in making this transition less stressful?

A) calling the guidance counselors at the new school to alert them to Ron's arrival
B) encouraging Ron to sever ties with his current school so that he enters his new school with no prior attachments
C) letting Ron establish his autonomy by fending for himself
D) providing Ron with social support and encouragement from parents and peers at school

Question 68

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest?

A) mother-son relationship
B) mother-daughter relationship
C) father-son relationship
D) father-daughter relationship

Question 69

Contemporary discussions of adolescent romance draw on:

A) Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development.
B) attachment theory.
C) ecological perspectives on development.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 70

Statistics on the age at which young people marry indicate that:

A) it is approximately the same for males and females.
B) girls marry younger today than in their mothers' generation.
C) both males and females tend to be much older at first marriage than in the 1950s.
D) more males than females marry before they are 20.

Question 71

Justin, a 16-year-old, has a substance-abuse problem. According to a research study presented in the textbook, to whom is he most likely to turn for help?

A) his teacher
B) his friends
C) his parents
D) his siblings

Question 72

Dating among adolescents today is largely a:

A) recreational activity.
B) part of the courtship process.
C) part of mating selection.
D) meaningless activity.

Question 73

The extent to which an individual receives emotional or instructional assistance is called _____ support.

A) social
B) parental
C) instructional
D) recreational

Question 74

The average duration of a romantic relationship during the middle high school years is about _____ months.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18

Question 75

Within the United States and in Canada, adolescents of which racial/ethnic group are the least likely to date?

A) Asian
B) Hispanic
C) American Indian
D) White

Question 76

For middle adolescents, the least important aspect of dating is:

A) establishing autonomy from parents.
B) furthering the development of gender identity.
C) developing intimacy.
D) establishing and maintaining status in one's peer group.

Question 77

Jesse is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date?

A) Hillary
B) Jesse
C) Neither Hillary nor Jesse is likely to date.
D) Both Hillary and Jesse are likely to date.

Question 78

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the least intimate?

A) mother-son relationship
B) mother-daughter relationship
C) father-son relationship
D) father-daughter relationship

Question 79

Which of the following is the best indicator of when an adolescent will begin dating?

A) chronological age
B) biological development
C) the school/community norms
D) whether he or she has older siblings

Question 80

Which adolescent would be predicted to have the closest relationship with a maternal grandfather?

A) a boy living with both of his biological parents
B) a girl living with both of her biological parents
C) a boy whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with his divorced mother
D) a girl whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with her divorced mother