Deck 4: Families

Question 1

For which of the following scenarios would Amy, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules?

A) whether it is permissible to cheat on a school test
B) whether it is permissible to drink and drive
C) whether she should let her parents know what time she'll be home after going out
D) All of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________.

A) within the adolescent population; between the generations
B) between the generations; within the adolescent population
C) within families; within the adolescent population
D) between families; within individuals

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because:

A) the stereotypes are usually based on facts.
B) the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become.
C) most parents have no idea what to expect when their children reach adolescence.
D) the more parents believe that they are going to have a difficult time with their adolescent, the less likely that the parents will create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents:

A) experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with parents.
B) resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions.
C) appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.
D) become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships with them.

Question 5

Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is false?

A) Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents.
B) Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents.
C) Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents.
D) The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.

Question 6

The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the:

A) parent-child rift.
B) generation gap.
C) empty nest syndrome.
D) midlife crisis.

Question 7

Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is:

A) highly likely.
B) average.
C) not likely.
D) not easily predicted.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about family conflict is true?

A) Family problems are more likely to occur during adolescence than in other developmental periods.
B) Among those teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood.
C) Adolescents frequently report declines in the quality of family interactions.
D) A large percentage of families who have positive relations during childhood develop serious problems during
Adolescence.

Question 9

Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?

A) on how to wear his hair
B) on the issue of capital punishment
C) on the choice of religious preference
D) on the value of a college education

Question 10

Research has indicated that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they define issues very differently. This finding:

A) has not been replicated in non-White groups.
B) is not true for middle and lower class adolescents.
C) has not been replicated internationally.
D) has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups.

Question 11

The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to:

A) values and attitudes.
B) personal taste.
C) mother-daughter relationships.
D) father-son relationships.

Question 12

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:

A) occupational ambitions.
B) educational goals.
C) patterns of leisure activity.
D) values.

Question 13

When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over _____.

A) friends; parents
B) media; friends
C) media; parents
D) parents; friends

Question 14

Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when:

A) individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence.
B) a family's circumstances are changing, such as with divorce or a change in economic status.
C) the family equilibrium changes, such as when a family member develops a chronic illness.
D) lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

Question 15

The idea that an individual's behavior is influenced by other's expectations for them is a description of

A) parent-child rift.
B) self-fulfilling.
C) empty nest syndrome.
D) midlife crisis.

Question 16

Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) initial increase, but then a strong decrease
D) increase, but only for girls

Question 17

As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that:

A)
B) the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents.
C) their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood.
D) Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system.
G) Stanley Hall was correct in stating that adolescence is a period of "storm and stress."

Question 18

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:

A) are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers.
B) seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at increasingly earlier ages.
C) are often home too often and don't give their children adequate freedom.
D) may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

Question 19

According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____.

A) personal; conventional
B) personal; moral
C) conventional; personal
D) moral; personal

Question 20

Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups.

A) more; similar
B) more; completely different
C) less; completely different
D) less; similar

Question 21

According to the textbook, one recent study of Mexican-American families found __________ rates of parentadolescent cohesion during mid-adolescence among __________ families.

A) lower; more highly acculturated
B) higher; more highly acculturated
C) lower; wealthier
D) higher; wealthier

Question 22

Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family characteristics and adolescent development?

A) Adolescent behavior may be a stronger determinant of family relationships than parents' behavior patterns.
B) Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.
C) We cannot tell how parents' parenting patterns impact their adolescents' behavior until it is too late.
D) Genetic inheritance has a stronger impact on adolescent behavior than parenting practices.

Question 23

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American born adolescents is called generational ________.

A) rebellion
B) dissonance
C) familism
D) separation

Question 24

Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which:

A) adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language.
B) adolescents and their parents communicate in English.
C) adolescents use English to communicate with their parents, and the parents use their native language to communicate with their adolescents.
D) parents have adjusted to living in the United States.

Question 25

Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge.

A) disequilibrium
B) equilibrium
C) disinhibition
D) guilt

Question 26

Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation.

A) younger
B) less busy
C) more conservative
D) older

Question 27

Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is not true?

A) Adjusting to the transition into adolescence may take more of a toll on parents than on the mental health of adolescents.
B) Fathers typically feel the greatest sense of loss when their teenagers leave home.
C) Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage."
D) Parents' mental health is worse when their teenage children are living at home.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false?

A) Adolescents tend to be closer to their mother.
B) Fathers are more likely to be perceived as distant authority figures.
C) Adolescents fight more often with their mothers than their fathers.
D) Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

Question 29

Many immigrant families place an especially high value on _____, an orientation in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual.

A) familism
B) family system theory
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) deidentification.

Question 30

Concerns of adolescents and their parents are often complementary. All of the following issues concern both adolescents and their parents, except:

A) the future.
B) sexual appeal.
C) money.
D) adult roles.

Question 31

After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of:

A) how much time they have been alive.
B) how much time their children have been alive.
C) how much time until their children die.
D) how much time they have left to live themselves.

Question 32

Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents?

A) Lee, an 8-year-old
B) Robert, a 13-year-old
C) Anthony, a 17-year-old
D) Edward, a 19-year-old

Question 33

Authoritative parents value all of the following, except:

A) warmth.
B) obedience.
C) behavioral standards.
D) autonomy.

Question 34

The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict.

A) hormonal surges of puberty
B) stage theorists' description of cognitive development
C) intergenerational conflict with parents
D) midlife crisis of adults

Question 35

Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are:

A) responsive and demanding.
B) demanding and submissive.
C) lenient and indulgent.
D) submissive and responsive.

Question 36

One reason for imbalance or disequilibrium in the family during the adolescent years is that parents:

A) are too involved in their own careers to notice their children.
B) may be experiencing their own type of "identity crisis."
C) may be pushing their child toward financial independence too early.
D) are too restrictive of their adolescents' finances.

Question 37

Changes requiring considerable adjustment for families with adolescents typically include all of the following, except:

A) financial demands resulting from parents being part of the "sandwich generation."
B) being the central setting for their adolescent's narrow social world.
C) differing expectations about family obligations.
D) adolescents' increasing assertiveness and influence in the family.

Question 38

Which of the following is not one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence?

A) puberty
B) changes in the balance of power
C) gender of the adolescent
D) violations of expectations

Question 39

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?

A) Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents.
B) One recent study of Black families found that teenagers rated their mother's behavior far more negatively than did either the mother or the researcher.
C) Several researchers have demonstrated that family relationships change during puberty, with bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness between adolescents and their parents diminishing.
D) Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle
Adolescence is temporary.

Question 40

Bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. What has this discrepancy been referred to as?

A) violation of expectations
B) sibling deidentification
C) nonshared environmental effects
D) indulgent parenting

Question 41

Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles?

A) Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents.
B) The distinction between authoritative parenting's positive outcomes for adolescents and authoritarian parenting's negative outcomes holds true across all cultures and ethnic groups.
C) Authoritarian parenting is most prevalent among White middle-class families.
D) Authoritarian parenting styles are associated with an even greater number of adverse effects for ethnic minority
Adolescents, relative to their White adolescent counterparts.

Question 42

According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment, and empathy.

A) family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained
B) giving adolescents free rein
C) helping adolescents better enforce rules for their younger siblings
D) restricting their activities so they avoid any mistakes

Question 43

Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development?

A) Kenji, whose parents encourage dependence and connection
B) Benji, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take
C) Sanjay, whose parents encourage dependence and personal distance
D) Bernie, whose parents encourage autonomy and personal distance

Question 44

Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) indifferent

Question 45

Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as:

A) authoritarian.
B) nonresponsive.
C) indulgent.
D) demanding.

Question 46

Which of the following is not one of the 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting?

A) being too loving is too indulgent
B) be involved in your child's life
C) avoid harsh discipline
D) adapt your parenting to fit your child

Question 47

Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) indifferent

Question 48

Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) indifferent

Question 49

Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference?

A) Jerry most likely comes from a single-parent family while Cory most likely comes from a two-parent family.
B) Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents.
C) Cory most likely comes from an affluent family and Jerry most likely comes from a low-income family.
D) Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has indifferent parents.

Question 50

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) indifferent

Question 51

Don's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that Don's parents are:

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) indulgent.
D) indifferent.

Question 52

Growing up, Jessica's parents had a lot of marital conflict. At times Jessica was even exposed to some domestic violence. Jessica is likely to develop which of the following problems?

A) depression
B) aggression
C) delinquency
D) All of these are correct.

Question 53

Marcus feels like his parents don't care about him because they allow him to set his own rules and they seldom provide much support. He even wishes they would punish him because that would at least indicate they are paying attention to him. Marcus's parents would be described best as fitting into which of Baumrind's parenting styles?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) indifferent

Question 54

Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting?

A) by acting up to make their parents feel short-tempered, impatient, or distant
B) by being aggressive, dependent, or psychosocially immature to elicit better parenting
C) by providing parents with very little knowledge about their behavior or whereabouts, to encourage parental monitoring
D) by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity

Question 55

Michelle is in late adolescence. She excels in school, holds an after-school job, and participates in community service projects on the weekends. Michelle also has lots of friends at school. Her parents most likely use which parenting style?

A) indulgent
B) authoritative
C) indifferent
D) authoritarian

Question 56

Which parenting characteristic is more prevalent among ethnic minorities?

A) supportiveness
B) demandingness
C) warmness
D) fairness

Question 57

According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be:

A) more involved in delinquent behavior.
B) less mature and more conforming to their peers.
C) more impulsive.
D) less socially adept.

Question 58

Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except:

A) encouraging discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships.
B) asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues.
C) engaging children and adolescents in verbal give-and-take.
D) encouraging understanding of social systems, which helps in the development of reasoning, judgment, and empathy.

Question 59

Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the ________ style of parenting.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 60

Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that:

A) authoritative parenting is most likely to be used by White and Asian families.
B) ethnic minority families are less likely than White families to use an authoritative parenting style because they are less educated than White parents.
C) even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.
D) authoritarian parenting has equally negative effects on adolescent development across all ethnic groups.

Question 61

With regard to single-parent families in the United States,

A) more of these families are the result of divorce than of the mother never having been married.
B) only 5% of children in single-parent homes live with their fathers.
C) the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.
D) of young people living in two-adult households, almost one-third of them live with only one of their biological parents.

Question 62

What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?

A) shared environment
B) nonshared environment
C) genetic factors
D) differentiated environment

Question 63

Matthew and Ryan both live in single-parent households. Matthew interacts with his grandparents every day, whereas Ryan has no contact with his extended family members. Who will be more likely to engage in adolescent misbehavior?

A) Matthew
B) Ryan
C) Both will be equally delinquent.
D) It depends on whether Matthew has brothers and sisters.

Question 64

According to the textbook, approximately _____ of American children will experience their parents' divorce.

A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 40%
D) 60%

Question 65

Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true?

A) The divorce rate has been steadily rising since 1980.
B) Black youth are more likely to experience their parents' remarriage than other adolescents.
C) The rate of divorce is lower for second marriages than for first marriages.
D) Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

Question 66

Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?

A) self-perception of scholastic competence
B) aggression and antisocial behavior
C) risk for suicide and depression
D) intelligence

Question 67

The _____ may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and plays an important role in the socialization of Black youth.

A) extended family
B) school guidance counselor
C) involvement in religious activities
D) peer group

Question 68

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to experience their parents' divorce?

A) Janet, a White adolescent
B) John, a White adolescent
C) Jeff, a Black adolescent
D) Bruce, a Hispanic adolescent

Question 69

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 70

Black adolescents are _____ likely to experience their parents' divorce and _____ likely to experience their remarriage.

A) more; less
B) more; more
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 71

According to the textbook, during adolescence, which are more influential, nonshared or shared environmental influences?

A) shared
B) nonshared
C) Shared and nonshared environmental factors are equally influential.
D) The most important issue is the interaction between the shared and nonshared factors.

Question 72

All of the following research examples support the notion that the environment often determines whether certain genetic tendencies are actualized, except which one?

A) Genetic influences on sexual activity are stronger when adolescents attend schools in which a higher proportion of students are having sex at an early age.
B) Genetic influences on antisocial behavior are stronger among adolescents who have delinquent peers.
C) Genetic influences on depression are stronger among adolescents exposed to family conflict.
D) All of these support this notion.

Question 73

According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has not been used to explain this difference?

A) Siblings only share a portion of their genes.
B) Siblings may experience their family environment very differently.
C) Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.
D) Siblings may have very different experiences outside the family.

Question 74

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?

A) The quality of an adolescent's relationship with important adults in the adolescent's life is more important than the number of parents in the home.
B) It is the process of going through a divorce, not the change in family structure, that most affects the adolescent's mental health.
C) The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.
D) Some of the differences in the effects of divorce on adolescents are a result of genetic differences among individual adolescents.

Question 75

Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?

A) Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.
B) Research has indicated that early adolescents have a strong need for male and female role models.
C) Younger adolescents are likely to intentionally rebel against their parents.
D) Younger adolescents have expensive "needs" and "wants."

Question 76

Close to ____ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families.

A) 15%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 77

All of the following statements accurately reflect research on adolescent-sibling relationships, except which one?

A) Companionship, nurturance, and support are regular features of adolescent-sibling relationships.
B) Adolescent-sibling relationships involve more conflict than adolescent-friend relationships.
C) Adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a large increase in sibling rivalry.
D) The quality of adolescent-sibling relationships is affected by the quality of the parent-child relationship.

Question 78

Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is false?

A) The quality of sibling relationships affects adolescents' peer relationships.
B) The quality of sibling relationships affects the adolescents' general adjustment.
C) Positive sibling relationships contribute to an adolescent's school competence and sociability.
D) Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

Question 79

Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings?

A) family socioeconomic status
B) differential treatment by parents
C) peer relations
D) school experiences

Question 80

The field of behavior genetics examines all of the following, except:

A) whether and how much given traits are genetically versus environmentally determined.
B) whether the same environment affects people with different genetic makeups in different ways.
C) whether people with different genetic makeups evoke different reactions from their environment.
D) Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues.