Deck 16: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Morgan is reading Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken for the fourth time since elementary school,but she only now understands what the poem means in terms of her life and the decisions she will make.Morgan is showing signs of _____.

A)centration
B)formal operations
C)egocentrism
D)apparent hypocrisy

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Regarding Piaget's conception of cognitive development,many critics maintain that Piaget _____ the abilities of younger children and _____ the abilities of older children.

A)underestimated;overestimated
B)overestimated;underestimated
C)emphasized;ignored
D)ignored;emphasized

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What distinguishes Piaget's stage of formal operations from his earlier stages?

A)Ability to decenter
B)Conservation abilities
C)Ability to think abstractly
D)All of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Delia,14,often becomes self-conscious because she believes other people are watching and talking about her.This happens at church,school,and family gatherings.Delia is experiencing _____.

A)shyness
B)paranoia
C)an imaginary audience
D)a personal fable

Question 5

Which of the following is considered a drawback of Piaget's theory?

A)Piaget overestimated some older children's abilities.
B)Piaget focused too heavily on individual differences.
C)Piaget focused too heavily on cultural and social influences.
D)Piaget focused too heavily on metacognition.

Question 6

Individuals in the _____ stage of cognitive development are able to deal effectively with hypothetical situations.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 7

Stuart is 15 and likes "brain teaser" puzzles and word problems.He thinks about all possible alternatives and tries to eliminate them logically,one by one.This is an example of _____ reasoning.

A)transductive-inductive
B)hypothetical-deductive
C)preconventional-deductive
D)postconventional-inductive

Question 8

David's automotive teacher enters him in a troubleshooting competition.He will be given a car that will not start and then has to find the problem and repair the car as quickly as possible.The day of the competition,David goes right to the car and tries to start it.When the engine turns over,but does not start up,his mind lights up with a list of potential problems and the diagnostic procedures to verify them.David is demonstrating _____.

A)transductive interference
B)hypothetical-deductive reasoning
C)centration
D)situational fixation

Question 9

Lana spends hours rewriting and perfecting English papers in case they are selected to be read in front of the class.Which of the following is the best explanation for the imaginary audience in adolescents' thought?

A)Delayed attainment of formal operations
B)Delayed attainment of postconventional moral reasoning
C)Failure to realize that everyone is subject to the consequences of his or her actions
D)Inability to distinguish what interests oneself from what interests others

Question 10

When getting ready for school in the morning,Roberto spends a great deal of time choosing his clothes and fixing his hair.He is very concerned about fitting in with the other kids at school.His great concern with his appearance suggests that Roberto is dealing with _____.

A)a personal fable
B)an imaginary audience
C)apparent hypocrisy
D)concrete-operations

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a problem with Piaget's conception of formal operations?

A)It fails to consider growth in metacognition.
B)It overestimates older children's abilities.
C)It overemphasizes writing and language abilities.
D)It deemphasizes the influence of the situation and culture.

Question 12

Mary Jane's question "What if ...?" when she approaches a task or a puzzle is a sign of _____.

A)egocentrism
B)the personal fable
C)imaginary audience
D)hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 13

A classic Piagetian test of formal reasoning is the _____.

A)pendulum problem
B)mountain task
C)conservation task
D)moral dilemma

Question 14

Bethany solves a physics problem by developing and testing several hypotheses.According to Piaget,this is an example of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 15

Dinnertime conversations at the Watts' house have not been peaceful since Bryden turned 15.Which of the following reflects Bryden's desire to try out,and show off,his newfound formal reasoning abilities?

A)Argumentativeness
B)Personal fable
C)Apparent hypocrisy
D)Conventional moral reasoning

Question 16

Doug recently took part in a demonstration for homeless people.When his mother asked him to let her take some of his older clothing to the Salvation Army,Doug said "I haven't outgrown them! You're always picking on me anyway,and now you want to take the clothes off my back!" This is a clear reflection of

A)idealism and criticalness.
B)argumentativeness.
C)indecisiveness.
D)apparent hypocrisy.

Question 17

According to Elkind,adolescents find fault with their parents because _____.

A)their cognitive development allows them to think about ideals,and they see how their parents fall short
B)they need to separate emotionally from their parents in order to leave home
C)they are too self-centered to recognize their parents' good qualities
D)they feel the need to rebel against parental authority

Question 18

When 13-year-old Andre comes out of the locker room in his gym shorts,he hears some girls laughing nearby and assumes they are laughing at the way his legs look.According to Elkind,Andre's thinking reflects the operation of _____.

A)an imaginary audience
B)the personal fable
C)paranoia
D)argumentativeness

Question 19

With regard to adolescents' thinking,indecisiveness refers to the _____.

A)inability to make up one's mind even about simple matters
B)failure to decide what is interesting to oneself as opposed to what is interesting to others
C)inability to solve the pendulum problem,as a result of delayed attainment of formal operations
D)inability to decide on a solution to a moral dilemma problem,as a result of being at the preconventional level of moral reasoning

Question 20

Piaget's formal reasoning tasks are significant in assessing cognitive development because finding a solution requires _____.

A)varying one factor at a time while holding the rest constant
B)seeing the situation from someone else's point of view
C)internalizing standards established by others
D)choosing from conflicting standards by exercising one's own judgment

Question 21

Roland's belief that harm might come to others but not to himself is called _____.

A)the personal fable
B)apparent hypocrisy
C)conventional thinking
D)the imaginary audience

Question 22

Eduardo is 17 and loves mountain biking.He pays no attention to warnings about closed trails and often comments "Nothing will happen to me." Eduardo exemplifies which aspect of adolescent thinking?

A)Argumentativeness
B)Postconventional reasoning
C)Personal fable
D)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 23

Kohlberg asked subjects to respond to moral dilemmas because he wanted to _____.

A)determine the prevailing values among different age groups
B)determine the shortcomings in the moral education of Americans
C)understand and measure the moral reasoning behind people's solutions of moral dilemmas
D)demonstrate gender differences in moral reasoning

Question 24

Three teenagers are talking about euthanasia and give the following responses.Which one demonstrates preconventional moral reasoning?

A)Andrea says,"I think it's right,because nothing justifies making people suffer when there is no hope of recovery."
B)Christian says,"I'd never kill anyone,not even to end dreadful pain,because I would probably be caught and sentenced to death or life imprisonment."
C)Caroline says,"It's absolutely wrong,obviously,because it's against the law."
D)All of the above demonstrate preconventional morality.

Question 25

The study on which Kohlberg based his theory of moral reasoning was a _____.

A)cross-sectional study of American males of all ages
B)longitudinal study of a group of males,beginning at ages 10 to 16
C)longitudinal cross-cultural study of males and females,beginning at ages 10 to 16
D)longitudinal cross-cultural study of males of all ages

Question 26

Frieda,age 16,is a boating enthusiast who can tie 20 different kinds of knots.This type of knowledge is most aptly described as __________ knowledge.

A)conceptual
B)declarative
C)procedural
D)functional

Question 27

Henri is asked which twentieth-century artist became famous for painting pictures of soup cans and celebrities.He correctly answers "Andy Warhol." This recall of information can best be described as __________ knowledge.

A)conceptual
B)declarative
C)procedural
D)structural

Question 28

Kristin believes that a person should always tell the truth because that is what a good girl or boy does.She seeks to please others.This type of moral reasoning is characteristic of Kohlberg's level of _____.

A)instrumental purpose and exchange
B)morality of conventional role conformity
C)morality of universal ethical principles
D)autonomous moral principles

Question 29

Diane disagrees with the government's rules on voter registration.She realizes that the law is written with good intentions,but she disagrees with it and is working to get it changed.Diane falls within Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral development.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)transition to level II

Question 30

Kohlberg suggested that the majority of adolescents and adults are at which level of moral reasoning?

A)Preconventional
B)Conventional role conformity
C)Autonomous moral principles
D)None of these;adolescents and adults are fairly evenly distributed at all levels.

Question 31

Jacob has begun to understand that the language he uses when he hangs out with his friends and the language he uses when he is at work has to be different.Jacob is gaining an understanding of _____.

A)formal operations
B)syntax
C)social perspective taking
D)symbols

Question 32

Thomas works part-time at a department store.His managers often express how pleased they are that he is able to understand the customer's point of view.This is a result of Thomas' _____.

A)understanding of abstract vocabulary
B)social perspective taking
C)pubilect
D)use of puns,irony,and metaphors

Question 33

What is the distinguishing feature of autonomous moral principles?

A)Thinking of morality in terms of pleasing others or obeying the law
B)Internalizing the standards of others
C)Recognizing conflicts between moral standards and making one's own judgment based on principles of fairness and justice
D)Acting under external controls and influences

Question 34

_____ studied moral development by presenting hypothetical dilemmas to subjects to determine what they would recommend as a course of action.

A)Fowler
B)Erikson
C)Marcia
D)Kohlberg

Question 35

Austin,age 6,is angry when his 2-year-old sister disturbs his toy trains.Asked why he should not hit her,he says,"Because Mommy will spank me." In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning,Austin's response is typical of _____.

A)preconventional morality
B)morality of autonomous moral principles
C)conventional morality
D)morality of conscience

Question 36

Elkind's notions of the imaginary audience and the personal fable _____.

A)are linked with the emergence of the ability to take an outsider's perspective
B)are universal features of cognitive development in adolescence
C)are unrelated to specific social experiences
D)can be characteristic of youngsters who are experiencing difficulties in adjustment

Question 37

Jennifer recognizes that AIDS is a serious health risk,yet she sometimes engages in unprotected sex.She believes that bad things can happen to others but will never happen to her.Jennifer is exhibiting which of the following phenomena?

A)Imaginary audience
B)Egocentric thought
C)Personal fable
D)Preoperational thought

Question 38

Preconventional morality is characteristic of _____.

A)young children
B)some adolescents
C)some adults
D)all of the above

Question 39

Gene has just been paid cash for some small home repairs.Gene is displeased with the government's spending priorities and,therefore,is hesitant to report the income on his tax return.He eventually decides to report the money because he feels that obeying the law is essential to the well-being of society.This reflects which level of moral reasoning?

A)Preconventional
B)Conventional
C)Postconventional
D)Transition to level II

Question 40

Kohlberg's view of the relationship between cognitive development and moral development was that _____.

A)advances in cognitive development are necessary for advances in moral development
B)advanced cognitive development guarantees advanced moral development
C)advanced cognitive development impedes moral development because it suppresses intuitive,emotional responses
D)moral development proceeds independently of cognitive development

Question 41

Georgia works part-time in an office where nearly all of the other workers take office supplies home with them.Georgia does not because,even though she is unlikely to get in trouble and no one else seems to think it is wrong,she feels she owes it to her employer and to herself not to cheat."I'm better than that," Georgia reasons.Which level of morality best describes Georgia?

A)Postconventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)None of these;Georgia's thinking does not fit into any of Kohlberg's categories.

Question 42

Three teenagers are asked why they do not use drugs.Which statement demonstrates conventional moral reasoning?

A)"I couldn't let my parents down by getting into trouble because of drugs."
B)"I'm afraid of getting arrested or thrown out of school."
C)"Actually,I think drugs should be legalized,but I don't take drugs because I think people have a responsibility to keep their minds and bodies in good shape."
D)All of these demonstrate conventional moral reasoning.

Question 43

Ian,a high school junior,is studying day and night in the hope of being admitted to the prestigious university from which his mother graduated.When his friends ask him why he works so hard,Ian responds,"I'd just as soon go to a community college,but it will make my mother really happy if I go to her school." Ian is demonstrating _____ moral reasoning.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal operational

Question 44

Which of the following factors influences school achievement?

A)Socioeconomic status
B)Students' beliefs in their ability to succeed
C)Peer influence
D)All of the above

Question 45

Regarding Kohlberg's and Gilligan's perspectives on moral development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Kohlberg emphasized a justice perspective and Gilligan emphasized a care perspective.
B)Kohlberg's theory is regarded as more accurate than Gilligan's.
C)Gilligan's theory was based more on female responses than on male responses.
D)Research reveals no gender differences in moral reasoning.

Question 46

Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural studies of Kohlberg's theories is correct?

A)Cross-cultural studies fully support Kohlberg's theory.
B)Cross-cultural studies have failed to support the beginning stages of Kohlberg's theory.
C)Cross-cultural studies support Kohlberg's sequence of stages,up to a point.
D)Cross-cultural studies have failed to support any aspect of Kohlberg's theory.

Question 47

Nadine's parents tell her what is right and wrong and expect her to conform to their wishes.They encourage Nadine to do well in school and to obey all the rules.If she does not,she is grounded.Nadine's parents use a(n)_____ parenting style.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)inconsistent

Question 48

Ron's parents feel that he should be responsible for his own behavior and his grades.They make few rules and allow Ron to solve his own problems.They care about their son but choose not to get involved in his school activities.Baumrind would describe this parenting style as _____.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)inconsistent

Question 49

Which of the following is a motivator of moral activity?

A)Empathy
B)Guilt
C)Internalization of prosocial norms
D)All of these

Question 50

The Paulings want their children to grow up with a strong sense of self-efficacy.Which of the following would you recommend?

A)Parents should reward their children when they get good grades.
B)Parents should set high expectations for their children's level of accomplishment.
C)Parents should help children have learning experiences that build a belief in their ability to succeed.
D)All of these above are recommended.

Question 51

According to Carol Gilligan,males emphasize _____ in moral judgments,whereas females focus on _____.

A)justice;responsibility to others
B)responsibility to others;justice
C)maintaining friendships;not getting into trouble
D)the good of the few;the good of the many

Question 52

Chandra is asked whether or not it is okay for a police officer to take the life of a man who is threatening the lives of many others.She responds by saying that it is the officer's duty to take the man's life because he was hired for the purpose of protecting innocent people.Chandra is most likely at which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

A)Stage 2
B)Stage 3
C)Stage 4
D)Stage 5

Question 53

_____ parenting is positively associated with academic achievement.

A)Authoritative
B)Authoritarian
C)Permissive
D)Inconsistent

Question 54

Research suggests that,in the majority culture,children of authoritative parents _____ than children raised by authoritarian or permissive parents.

A)maintain better academic achievement
B)demonstrate fewer behavioral problems
C)are more socially competent
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 55

About _____ percent of adolescents engage in some sort of community service or volunteering activity.

A)25
B)33
C)50
D)66

Question 56

Joy's parents allow her to participate in family discussions,they listen to her viewpoints on issues,and encourage her to achieve.When Joy's grades are poor,they encourage her to try harder and make suggestions about how she can better manage her homework time.In Baumrind's terminology,Joy's parents use a(n)_____ parenting style.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)inconsistent

Question 57

A student with high self-efficacy would be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A)set challenging academic goals
B)persist in the face of difficulties
C)become easily frustrated
D)seek help when necessary

Question 58

Research on Kohlberg's theory indicates that a person's stage of moral development _____.

A)correlates positively with socioeconomic status
B)does not correlate with age
C)is inversely related to IQ
D)is unrelated to education

Question 59

In a study examining students' perceived self-efficacy and their social studies grades,high self-efficacy was related to the grade _____.

A)the student hoped for
B)expected
C)actually achieved
D)all of these

Question 60

Carol Gilligan has criticized Kohlberg's description of moral development because his theory _____.

A)focuses on Western European moral values
B)proposes too many stages of development
C)emphasizes cognitive development rather than emotional development
D)emphasizes values more important to males rather than to females

Question 61

Asian American students tend to do well in school and tend to have parents who employ a(n)_____ parenting style.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)neglectful
D)permissive

Question 62

Describe Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning,and explain how they are linked to intellectual development.

Question 63

What factors can affect the level of success achieved in secondary school,and what are some of the factors associated with student dropouts?

Question 64

Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development that was followed by Gilligan's work in the same area of study.Explain the differences between the work of Kohlberg and Gilligan.

Question 65

High school English teachers know that assignments can be relatively complex because of the level of thinking that students develop during this time.Explain the relationship between formal operations,abstract thinking,and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.How might students' cognitive development affect their performance on writing assignments?

Question 66

List some of the gender stereotypes that exist in educational and vocational planning.

Question 67

Describe imaginary audiences and personal fables in the context of Elkind's work,and explain their connection to adolescent egocentrism.

Question 68

The Archers are looking at different high schools for their daughter Kendra.Good high schools have all but which of the following characteristics?

A)Orderly atmosphere
B)High expectations for achievement
C)Mandatory extracurricular involvement
D)Teacher involvement in decision making

Question 69

The factors that promote active engagement in school include all the following EXCEPT _____.

A)family encouragement
B)small class sizes
C)a warm,supportive school environment
D)working part-time

Question 70

Which of the following family characteristics increases the probability of becoming a school dropout?

A)Low income
B)Single-parent or remarried household
C)Member of a minority group
D)All of these

Question 71

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why students drop out of high school?

A)Overly involved parents who put too much pressure on the student
B)Overly high teacher expectations
C)Students' overconfidence,which causes them to study insufficiently
D)Students' lack of active engagement in schooling

Question 72

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in the sciences is FALSE?

A)More boys than girls plan careers in math and the sciences.
B)More boys than girls take engineering courses.
C)More girls than boys take teaching courses.
D)More boys than girls take computer science.

Question 73

The most important factor in whether or not a student finishes school is the student's _____.

A)familial socioeconomic status
B)level of active engagement
C)number of friends
D)gender

Question 74

Some students' vocational aspirations may be hindered by the educational system itself because _____.

A)many schools value and cultivate only a narrow range of abilities
B)students who are able to memorize and analyze tend to do best on intelligence and achievement tests,and high scores on these tests give access to particular vocations
C)students who perform well on tests tend to become high achievers
D)all of the above.

Question 75

Discuss individual differences in prosocial behaviors such as volunteering.

Question 76

The most successful school-to-work programs offer instruction in all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)peer support and counseling
B)basic skills and apprenticeship
C)first aid and first response
D)job placement and mentoring

Question 77

Create an example that demonstrates understanding of each of the following thought patterns from Elkind's work on adolescence: idealism and criticalness,apparent hypocrisy,self-consciousness,and an assumption of specialness and invulnerability.Do NOT use an example that was given in class or in the text.

Question 78

According to your textbook,what is the major shortcoming of vocational counseling in high school?

A)Counselors are trained to help students primarily in male-dominated vocations.
B)Vocational counseling helps only those students who seek low-level,entry positions.
C)Most counseling is aimed at college-bound students.
D)Parents are not encouraged to take part in the vocational planning process.

Question 79

Which statement is true of adolescents in the workplace?

A)An estimated 80 to 90 percent of adolescents are employed at some time during high school.
B)Students referred to as "accelerators" work over 20 hours and may use drugs or alcohol earlier as a result of their exposure to adult life.
C)Research suggesting that taking a paid job during high school is detrimental is inconclusive.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is a criticism of vocational training programs in the United States?

A)The programs are not comprehensive.
B)Few programs exist to teach students about the job market.
C)The programs are not tied to the needs of business and industry.
D)All of the above are correct.