Deck 14: Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Grace,17,volunteers at an after-school program and every year she collects money to send to political refugees.She also participates in a tutoring program with her school to help children with learning and behavioral problems.According to Erikson,what can be said about Grace's self-esteem?

A)It is impossible to predict her self-esteem based solely on her civic engagement.
B)Her self-esteem is high,because helping those less fortunate helps to build it.
C)Her self-esteem is low,so she surrounds herself with people who are worse off than she is.
D)Her self-esteem is average,since she is probably doing these things in order to get into a good college.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Eight-year-old Tanya has just learned how to use a computer word-processing program that allows her to write papers for school.According to Erikson,Tanya's mastery of this skill should lead to feelings of

A)competence.
B)hope.
C)will.
D)purpose.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following coregulation attempts is an appeal to moral values?

A)"A big boy like you shouldn't sit on the train while an elderly person stands."
B)"If you go another day without bathing,we'll be able to smell you coming."
C)"What happened to the helpful boy who was here yesterday?"
D)"Aren't you glad your father loves you enough to remind you to wear your boots?"

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Broad,inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self are called

A)industry versus inferiority.
B)self-esteem.
C)ideal self.
D)representational systems.

Question 5

In middle childhood,empathy _____ and prosocial behavior _____.

A)decreases;decreases
B)increases;increases
C)increases;decreases
D)decreases;increases

Question 6

Children's self-concepts in middle childhood are _____ they are in earlier periods of development.

A)more repressed than
B)simpler than
C)more complex than
D)the same as

Question 7

As discussed in your textbook,which of the following is NOT an African American extended-family tradition?

A)Living near or with kin
B)Strong sense of family obligation
C)Little contact with relatives
D)Mutual aid

Question 8

According to Erikson,a major determinant of self-esteem is a child's view of his or her capacity to

A)be liked.
B)not feel guilty when initiating an action.
C)complete productive work.
D)form relationships.

Question 9

The ability to stifle the impulse to show negative emotion at inappropriate times is called

A)internalized conflict.
B)effortful control.
C)situational behavior.
D)conflicting expression.

Question 10

Nine-year-old Stephanie is beginning to internalize the values of her parents and society.Although her parents exercise general supervision over her,when she is not with them she exercises her own form of self-supervision.This phenomenon is called

A)coregulation.
B)virtue of competence.
C)self-regulation.
D)self-control.

Question 11

Since the early 1960s,mothers have been going out into the workforce in large numbers.Some have joined the job market for economic reasons,others for self-fulfillment.Today,over _____ percent of mothers of school-age children in the United States are in the workforce.

A)50
B)25
C)70
D)90

Question 12

Marcy views herself as being generally capable and competent in most aspects of her life.Marcy has a high degree of

A)purpose.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)global self-worth.
D)personal identity.

Question 13

Randolph says,"I am fast at getting my homework done,but I'm slow at doing chores around the house.I guess I'm a sometimes speedy,sometimes slow person." Randolph's ability to think of himself in more than one dimension relies on the maturation of

A)object permanence.
B)representational systems.
C)second-order thinking.
D)formal operational thinking.

Question 14

Parents who wish to exert a positive influence on their children's emotional growth should

A)encourage their children to express feelings constructively.
B)discourage their children from sharing their feelings too openly.
C)minimize the seriousness of negative situations.
D)show disapproval of negative emotions.

Question 15

Self-esteem reflects a child's assessment of her or his

A)ideal self.
B)real self.
C)global self-worth.
D)representational systems.

Question 16

By what age do children typically show pride and shame?

A)2 or 3
B)4 or 5
C)7 or 8
D)10 or 11

Question 17

The developmental task of middle childhood is resolving the conflict of

A)initiative versus shame and guilt.
B)productivity versus self-doubt.
C)industry versus inferiority.
D)industry versus passivity.

Question 18

Lonny feels inferior to most of his friends,but he does feel that he is well-liked by younger children.Lonny's sentiments are best thought of as an example of his

A)achievement motivation.
B)self-regulation.
C)self-awareness.
D)representational system.

Question 19

The virtue that develops with successful resolution of Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis is

A)work ethic.
B)industriousness.
C)competence.
D)confidence.

Question 20

Coregulation is

A)another word for discipline.
B)another term for authoritative parenting.
C)the virtue resulting from successful resolution of Erikson's crisis of middle childhood.
D)a transitional stage of middle childhood in which parent and child share control.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is correct regarding poverty and children?

A)In the United States,the African American population has the highest percentage of children living in poverty.
B)In the United States,the Latino population has the highest percentage of children living in poverty.
C)Poverty affects children's self-esteem,but it does not seem to affect their peer relations or conduct.
D)Poverty rates are highest in single-father households,regardless of ethnicity.

Question 22

What percentage of school-aged children regularly care for themselves at home without adult supervision for at least part of the day?

A)2 percent
B)9 percent
C)25 percent
D)40 percent

Question 23

According to your textbook,a father's degree of involvement with his children tends to be related to the child's

A)well-being.
B)religious beliefs.
C)relationship with his siblings.
D)future career satisfaction.

Question 24

Which of the following factors influences sibling relationships and roles?

A)Birth order
B)Spacing
C)Gender
D)All of these

Question 25

Which of the following statements is correct regarding adopted and non-adopted children?

A)Adopted children have significantly more problems with adjustment than non-adopted children.
B)Most adjustment problems that adopted children have seem to surface around middle childhood.
C)Adopted children demonstrate less prosocial behavior than non-adopted children.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 26

Adoptions where parties share information or have direct contact are called _____ adoptions.

A)non-secret
B)open
C)shared
D)direct

Question 27

Longitudinal research suggests that changes in sibling relationships are most likely to occur when one sibling is between the ages of

A)4 and 5.
B)6 and 7.
C)7 and 9.
D)11 and 14.

Question 28

Approximately how many children in the United States live with at least one lesbian or gay parent?

A)100,000
B)9 million
C)20 million
D)30 million

Question 29

Studies have found that children in one-parent families tend to do less well socially and academically than do children of two-parent families.Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to this trend?

A)Popularity of children
B)Economic status of family
C)Children's household responsibilities
D)Support and discipline experienced by children

Question 30

The Johnsons are contemplating divorce.They contacted a counselor to see what they could learn about potential effects on their children.Compared to older children of divorce,younger children

A)are less anxious.
B)have less realistic perceptions of what caused the divorce.
C)are less likely to blame themselves.
D)tend to prefer living with their fathers.

Question 31

Based upon McLoyd's findings,many parents who live in poverty use

A)authoritative child rearing.
B)inconsistent discipline.
C)coregulation. refer to page 400
C)strict but warm child rearing.

Question 32

When he was a baby,Charlie was adopted by a homosexual couple in New York.Now at age 17,numerous studies show that Charlie has a 1 in 3 likelihood of

A)becoming homosexual.
B)having academic or behavioral problems.
C)experiencing an inability to form satisfying and lasting romantic relationships.
D)None of these;there are no consistent differences between children raised by homosexual parents and children raised by heterosexual parents.

Question 33

According to research,which of the following statements about stepfamilies,or blended families,is FALSE?

A)Children's loyalty to the absent parent may interfere with the formation of ties to the stepparent.
B)Girls are more likely than boys to accept a stepfather as a parent.
C)Stepmothers are more involved with their stepchildren than stepfathers.
D)Many stepparents assume a "hands-off" attitude toward children of the custodial parent.

Question 34

How many children under the age of 18 in the United States are involved in divorces each year?

A)Fewer than 100,000
B)About 500,000
C)Nearly 750,000
D)More than 1 million

Question 35

Which of the following pairs of siblings is most likely to squabble as children?

A)Alexander and his brother Anthony
B)Bernadette and her sister Betty
C)Clayton and his sister Christina
D)All of these pairs of siblings are equally likely to squabble.

Question 36

In general,the more satisfied a mother is with her employment status,the more effective she is likely to be as a parent.However,the effect of her work on her child can depend on the child's

A)personality.
B)age.
C)temperament.
D)all of these.

Question 37

Over the past few decades,what has been the trend regarding the percentage of children under 18 living with two parents in the United States?

A)The number is decreasing.
B)The number has stabilized.
C)The number is increasing.
D)The number is fluctuating;no significant trends are evident.

Question 38

Which of the following is an influence on a child's adjustment to divorce?

A)The manner in which parents handle issues like custody and visitation
B)The child's age or maturity
C)The child's relationship with a stepparent
D)All of the above are true.

Question 39

The number of single-parent families in the United States has more than doubled since 1970 because of rising rates of divorce and because of parenthood outside of marriage.Approximately ____ percent of African American children today live with only one parent.

A)50
B)34
C)28
D)16

Question 40

Which of the following statements regarding the care of younger siblings by older ones in developing countries is correct?

A)Siblings often form weak bonds since the older children simply see themselves as babysitters.
B)Parents in developing countries treat children of all ages equally.
C)Competition and fighting among siblings is virtually nonexistent in developing countries.
D)Older children,particularly girls,are expected to parent younger children.

Question 41

In the United States,about _____ out of 10 television programs portray violence,usually glamorized,glorified,or trivialized.

A)2
B)3
C)6
D)9

Question 42

Children who engage in _____ aggression frequently see other children as trying to hurt them,and they strike out angrily either in retaliation or in self-defense.

A)hostile
B)proactive
C)instrumental
D)relational

Question 43

A recent cross-cultural study in China found that in today's quasi-capitalist society,a trait that was prized as recently as 1990 is now "rejected." Which of the following traits do teachers and peers now view negatively?

A)Cooperativeness
B)Aggressiveness
C)Shyness
D)Sociability

Question 44

When you use phrases like "they are all alike" or "you know how they are," you are showing an unfavorable attitude toward outsiders based on group membership.This bias is called

A)discrimination.
B)an in-group homogeneity bias.
C)prejudice.
D)out-group heterogeneity bias.

Question 45

The Corcorans decided to put their son David in a private school because they were disappointed in the behavior of his friends.Which of the following is most likely to be a negative effect of peer groups during middle childhood?

A)Because children compare themselves with their peers rather than with a broader range of people,they gauge their own abilities unrealistically.
B)Because members of a peer group tend to be similar,the peer group narrows children's perspectives.
C)At a time when children are most susceptible to peer pressure,the peer group exerts pressure to conform.
D)The peer group creates emotional insecurity because it distances children from the comfort provided by adults.

Question 46

In middle childhood,peer groups

A)help children develop social skills.
B)allow children to test and adopt values independent of their parents.
C)may encourage conformity and prejudice.
D)perform all of the above.

Question 47

With regard to the typical composition of peer groups in middle childhood,which of the following statements is correct?

A)Peer groups are usually all boys or all girls,because children of the same sex have common interests.
B)Peer groups usually consist of both girls and boys,because at this age youngsters have not yet become self-conscious about differences between the sexes,and girls and boys are still at about the same level of maturity.
C)Because peer groups are generally neighborhood-based,ages of members usually differ by three to four years.
D)Because peer groups are almost always school-based,members are almost always the same age.

Question 48

Popular children tend to have parents who have adopted which of Baumarind's parenting styles?

A)Authoritarian
B)Permissive
C)Authoritative
D)Dismissive

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding positive effects of peer groups in middle childhood is FALSE?

A)Peer groups help youngsters develop a sense of identity.
B)The peer group provides an opportunity to learn leadership and communication skills.
C)The peer group encourages nonconformity.
D)The peer group helps children develop the skills needed for intimacy.

Question 50

The tendency for some individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense is

A)normal in middle childhood.
B)passive.
C)not commonly seen in middle childhood.
D)called hostile attribution bias.

Question 51

The Titan twins are the most popular girls in the third grade.Behaviors that influence popularity are derived from

A)a child's individual abilities (for example,cognitive and social skills).
B)family relationships.
C)cultural values.
D)all of the above.

Question 52

The small minority of children who do not learn to control their physical aggression tend to remain physically aggressive throughout childhood,and also have both social and psychological problems.Studies have shown that their aggression _____ these problems.

A)causes
B)is a reaction to
C)is unrelated to
D)It is unclear what role aggression plays in these problems.

Question 53

As an infant,Louie had what most people would describe as a "difficult" temperament.However,Louie is now 6 years old and his father has established a mutually affectionate,cooperative relationship with him.As their relationship has improved,Louie has also behaved more affectionately and cooperatively with his younger brother,who reciprocates.Which of the following is correct in regards to this situation?

A)Louie no longer has a "difficult" temperament.
B)Louie has indirect influence on his brother.
C)Sibling relationships are more important than parent-child relationships.
D)Older siblings tend to direct younger siblings' behavior.

Question 54

Johnny is a middle school student and Raymond is a kindergartner.Based on their ages,Johnny is more likely to engage in _____ aggression,while Raymond is more likely to exhibit _____ aggression.

A)social;physical
B)indirect;direct
C)instrumental;hostile
D)hostile;instrumental

Question 55

If you were to summarize Selman's work regarding friendships,which of the following statements would you use?

A)A child's perception of friendship develops in stages.
B)Friendship seems to be an innate byproduct of evolution.
C)Friendship develops along with psychosexual maturation.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 56

Selman's research on children's friendships indicated that most school-age children are in stage

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)four.

Question 57

Unpopular children tend to make friends with

A)younger children.
B)other unpopular children.
C)children from other classrooms or schools.
D)all of the above.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding peer influences on gender development?

A)In middle childhood,groups are segregated by gender.
B)In middle childhood,groups are based on likes and dislikes rather than gender.
C)Girls and boys talk to each other differently.
D)Peer groups help children to learn gender-appropriate behaviors.

Question 59

During the school years,the nature of aggression changes as _____ aggression increases and _____ decreases.

A)instrumental;hostile
B)instrumental;relational
C)relational;hostile
D)hostile;instrumental

Question 60

In middle childhood,_____ have more friends,and _____ have closer friends.

A)boys;boys
B)girls;girls
C)boys;girls
D)girls;boys

Question 61

Self-concept often becomes more realistic as children enter middle childhood.

Question 62

Explain the differences between hostile aggression,instrumental aggression,and social (or relational)aggression.Give examples of each.

Question 63

How do children's relationships with peers change in middle childhood,and how do they choose their friends during this period?

Question 64

Explain the effects of divorce and various custody arrangements on a child's development.How is a father's role important for children's development?

Question 65

Explain the development of coregulation during middle childhood.

Question 66

Resilient children are those who

A)"bounce back" from unfortunate circumstances that would impair most children's development.
B)have authoritative parents.
C)receive positive and effective treatment for emotional disorders.
D)have successfully resolved Erikson's crisis of middle childhood.

Question 67

Karut is growing up in a home and a neighborhood with constant,pervasive violence.He often has trouble sleeping,he cannot concentrate on his homework,and he has been sent home three times already this year for fighting.According to your textbook,what else is Karut likely to experience?

A)A harsh awakening out of the violence through a single,life-changing event
B)A focusing of this violent energy on his studies to escape his negative environment
C)Problems attaching to others for fear of more hurt and loss
D)All of the above are likely.

Question 68

Which of the following statements about resilient children is FALSE?

A)Exposure to a number of stressful factors at the same time develops and strengthens their ability to cope.
B)They tend to have an emotionally supportive relationship with at least one adult.
C)They tend to be adaptable and have high self-esteem.
D)They often have successful experiences that compensate for their unfortunate circumstances.

Question 69

Which statement is true about bullying in U.S.schools?

A)Cyberbullying is becoming increasingly common.
B)Many schools report student bullying at least once a week.
C)Bullying is more common in middle school than in elementary or high school.
D)All of these are true.

Question 70

The correlation between victimization by a bully and self-esteem shows us that bullying victims tend to have low self-esteem.From this correlation we can conclude

A)that low self-esteem causes victimization.
B)that low self-esteem is caused by victimization.
C)that low self-esteem causes bullying.
D)None of these;correlation does not prove causation.

Question 71

Who proposed the concept of the "hurried" child?

A)Jean Piaget
B)David Elkind
C)Michael Rutter
D)Erik Erikson

Question 72

According to classic research in social psychology,children are more likely to imitate aggressive movie role models if they

A)believe the violence on the screen is real.
B)identify with the aggressive role model.
C)watch without parental supervision.
D)all of these.

Question 73

Explain the effects of poverty on family atmosphere and psychosocial development in middle childhood.

Question 74

Compare and contrast Erikson's findings about self-concept and self-esteem.How do representational systems fit in,if at all?

Question 75

Which of the following does NOT contribute as a protective factor?

A)Good family relationships
B)Child's temperament or personality
C)Cognitive functioning
D)Greater experience with past stressors (e.g. ,low SES,parental stress)

Question 76

Bullying is a serious issue in many U.S.schools.Explain the various types of bullying and the typical characteristics of bullies and victims.What are some ideas on how to ameliorate bullying in schools?

Question 77

Children who are victims of bullying tend to have

A)little trouble adjusting to school.
B)lower than average athletic skills.
C)low self-esteem.
D)a large,supportive group of friends.

Question 78

How do siblings influence and get along with one another in middle childhood?

Question 79

Discuss the characteristics of Elkind's "hurried" child.In your answer,include contributing factors,and give an example of a hurried child.

Question 80

Describe some of the signs of school-age children's emotional growth.