Deck 13: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

The ability to arrange items according to one or more relevant dimensions is called

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)decentration.
D)horizontal décalage.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

_____ is the ability to consider more than one relevant aspect of a situation at the same time.

A)Reversibility
B)Horizontal décalage
C)Elaboration
D)Decentration

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Mia can complete all levels of conservation tasks and reverse processes mentally but she cannot use hypo deductive or inductive reasoning.According to Piaget,Mia is most likely at what stage of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operations
C)preoperational
D)concrete operations

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Roberto says,"All dogs bark.Spot is a dog.Therefore,Spot barks." This is an example of

A)conservation.
B)transitive inference.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)deductive reasoning.

Question 5

Starting with observations about particular members of a class and then drawing general conclusions is called

A)inductive reasoning.
B)deductive reasoning.
C)class inclusion.
D)transitive inference.

Question 6

Catrina can arrange a group of sticks in order from the shortest to the longest and can insert an intermediate size stick into the proper place.This activity demonstrates Catrina's achievement in

A)conservation.
B)seriation and transitive inference.
C)inductive and deductive reasoning.
D)number and mathematics.

Question 7

Molly,age 8,is shown a measuring cup full of cornmeal,which is then poured out onto a countertop and spread around.She is asked whether the spread-out cornmeal is the same as,or different from,the cornmeal when it was in the cup.Molly says,"It's just the same,because it's the same cornmeal." In Piaget's terminology,Molly understands the principle of

A)identity.
B)reversibility.
C)horizontal décalage.
D)categorization.

Question 8

Eight-year-old Lucas is shown a ball of brown clay,which is then rolled out into a large,flat disk.He is asked whether the disk contains the same amount of clay."It's the same amount," Lucas says,"because I could just make it into a ball again." In Piaget's terminology,Lucas understands the principle of

A)reversibility.
B)identity.
C)categorization.
D)horizontal décalage.

Question 9

The ability to understand the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship between each of them to a third is called

A)centration.
B)transitive inference.
C)seriation.
D)conservation.

Question 10

Carmella knows that a given amount of spaghetti remains the same whether the spaghetti is in long strands or broken into short pieces.She has acquired an understanding of

A)conservation.
B)centration.
C)compensation.
D)horizontal décalage.

Question 11

_____ is an understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts.

A)Class inclusion
B)Transitive inference
C)Seriation
D)Conservation

Question 12

_____ explains why children can master different types of conservation problems at different ages.

A)Inductive reasoning
B)Deductive reasoning
C)Transitive inference
D)Horizontal décalage

Question 13

Lindsey is 8-years-old and is in the concrete operations stage of development.Compared to her 5-year-old brother,Lindsey can better understand

A)spatial relations.
B)numbers and mathematics.
C)conservation.
D)all of the above.

Question 14

Patty knows that Tysen,her friend from school,is taller than she is.She also knows that she is taller than her new friend Joseph,whom she met at summer camp.Without seeing the two of them together,Patty realizes that Tysen is taller than Joseph.Piaget would say that this demonstrates:

A)centration.
B)conservation.
C)seriation.
D)transitive inference.

Question 15

Mohammad has arranged a selection of blue paints from darkest to lightest.Piaget would say that Mohammad is demonstrating:

A)centration.
B)seriation.
C)transitive inference.
D)conservation.

Question 16

Jorge,age 7,can conserve substance but not weight or volume.According to Piaget,Jorge's conservation abilities demonstrate

A)decentration.
B)horizontal décalage.
C)delayed development.
D)that he is still in the preoperational stage.

Question 17

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,7- to 11-year-old children are in the _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 18

By age _______ years,children can typically determine whether a ball and a sausage are the same weight.This an example of a conservation of substance problem.

A)5 or 6
B)7 or 8
C)9 or 10
D)11 or 12

Question 19

Moira's mother told her that all the girls in the third-grade were very nice.So,when Moira sat down to eat with her classmate Henna,she believed that she would be nice.Moving from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member of the class is called

A)transitive inference.
B)class inclusion.
C)deductive reasoning.
D)inductive reasoning.

Question 20

For years,Tommy and his younger brother Billy argued every night at dinner over who was to get the bigger glass,even though both glasses held the same amount of liquid.One glass was tall and thin,and the other was short and wide,and each boy always wanted to have the "bigger" glass for himself.One evening,to the delight of his parents,Tommy said to his mother,"Let Billy have the taller glass.I know they both hold the same amount." According to Piaget,this event is indicative of which stage of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)solid operations
C)preoperational
D)concrete operations

Question 21

All but which of the following are metamemory characteristics of kindergartners and first-graders?

A)Knowing that people remember better if they study longer
B)Knowing that people forget things with time
C)Knowing that some things are easier to remember than others
D)Knowing that relearning something is easier than learning it the first time

Question 22

Research indicates that few children before the age of _______ years can solve simple story problems involving addition in which the starting amount is unknown.

A)4 to 5
B)6 to 7
C)8 to 9
D)10 to 11

Question 23

Delia is going grocery shopping for her mother but has lost her shopping list.She tries to recall the items on the list by grouping them under fruits,vegetables,canned goods,and bakery goods.Delia is using

A)external memory aids.
B)rehearsal.
C)elaboration.
D)organization.

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding selective attention in middle childhood is FALSE?

A)School-age children can concentrate longer than younger children can
B)School-age children cannot focus on and screen out irrelevant information better than younger children can
C)Attentional development is primarily enabled by learning
D)Attentional development is primarily enabled by neurological maturation

Question 25

When teachers develop classroom lessons that deal with the development of conservation,they must be aware that Piaget stressed the role of

A)culture.
B)experience.
C)intelligence.
D)maturation or age.

Question 26

Once Rita reached middle childhood,spelling tests became easier.She seemed to understand more about how her memory worked.In middle childhood,metamemory

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)is used only by the brightest children.
D)has not yet begun to develop.

Question 27

_____ refers to knowledge about the processes of memory.

A)Working memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Mnemonics
D)Metamemory

Question 28

Piaget divided the development of children's moral reasoning into

A)two major stages roughly corresponding to preoperational and concrete operational thinking.
B)four major stages culminating in a morality of constraint.
C)three major stages culminating with the concept of equity.
D)none of these.

Question 29

According to Piaget's theory,which of the following statements about moral development is FALSE?

A)The development of moral values is a process that coincides with cognitive development.
B)Moral development is related to outgrowing the egocentric thinking of childhood and being able to consider different viewpoints.
C)Children move from flexible to rigid thinking in their moral development.
D)People go through distinct stages of moral development.

Question 30

The development of children's moral values

A)is unrelated to cognitive growth.
B)occurs in stages.
C)seems to be primarily dependent on temperament.
D)is best described in terms of horizontal décalage.

Question 31

Gordon,while trying to sneak a cookie before supper,knocked over a glass and broke it.Ramon,while helping set the table for supper,tripped and broke three glasses.Asked which child was naughtier,a child in Piaget's first stage of moral reasoning would probably reply that

A)Gordon was naughtier.
B)Ramon was naughtier.
C)both were equally naughty,because both had destroyed property.
D)neither was naughty,because neither had intended to break anything.

Question 32

In Piaget's first stage of moral development,a child

A)respects opinions of peers.
B)understands that rules can be changed.
C)judges acts on the basis of intention.
D)sees an act as either totally right or totally wrong.

Question 33

Kendra keeps saying her poem over and over again.This rehearsal is a strategy for

A)keeping something in working memory.
B)transferring information to long-term memory.
C)categorizing information.
D)retrieving information more effectively from long-term memory.

Question 34

Mrs.Butler should use all but which of the following mnemonic strategies during spelling lessons with her fourth graders?

A)Metamemory
B)Rehearsal
C)Organization
D)Elaboration

Question 35

Jimmy is trying to learn his phone number and address.He tells his mother,"Maybe if I say it to myself a hundred times,I will be able to remember it." Jimmy is demonstrating that he is beginning to appreciate

A)protomemory.
B)metamemory.
C)sensory memory.
D)elaboration.

Question 36

Bob is asked to remember to get a loaf of bread at the store,so he repeats over and over,"bread,bread,bread." His memory strategy is an example of the technique called

A)retrieval.
B)elaboration.
C)encoding.
D)rehearsal.

Question 37

Martin is angry because his sister broke his toy.He does not accept that it could have been an accident,and he wants his sister punished.He appears to be in Piaget's _____ stage of moral development.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 38

Which of Piaget's three stages of moral development corresponds to the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)There is no relationship between the two.

Question 39

In evaluating misbehavior,children in Piaget's first stage of moral reasoning are likely to

A)see the intention behind an action rather than the physical consequences of an offense.
B)see the physical consequences of an offense rather than the intention behind the act.
C)favor mild punishment that helps the culprit understand why an act is wrong.
D)see that more than one point of view may exist.

Question 40

Kevin,a middle school student,should be able to

A)count in his head.
B)add by counting up from the smaller number.
C)do simple story problems.
D)perform all of the above.

Question 41

African Americans have a tendency to score lower than white Americans on IQ tests.Most modern educators maintain that these lower scores reflect

A)differences in education,cultural traditions,and other circumstances that affect self-esteem and motivation.
B)genetic differences.
C)educators' reliance on culture-free tests.
D)the failure of Head Start programs.

Question 42

According to your textbook,researchers have found that it is impossible to design a _____ intelligence test,so they have encouraged developers to produce _____ tests.

A)culture-fair;culture-free
B)culture-free;culture-fair
C)nonstandardized;culture-free
D)standardized;culture-fair

Question 43

By the time a child reaches the first grade,scores on intelligence tests are

A)good predictors of school achievement,especially for highly verbal children.
B)good predictors of school achievement for most children but not for highly verbal ones.
C)poor predictors of school achievement for most children,especially highly verbal children.
D)poor predictors of school achievement for all children.

Question 44

_____ tests do not measure a child's native ability,they _____ intelligence from what children already know.

A)Intelligence;infer
B)Intelligence;assume
C)Achievement;estimate
D)Achievement;reassert

Question 45

One problem with administering intelligence tests to school-age children is that

A)these tests have not been standardized.
B)IQ scores seem unrelated to school performance.
C)these tests may be culturally biased.
D)these tests only measure social skills.

Question 46

As children get older,they improve their memory by

A)developing better strategies.
B)using strategies more effectively.
C)tailoring their strategies to meet specific needs.
D)using all of the above.

Question 47

Research indicates that _____ children,on average,score 15 points lower than white children on intelligence tests.

A)African American
B)Hispanic
C)Asian American
D)None of these;there are no racial or ethnic differences in average IQ score.

Question 48

Freddie is trying to learn the names of the first five presidents of the United States.To help him,his mother makes up a story using the five names and then teaches the story to Freddie.She is using the mnemonic device of

A)external memory aids.
B)elaboration.
C)rehearsal.
D)organization.

Question 49

Which of the following environmental factors may have a negative effect on intelligence test scores?

A)Improper nutrition
B)Lack of intellectual stimulation
C)Below-standard living conditions
D)All of the above

Question 50

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children provides three scores.Which of the following is NOT one of these scores?

A)Memory capacity
B)Verbal ability
C)Performance ability
D)Total intelligence score

Question 51

The Nelsons were against having their son,Cayden,tested at school.The teacher told them that a significant advantage of taking an intelligence test is that it

A)helps identify children who are especially bright and children who need special help.
B)assesses ability directly rather than inferring it from how much a child has learned.
C)evaluates not only academic ability but also many other aspects of intelligence,including social skills,musical and artistic skills,and self-knowledge.
D)will be timed,permitting an assessment of the speed at which a child's brain functions.

Question 52

Omar is a remarkable gymnast,hoping for a spot on the Olympic Team.According to Gardner,Omar would score high on _____ intelligence.

A)bodily-kinesthetic
B)intrapersonal
C)interpersonal
D)naturalist

Question 53

The intelligence test that seeks to measure componential,experiential,and contextual elements of intelligence through multiple-choice and essay questions is the

A)Gardner Multiple Intelligences Assessment.
B)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
C)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children.
D)Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test.

Question 54

Lucy is trying to remember all the things that she has to do after school.She develops a little story in her head that includes all of her after-school tasks.Which memory strategy links items together in a story or scene?

A)Organization
B)Rehearsal
C)Elaboration
D)Retrieval

Question 55

Victor has good spatial intelligence.This thrills his father,who has been trying to get him to consider which of the following occupational areas?

A)Hunting,fishing,farming,and cooking
B)Architecture,carpentry,and city planning
C)Science,business,and medicine
D)Writing,editing,and translating

Question 56

With regard to the kinds of abilities evaluated by IQ tests,Robert Sternberg and other critics of these tests maintain that IQ tests

A)place too little emphasis on verbal skills.
B)neglect nonacademic aspects of intelligence such as social skills and self-knowledge.
C)overemphasize the creative side of intelligence,such as musical or artistic talent.
D)place too much emphasis on practical shrewdness ("street smarts").

Question 57

The _____ is the most widely used intelligence test for school-age children today.

A)Otis-Lennon School Ability Test
B)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
C)Otis-Wechsler Intelligence Scale
D)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Question 58

Mrs.Howard has set up different stations in her classroom for a mathematics lesson.Each station emphasizes a different way of learning such as music,discussion,body movements,floor layouts,and metacognitive exercises.This approach is consistent with

A)Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
B)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
C)standardized assessment practices.
D)the Wechsler's intelligence scale.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT part of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

A)Spatial intelligence
B)Linguistic intelligence
C)Musical intelligence
D)Intuitive intelligence

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic elements of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A)Componential intelligence
B)Experiential intelligence
C)Contextual intelligence
D)Naturalist intelligence

Question 61

Mrs.Carruthers advocates the whole-language approach to reading.Which of the following statements is she LEAST likely to make?

A)Children learn to read and write naturally,through their own discoveries.
B)Phonetic instruction hampers the natural process of learning language.
C)A child should learn to sound out and "decode" unfamiliar words.
D)A child should use contextual clues when figuring out unfamiliar words.

Question 62

Regarding reading and comprehension in middle childhood,which of the following statements is correct?

A)The whole-language approach has been embraced by all educators as the solution for reading problems in children.
B)Metacognition interferes with a child's comprehension.
C)The developmental processes that improve reading comprehension are similar to those that improve memory.
D)Reading comprehension is best taught through systematic phonics instruction.

Question 63

Sergio speaks Spanish but is learning English skills.While he is in the process of learning a new language,he is being taught the concepts of his lessons in Spanish so that he can understand them without getting too far behind.Which of the following terms would best describe the type of instruction Sergio is receiving?

A)Bilingual education
B)Dual-language learning
C)English immersion
D)Spanish immersion

Question 64

A network of community resources that children and families can draw upon is called the _____ capital.

A)antipoverty
B)capital
C)social
D)wage

Question 65

The major area of linguistic growth in middle childhood is in

A)vocabulary.
B)grammar.
C)syntax.
D)pragmatics.

Question 66

Research on gender differences in school performance indicates that girls tend to

A)have better classroom behaviors.
B)have less confidence.
C)be less likely to repeat grades.
D)experience all of the above.

Question 67

In research that was based on Vygotsky's social interaction model,which children were likely to write stories with fewer errors?

A)Children working independently
B)Friends working in pairs
C)Children working in small groups of three or four
D)Children working in large groups of ten or more

Question 68

Mr.Denton wants to foster the development of intrinsic motivation in his son.Which of the following behaviors would most likely encourage this?

A)praise for effort
B)praise for a good grade
C)money for good grades
D)punishment for poor grades

Question 69

Which word best describes Sternberg's experiential element of intelligence?

A)Analytical
B)Creative
C)Practical
D)Spatial

Question 70

Pablo,who speaks Spanish,is in a second-language education class where he interacts with English-speaking and Spanish-speaking students in both English and Spanish.This method of second-language education is best described as

A)English-immersion.
B)two-way learning.
C)bilingual education.
D)biliteracy training.

Question 71

_____ is the proficiency of reading and writing in two different languages.

A)Bilingualism
B)Biliteracy
C)English-immersion
D)Dyslexia

Question 72

The process of phonetic analysis,by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory,is called

A)metacogniton.
B)decoding.
C)metamemory.
D)rehearsal.

Question 73

How does socioeconomic status affect educational attainment?

A)It influences the family atmosphere.
B)It limits the choice of neighborhoods a child lives in.
C)It plays a part in the way that parents rear their children.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 74

Research suggests that homework is most effective when

A)it is extensive and time consuming.
B)it is moderate and geared towards children's developmental levels.
C)it is only used in middle and high school.
D)There is little research supporting any benefits of homework.

Question 75

Hanna is a student who is high in self-efficacy.Which of the following statements about her is FALSE?

A)Hanna is likely to try hard in school.
B)Hanna believes that she regulates her learning.
C)Hanna learns,but it is mostly because of her teachers.
D)Hanna is successful in school.

Question 76

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 emphasizes

A)expanded flexibility.
B)accountability.
C)parental options.
D)all of the above.

Question 77

Children who do well in school often have parents who are _____ and who stress _____ rewards for doing good work.

A)authoritative;extrinsic
B)permissive;intrinsic
C)authoritative;intrinsic
D)authoritarian;extrinsic

Question 78

Reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words is also called the _____ approach.

A)whole-language
B)phonetic
C)word analysis
D)metamemory

Question 79

Chris is focusing on and reviewing his understanding of what he has been reading.He is using a _____ strategy.

A)phonetic
B)whole -language
C)metacognitive
D)rehearsal

Question 80

Children who do well in school generally have parents who

A)help them with their homework every night.
B)become close friends with the child's teacher.
C)become actively involved in their education.
D)use extrinsic motivation.