Deck 11: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

In early childhood,the development of self-definition occurs in the following order:

A)single representation,representational mappings,and representational systems.
B)single representation,representational systems,and representational mappings.
C)representational mappings,representational systems,and single representation.
D)representational systems,representational mappings,and single representation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When Dora starts to list characteristics to describe herself,she is disclosing her

A)self-esteem.
B)self-efficacy.
C)self-concept.
D)self-definition.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Seligman's groundbreaking research involved shocking dogs in either an "escape" or "no escape" condition.After several trials,the dogs in the "no escape" condition ceased trying to escape the shocks.This demonstrates the concept of

A)low self-esteem.
B)learned helplessness.
C)self-efficacy.
D)egocentrism.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a typical aspect of self-definition in early childhood?

A)Using concrete,observable behaviors to describe oneself
B)Focusing on physical features in self-descriptions
C)Having difficulty separating what one thinks of oneself from what one does
D)Being self-critical,while maintaining a positive overall self-concept

Question 5

Preschool children _____ self-esteem and _____ self-concept.

A)think;feel
B)understand;think
C)think;understand
D)feel;think

Question 6

Our beliefs about who we are,what we are able to do,and the traits we engender are referred to as our

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-evaluation.

Question 7

Lucas is 4-years-old.He is likely to describe himself according to

A)generalized abilities,such as being "athletic" or "smart."
B)specific abilities,such as being a fast runner or a good climber.
C)global traits,such as being popular or outgoing.
D)internal traits,such as being thoughtful or worried.

Question 8

When Jacinta daydreams about the person she would like to be,she is thinking of her

A)ideal self.
B)real self.
C)ultimate self.
D)representational system.

Question 9

Mary has low self-esteem and received a poor grade on her math test.To which of the following reasons would she most likely attribute her poor grade to?

A)She is not good at math.
B)She did not study.
C)The test was too difficult.
D)The teacher did not cover all of the materials.

Question 10

Four-year-old Martha's ability to understand her own emotions helps her to

A)guide her behavior in social situations.
B)talk about her feelings.
C)be sensitive to how others feel.
D)all of the above.

Question 11

Four-year-old Dana goes to her pediatrician for her annual checkup.She tells the nurse her name,address,phone number,and her doctor's name.She also tells the nurse about her sister Nancy.These descriptions represent Dana's

A)self-esteem.
B)self-definition.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-evaluation.

Question 12

Jenny says,"I couldn't feel happy and scared at the same time;I would have to be two people at once!" Malcolm,who is the same age as Jenny,can easily imagine feeling happy and scared simultaneously.At what age are individual differences in understanding conflicting emotions first evident?

A)3 years
B)8 years
C)10 years
D)12 years

Question 13

Parents and teachers of preschoolers can avoid fostering the "helpless" pattern associated with low self-esteem by

A)targeting their criticism at the child as a person rather than focusing on particular behaviors.
B)focusing on other children's good performance so that the child can have a goal to achieve.
C)giving specific strategy-focused feedback rather than criticizing the child as a person.
D)ignoring the child when he or she exhibits "helpless" behavior.

Question 14

Shelton loves to draw and do art projects,and is very good at it.However,when he plays soccer,he gets frustrated because he is not as good as the other boys.In which of the following stages of self-definition is Shelton?

A)Single representations
B)Representational mappings
C)Representational systems
D)None of these

Question 15

Mrs.Hubbard tries to instill in her fourth-graders the idea that self-concept is a(n)_____ construction.

A)cognitive
B)emotional
C)social
D)physical

Question 16

In early childhood,a person's sense of self-esteem is derived primarily from

A)his own sense of competence.
B)parents' behaviors.
C)the number of friends he has.
D)his level of maturity relative to same-aged peers.

Question 17

In the preschool years,a child typically makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms.This way of thinking is called

A)visions of the ideal self.
B)visions of the real self.
C)single representations.
D)representational mappings.

Question 18

Leo thinks he is the smartest kid in his kindergarten class.The judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth is called

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-actualization.

Question 19

The _____ is how one perceives oneself,and the _____ is what one would like to be.

A)ideal self;imaginary self
B)real self;ideal self
C)real self;imaginary self
D)ideal self;real self

Question 20

Tasha's judgment and evaluation about her self-worth is called her

A)self-definition.
B)ideal self.
C)real self.
D)self-esteem.

Question 21

In terms of Erikson's concept of "initiative versus guilt," which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The concept is based largely on conflicting feelings about the self.
B)The concept involves preschoolers' reconciling their need to act with their need for approval.
C)Because this crisis is based on a behavioral theory,the conscience is irrelevant to it.
D)Successful outcome leads to the characteristic of "purpose."

Question 22

In Erikson's theory,which of the following parental behaviors is least likely to help children achieve a healthy balance between initiative and guilt?

A)Giving children opportunities to do things on their own
B)Providing guidance
C)Establishing firm limits
D)Emphasizing strict obedience

Question 23

Behaviors,interests,attitudes,and skills considered appropriate for females and males in a given culture are:

A)called gender roles.
B)biologically determined.
C)fairly easy to change.
D)all of these

Question 24

The process by which a young child adopts characteristics,beliefs,attitudes,values,and behaviors of the same-sex parent is called:

A)socialization.
B)conditioning.
C)information processing.
D)identification.

Question 25

Sam is 30 months old.He is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks but not dolls.He is developing:

A)gender identity.
B)a gender role.
C)gender-typing.
D)all of these

Question 26

Abigail has become aware that she is a female and that females are different from males.Abigail has acquired

A)gender identity.
B)gender.
C)a gender role.
D)gender-stereotyping.

Question 27

The theory of sexual selection was developed by:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Albert Bandura.
C)Charles Darwin.
D)Jean Piaget.

Question 28

Five-year-old Larry has been doing everything that his dad does.Larry's dad has a successful construction business,and Larry proudly wears his own company hat and tool belt everywhere his mother lets him.Freud would call Larry's dress preferences a sign of:

A)identification.
B)regression.
C)fixation.
D)none of these

Question 29

Five-year-old Shawn is playing with his sister Cheryl's doll.She tells him to put it down because "boys don't play with dolls!" This is an example of a gender:

A)role.
B)stereotype.
C)identity.
D)acquisition.

Question 30

In the past,many preschool teachers encouraged children to play with both "boy" and "girl" toys.We know now that gender stereotypes:

A)are rarely found in children under the age of 5.
B)can restrict children's self-image,activities,and plans.
C)have been largely eliminated in the United States.
D)affect major life decisions but not everyday behavior.

Question 31

Thomas is quick to remind his sister that he can hunt with his dad because he is a boy.A child's awareness of being male or female is called

A)gender constancy.
B)gender identity.
C)gender-typing.
D)identification of sex.

Question 32

Gender stereotypes appear to reach a peak at age:

A)3.
B)5.
C)8.
D)11.

Question 33

At what age do children begin to understand simultaneous emotions?

A)2-3
B)4-5
C)7-9
D)13-15

Question 34

Which of the following statements describes the most preferable outcome of Erikson's psychosocial stage of initiative versus guilt?

A)The child is free of guilt.
B)The child finds an even balance of initiative and guilt.
C)The child finds a balance of initiative and guilt,with the greater emphasis on initiative.
D)The child finds a balance of initiative and guilt,with the greater emphasis on guilt.

Question 35

Erikson's third developmental conflict is referred to as

A)initiative versus guilt.
B)attachment versus detachment.
C)autonomy versus shame.
D)detachment versus identification.

Question 36

The socialization process whereby children learn culturally accepted gender roles is called:

A)achieving gender identity.
B)gender conservation.
C)gender-typing.
D)gender-stereotyping.

Question 37

Which of the following statements regarding biological differences between the brains of males and females is correct?

A)Females have more brain cells.
B)Males have more functional brain cells.
C)Female brains have a larger cerebral cortex.
D)Female brains have greater neuronal density.

Question 38

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in specific abilities is FALSE?

A)Females tend to do better at verbal tasks.
B)Females tend to do better at fine motor tasks.
C)Males tend to have superior motor performance.
D)Males tend to do better at solving mazes tests.

Question 39

A child who successful resolves Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage develops

A)hope.
B)purpose.
C)trust.
D)will.

Question 40

Marcus comments on how some children in his class pick up on the feelings of characters in books,whereas other children never seem to figure out how the characters are feeling.Individual differences in understanding conflicting emotions

A)are rarely seen in preschool children.
B)do not typically appear until the age of 5.
C)may reflect differences among families in the amount and type of discussion of why people behave the way they do.
D)are primarily due to gender differences between girls and boys.

Question 41

A major weakness of the cognitive-developmental theory when explaining gender differences is that:

A)children often identify with a parent of the opposite sex.
B)children often act in "gender-appropriate" ways before they achieve gender constancy.
C)many children pay little attention to sex when organizing their knowledge of their world.
D)all of these

Question 42

According to social cognitive theory,which of the following statements describes part of the process by which boys come to internalize identification with their fathers?

A)Boys pick models,such as their fathers,whom they see as powerful.
B)Boys imitate their fathers' behaviors.
C)Fathers and other adults reinforce gender-typing through praise and feedback.
D)All of these

Question 43

Albert Bandura is associated with which perspective of gender identity development?

A)Biological
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Gender-schema
D)Social cognitive

Question 44

Jennifer knows that she is a girl,and by watching what other girls do in her culture,she is learning how she is expected to behave.Which theory holds that gender-typing is acquired in this way?

A)Psychoanalytic
B)Biological
C)Cognitive-developmental
D)Gender-schema

Question 45

Dakota is using blocks to make a house and a garage.According to Piaget's categorization,Dakota is engaged in

A)a formal game with rules.
B)functional play.
C)parallel play.
D)constructive play.

Question 46

Tom's father is thrilled that his daughter is playing soccer again this summer,but he is not pleased that his son wants to take art classes.In socializing children,parents generally:

A)have more influence on children's gender behavior than on their gender knowledge.
B)show more discomfort if a boy plays with a doll than if a girl plays with a truck.
C)have little influence on gender role development.
D)give boys more latitude and flexibility than girls with regard to gender roles.

Question 47

Which statement about dramatic play during the preschool years is FALSE?

A)Dramatic/imaginative play decreases during the preschool years.
B)Play changes during the preschool years,from solitary pretending to dramatic play with other children.
C)Dramatic/imaginative play offers rich opportunities to practice interpersonal and language skills.
D)Children who play imaginatively tend to be more popular with their peers.

Question 48

Which of the following perspectives on gender identity development is least favored by developmental psychologists?

A)Social cognitive theory
B)Gender-schema theory
C)Cognitive developmental theory
D)Psychoanalytic theory

Question 49

Research has found that peers begin to reinforce gender-typed behavior by the age of:

A)1.
B)3.
C)5.
D)7.

Question 50

Antonio and Anton want to play soccer after school,but they need to find more friends who want to play with them.Soccer is considered what kind of play?

A)A formal game with rules
B)Constructive play
C)Functional play
D)Pretend play

Question 51

According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory,which of the following statements about gender identity is false?

A)Before the age of 5,children do not usually know which gender they belong to.
B)Gender constancy is the realization that one's gender will never change.
C)Children usually acquire gender constancy between the ages of 3 and 7.
D)Gender differences in behavior develop after children achieve gender constancy.

Question 52

Gender identity is seen by _____ theorists as a consequence of observing and imitating models.

A)psychoanalytic
B)social cognition
C)cognitive-developmental
D)gender-schema

Question 53

According to gender-schema theory,the key process of gender-identity development is:

A)self-categorization based on the processing of cultural information.
B)genetic,neurological,and hormonal activity.
C)the resolution of an unconscious,emotional conflict.
D)modeling,reinforcement,and teaching.

Question 54

_____ is the lowest cognitive level of play,involving repetitive muscular movements such as rolling or bouncing a ball.

A)A formal games with rules
B)Constructive play
C)Pretend play
D)Functional play

Question 55

In the _____ theory of gender-identity development,children socialize themselves in gender roles by developing a concept of what it means to be male or female in their culture.

A)social cognitive
B)gender-schema
C)psychoanalytic
D)biological

Question 56

Soon after they moved to the United States from Mumbai,Cathy and her brother Charles went to school and started dressing like the other children.The process by which children adopt the characteristics,beliefs,attitudes,values,and behaviors of another person or group is termed:

A)socialization.
B)identification.
C)imitation.
D)internalization.

Question 57

Which of the following statements regarding current children's books is FALSE?

A)Children's books continue to display many gender stereotypes.
B)Male characters predominate in children's books.
C)Females are more often portrayed as needing help in children's books.
D)All of these are true.

Question 58

The _____ theory,associated with Lawrence Kohlberg,holds that a child learns about gender by actively thinking about his or her experiences.

A)social-learning
B)psychoanalytic
C)psychosocial
D)cognitive-developmental

Question 59

In terms of cognitive complexity,play moves through the following sequence:

A)dramatic/pretend play,functional play,formal games with rules,and constructive play.
B)functional play,constructive play,dramatic/pretend play,and formal games with rules.
C)constructive play,dramatic/pretend play,functional play,and formal games with rules.
D)constructive play,functional play,dramatic/pretend play,and formal games with rules.

Question 60

Play is an important part of child development,and,in our fast-paced world,many children do not have enough unscheduled time to just play with their friends.On which of the following areas of development does play have an influence?

A)Physical
B)Intellectual
C)Psychosocial
D)All of the above

Question 61

Punishing a child tends to be most effective when

A)a considerable time elapses between a behavior and its punishment,so that the child will have time to reflect on her or his misbehavior.
B)punishment is accompanied by a short,simple explanation.
C)the person who punishes is not on good terms with the child,because children tend to ignore punishment from people with whom they have very good relationships.
D)all of these

Question 62

If Sally's parents want her to stop misbehaving,research suggests that they should

A)punish her soundly every time she misbehaves.
B)reinforce good behavior and focus less on misbehavior.
C)allow a longer amount of time to elapse between the misbehavior and the punishment.
D)administer punishment but offer no verbal explanation for their action.

Question 63

Examples of external rewards include all the following EXCEPT

A)increased pride.
B)a special privilege.
C)praise.
D)money.

Question 64

In her research on parenting styles,_____ identified the authoritarian,permissive,and authoritative styles.

A)Anna Freud
B)Eva Peron
B)Mildred Parten
C)Diana Baumrind

Question 65

Compared to children who are not spanked,children who are spanked are more likely to

A)be aggressive.
B)be cooperative and show prosocial behavior.
C)show accelerated cognitive development.
D)obey adults.

Question 66

Children who are punished harshly may

A)have trouble interpreting other people's actions and words.
B)later act aggressively.
C)become passive because they feel helpless.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 67

According to Baumrind,_____ parents value self-expression and self-regulation,allowing children to monitor their own activities as much as possible.

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)authoritarian
D)neglectful

Question 68

At Jason's birthday party,all of the children are playing with toy cars in the backyard.Although the children are sitting near one another,each child is playing separately with his or her selected cars.Parten would describe this as _____ play.

A)dramatic
B)parallel
C)associative
D)cooperative

Question 69

Madeline took Billy's toy boat away from him and made him cry.Madeline's parents talked to her about how sad Billy was and how badly he felt.Madeline felt sorry about what she had done and gave the boat back to Billy.Which form of discipline was used?

A)Power assertion
B)Withdrawal of love
C)Inductive technique
D)Punishment

Question 70

According to your textbook,the word discipline has the same general meaning as

A)punishment.
B)training.
C)rewarding.
D)coercion.

Question 71

Roberto's parents often express their displeasure with his misbehavior by ignoring him when he is acting inappropriately and for a short time afterward.This is called

A)power assertion.
B)withdrawal of love.
C)ignorance.
D)an inductiveness technique.

Question 72

During free play at preschool,Valerie spends her time playing with Seth and Tiara.Their favorite activity is building with blocks.As they share the blocks,they talk excitedly with one another about their various buildings.The children are engaged in

A)associative play.
B)cooperative play.
C)parallel play.
D)onlooker behavior.

Question 73

Parten identified _____ types of play.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 74

Despite the fact that Brenna is in a crowded classroom,she chooses to play by herself and makes no attempt to join the others.She is engaged in _____ play.

A)onlooker
B)solitary independent
C)parallel
D)associative

Question 75

Regarding cultural differences in play styles,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In non-literate societies,children spend more time playing.
B)Compared to Korean American children,Anglo-American children are more aggressive in their play.
C)Chinese children are more likely to pretend play with their caregivers than with other children.
D)The frequency of different forms of play differs across cultures.

Question 76

Julian is explaining to his young daughter why she must not play in the neighbor's garden.He tells her that they work hard to grow flowers,and if she does play in the garden,she will not be allowed to go outdoors alone.As a method of socialization,Julian is employing

A)inductive techniques.
B)persuasive techniques.
C)power assertion.
D)reward and punishment.

Question 77

An internal reward for a child's good behavior is a reward that is

A)given within the home.
B)given by a close family member.
C)intangible (such as praise or a smile)rather than tangible (such as a toy or sticker).
D)the child's own feeling of pleasure or accomplishment.

Question 78

_____ parenting emphasizes control and obedience.

A)Authoritative
B)Authoritarian
C)Permissive
D)Neglectful

Question 79

Punishment is sometimes necessary.Which of the following guidelines would NOT be effective for administering punishment?

A)It must be consistent.
B)It must be immediate.
C)The subject must have some time to think about what she has done before punishment is administered.
D)It must be clearly tied to the offense.

Question 80

Methods of molding children's character and teaching them self- control and acceptable behavior referred to as

A)punishment.
B)discipline.
C)reinforcement.
D)shaping.