Deck 10: Substance-Related Disorders

Question 1

Pregnant women have been encouraged by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to

A)totally abstain from drinking.
B)not alter their drinking habits.
C)drink now and again,but only during the 3^rd trimester of pregnancy.
D)reduce their drinking to no more than several drinks a day.

Answer 1

totally abstain from drinking.

Question 2

The initial effect of alcohol is

A)depressive.
B)sedating.
C)anxiety producing.
D)pleasurable feelings.

Answer 2

pleasurable feelings.

Question 3

Alcohol goes into the __________ and is absorbed into the blood,after which it is metabolized by the __________.

A)small intestine;kidneys
B)small intestine;liver
C)stomach;liver
D)stomach;kidneys

Answer 3

small intestine;liver

Question 4

Nicotine ultimately stimulates ___________,which are implicated in the reinforcing effects of smoking.

A)muscarinic receptors
B)dopamine receptors
C)GABA receptors
D)serotonin receptors

Question 5

Heavy drinkers

A)suffer malnutrition from reduced food intake.
B)suffer malnutrition by alcohol blocking proper absorption of nutrients.
C)experience vitamin deficiencies.
D)All of the above choices are correct.

Question 6

Among college students,binge drinking is more common in

A)men.
B)women.
C)the prevalence of binge drinking is equal in men and women.
D)state schools versus private schools.

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in alcohol tolerance?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)norepinephrine
D)GABA

Question 8

Catherine has been unable to obtain or use crack for several weeks because she has had no money.She went through withdrawal symptoms when she was unable to take her usual dose.She craves the drug all the time and is constantly searching for ways to get some.Her efforts to obtain crack have seriously interfered with her ability to work and take care of her children.Which of the following DSM-IV-TR diagnoses would best fit Catherine's symptoms?

A)substance abuse
B)substance dependence
C)addiction
D)Catherine does not qualify for a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis since she has not used the drug for the past month.

Question 9

Delirium tremens may result from

A)a sudden drop in alcohol levels in a chronic,heavy drinker.
B)high doses of alcohol in a person who has not previously drunk heavily.
C)high doses of alcohol in a chronic heavy drinker.
D)All of the above can cause the symptoms of delirium tremens.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true?

A)All fetuses exposed to alcohol will have cognitive problems later in life.
B)Research suggests that growth deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may be moderated by healthy family environments.
C)Research indicates that moderate drinking has no effect on the fetus.
D)The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has concluded that mild drinking is harmless for pregnant women.

Question 11

A recent study conducted in the United States indicated that over 9% of the population

A)met diagnostic criteria for substance abuse or dependence.
B)were alcoholics.
C)reported using heroin at some point in their lifetime.
D)were addicted to nicotine.

Question 12

Wanda drinks frequently and requires more alcohol now than she did six months ago to achieve the same effect.She reports that she can out-drink most people.Wanda is probably

A)genetically predisposed to alcoholism.
B)developing a physiological dependence on alcohol.
C)acquiring behavioral skills in modulating her drinking.
D)deluding herself.This is not physically possible.

Question 13

Carlos suddenly stopped taking amphetamines after prolonged abuse of the drug.He became very ill and died.His death is an example of severe

A)substance dependence.
B)substance abuse.
C)withdrawal symptoms.
D)synergistic effects.

Question 14

Delirium tremens refers to

A)a symptom of conversion disorder.
B)the symptoms that accompany an overdose of heroin.
C)the symptoms that may accompany withdrawal from alcohol.
D)the hallucinations common in schizophrenia.

Question 15

Which of the following persons will be most affected by two ounces of alcohol?

A)A 195 pound woman who just ate a Big Mac.
B)A 150 pound man who has an empty stomach.
C)A 125 pound woman who has an empty stomach.
D)All of the above people will be similarly affected by two ounces of alcohol.

Question 16

Nicotine is the addicting agent in

A)marijuana.
B)hashish.
C)tobacco.
D)cocaine.

Question 17

Mild to moderate levels of alcohol consumption can

A)lead to alcohol dependence in women who have experienced a stressful event.
B)lead to cirrhosis.
C)be related to better dietary habits and therefore longer lifespan.
D)be related to decreased risk for coronary heart disease.

Question 18

Alcohol dependence is particularly high among which of the following groups?

A)Hispanics and Whites
B)African Americans and Whites
C)Native Americans and Hispanics
D)Asian Americans and African Americans

Question 19

Cirrhosis of the liver due to alcohol abuse is characterized by

A)liver cells becoming engorged with fat and protein.
B)an increased efficiency of alcohol absorption with a corresponding decrease in blood cell reproduction.
C)a decreased efficiency in absorption due to liver atrophy.
D)None of the above choices are correct.

Question 20

Substance dependence may be distinguished from substance abuse by the fact that

A)substance dependence is associated more with legal trouble because of usage.
B)substance abuse results in not meeting major obligations.
C)substance dependent users endanger themselves by driving while under the influence.
D)substance dependence is associated with failed attempts to reduce usage.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the "stepping-stone" theory of drug use is most accurate?

A)Most people who use "soft" drugs will move on to try "harder" drugs.
B)Most people who use "hard" drugs started out on "softer" drugs.
C)There is no difference between "hard" and "soft" drugs.
D)There is no relationship between the use of "hard" and "soft" drugs.

Question 22

Heroin addiction and crime are thought to be highly correlated because

A)the drug causes loss of a moral sense,and sociopathy develops.
B)criminals are more likely to become drug addicts than non-criminals because of their association with people in the "black market" drug trade.
C)addicts commit crimes in order to raise money to buy drugs.
D)addicts do not actually commit more crimes but are arrested more often because their behavior while on the drug is disruptive.

Question 23

The "stepping-stone" theory of drug use is also referred to as the

A)correlational theory.
B)multi-determined theory.
C)social facilitation theory.
D)gateway theory.

Question 24

Which of the following are medical problems associated with long-term cigarette smoking?

A)emphysema
B)cancer of the esophagus
C)cancer of the larynx
D)All of the above are medical problems associated with long-term cigarette smoking.

Question 25

Smoking marijuana has been shown to

A)seriously impair lung structure and function.
B)cause fatal heart attacks in healthy young men.
C)lead to stroke.
D)have no significant physically deleterious effects.

Question 26

Studies on the effects of smoking marijuana on the brain have shown that it is associated with

A)impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion.
B)impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion.
C)impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention.
D)impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention.

Question 27

Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a complicating factor in interpreting findings from studies of the effects of marijuana?

A)Marijuana contains many compounds.
B)Many users are polydrug abusers.
C)Effects vary widely with potency and dose.
D)Its problems were recognized only recently.

Question 28

The benefit of marijuana when used for chronic illnesses is primarily

A)to reduce nausea for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
B)to increase immune function.
C)to improve attention and maintain medication adherence.
D)to prevent additional infection.

Question 29

Recent research regarding marijuana suggests

A)that it is not at all addictive.
B)it may be addictive.
C)there are clearly withdrawal symptoms.
D)it is not as dangerous as previously believed.

Question 30

George is experiencing symptoms similar to a bad flu;he is sneezing,sweating,becoming tearful,yawning frequently,and has muscle pain.Which of the following drugs is he most likely withdrawing from?

A)alcohol
B)heroin
C)cocaine
D)amphetamine

Question 31

Long-term marijuana use may result in __________,even long after one stops using.

A)visual processing difficulties
B)short term memory impairment
C)decreased attention span
D)increased agitation

Question 32

Mark is experiencing the following symptoms after taking a drug: he feels an initial rush of ecstasy,has great self-confidence and has lost all his worries and fears.At the same time,he is feeling drowsy and relaxed.Which of the following drugs is Mark most likely to have taken?

A)heroin
B)alcohol
C)marijuana
D)cocaine

Question 33

Epidemiology data have shown that the rate of marijuana use is nearly twice as common

A)in women than men.
B)among Asian Americans than among whites.
C)now than it was in 1997.
D)in men than women.

Question 34

Cigarette smoking is most prevalent among which of the following groups?

A)White adolescents
B)African American adolescents
C)Asian American adolescents
D)None of the above-smoking is equally prevalent among these groups.

Question 35

Which drug produces euphoria,drowsiness,reverie,and sometimes a lack of coordination?

A)cocaine
B)heroin
C)LSD
D)amphetamines

Question 36

Which of the following best describes the change in the prevalence rate of heroin use in recent years?

A)The prevalence rate of heroin has increased primarily among the urban poor.
B)The prevalence rate of heroin has increased primarily among well educated people.
C)The prevalence rate of heroin has decreased primarily among women.
D)The prevalence rate of heroin has decreased dramatically across most groups.

Question 37

Exposure of a nonsmoker to secondhand smoke

A)is less harmful than smoking because of the lower levels of nicotine and tar in secondhand smoke.
B)has been shown to have far fewer negative effects than the media has suggested.
C)can lead to lung damage.
D)has negative effects on the fetuses of pregnant nonsmokers but not on the women themselves.

Question 38

After the effects of heroin wear off,the user typically

A)feels drowsy.
B)becomes extremely hungry.
C)experiences a letdown,often almost a stupor.
D)a heightened sense of awareness.

Question 39

Hashish is

A)derived from resin after smoking marijuana.
B)derived from resin from cannabis plants.
C)based upon a mixture of marijuana and heroin.
D)milder than marijuana.

Question 40

Heroin is broadly classified as a

A)hallucinogen.
B)sedative.
C)stimulant.
D)barbiturate.

Question 41

Research on the genetic contribution of drug abuse has shown that

A)genetic risk factors are stronger for "hard" drugs,such as stimulants and hallucinogens.
B)genetic risk factors appear to be the same no matter what the drug.
C)genetic risk is strongest for alcohol.
D)only marijuana use has been shown to be unrelated to genetic risk.

Question 42

The drug Ecstasy is a relatively new form of

A)stimulant.
B)barbiturate.
C)hallucinogen.
D)marijuana.

Question 43

Jolynn took a drug that caused the following symptoms: she felt wide awake and friendly,and had no interest in lunch despite not having eaten since the night before.After taking a second dose of the drug,she became nervous and confused and developed a severe headache.Which of the following drugs did Jolynn probably take?

A)alcohol
B)marijuana
C)barbiturates
D)amphetamines

Question 44

Flashbacks following LSD use are caused by

A)drug- induced changes in brain structures.
B)LSD released from storage in cells.
C)personality variables that render the user susceptible.
D)The cause is unknown

Question 45

Tim works at a law firm where he is expected to bring in a large number of cases each week.He has been working at this job for five years,typically putting in 70 hours a week.He has begun to experience irritability and has begun to drink alcohol in the evening in order to get to sleep.Based on this information,if he were taking any other drug,it would most likely be

A)sedatives.
B)amphetamines.
C)hallucinogens.
D)pain killers.

Question 46

Recent research suggests that the tendency to smoke may be controlled in part by

A)baseline levels of serotonin.
B)a gene that regulates the reuptake of dopamine.
C)a deficiency in dopamine.
D)a brain area that regulates both serotonin and dopamine.

Question 47

Mescaline is obtained

A)by a chemical procedure that can only be done in a lab.
B)from a cactus plant.
C)by combining two hallucinogenic drugs.
D)None of the above choices are correct

Question 48

A recent study indicated that there were more hospital ER visits for ______ than for any other drug.

A)heroin
B)amphetamine
C)marijuana
D)cocaine

Question 49

LSD is a(n)

A)amphetamine.
B)methamphetamine.
C)stimulant.
D)hallucinogen.

Question 50

After taking a particular drug,Hal began feeling that time was passing very slowly,and he began having profound thoughts about the nature of time and the universe.While this first experience was at first deeply moving,leading to feelings of elation,the next time Hal tried this drug,he felt anxious and depressed.What drug did Hal probably take?

A)marijuana
B)ecstasy
C)heroin
D)cocaine

Question 51

Leon ingested a drug and,at first,felt relaxed and happy.His speech was slurred,and he had great difficulty concentrating.He became irritable toward the friends he was with,trying to start a fight over nothing.Finally,Leon fell into a deep sleep.Which of the following drugs did Leon probably ingest?

A)barbiturates
B)marijuana
C)amphetamine
D)LSD

Question 52

In the 1980's a new form of cocaine which comes in a rock crystal form was introduced and called

A)amphetamine.
B)methamphetamine.
C)crack.
D)freebase.

Question 53

A study mentioned in the text examined two groups of people.In the first group,the people began drinking early in adolescence and continued to increase their drinking throughout high school.In the second group,they started drinking a lesser amount in early adolescence and increased drinking at two peak points,one in middle school and another later in high school.The study found that

A)boys were more likely to follow the trajectory of the first group,while girls were more likely to follow the trajectory of the second group
B)girls were more likely to follow the trajectory of the first group,while boys were more likely to follow the trajectory of the second group
C)boys and girls were equally likely to follow either trajectory.
D)boys and girls from Eastern cultures were more likely to follow the second trajectory than boys and girls from Western cultures.

Question 54

Cocaine is classified as a

A)sedative.
B)stimulant.
C)barbiturate.
D)hallucinogen.

Question 55

Sedatives most likely affect

A)norepinephrine levels.
B)the GABA system.
C)dopamine receptors.
D)muscarinic receptors.

Question 56

Which of the following are withdrawal symptoms from caffeine?

A)headaches
B)anxiety
C)fatigue
D)All of the above choices are correct.

Question 57

One of the difficulties in conducting studies of the specific effects of methamphetamine is that

A)its use is very rare.
B)many users have also used other substances.
C)individuals who use it are particularly likely to also use crack.
D)most users live in rural areas.

Question 58

Chronic use of methamphetamine

A)was condoned by Freud.
B)is rarely correlated with use of other drugs.
C)actually enhances cognitive abilities.
D)may result in smaller hippocampal volume.

Question 59

PCP is also known as

A)ecstasy.
B)meth.
C)weed.
D)angel dust.

Question 60

Which of the following drugs is most likely to have life-threatening withdrawal reactions?

A)alcohol
B)barbiturates
C)heroin
D)cocaine

Question 61

Antabuse is a medication for those with alcoholism which

A)reduces anxiety during the detoxification period.
B)helps replace the nutrients lost through malnutrition.
C)mimics the physiological effects of alcohol without creating the same psychological effects.
D)causes violent vomiting when alcohol is ingested.

Question 62

If a drug is used largely because it decreases negative mood,then the psychological effect of that drug is considered

A)negatively reinforcing.
B)positively reinforcing.
C)non-addictive.
D)a mood stabilizer.

Question 63

Research has suggested that in cultures or social contexts where heavy drinking is considered normal,

A)there are lower consumption rates.
B)there are higher consumption rates.
C)women are less likely to become alcoholics than women in cultures where drinking is discouraged.
D)men in the lower social classes are more likely to become alcoholics.

Question 64

Which of the following is a risk of administering drugs to alcoholics as a means of treating their symptoms?

A)The person is simply seeking a chemical cure when the cause may be psychological
B)Making the person believe that taking a substance is necessary to solve the problem
C)Many of the recommended medications also have unpleasant side effects that are compounded by the withdrawal from alcohol
D)All of the above choices are correct.

Question 65

Contingency management is a treatment for alcohol dependency that involves

A)teaching people and those close to them to reinforce behaviors inconsistent with drinking.
B)teaching families of alcoholics to express their love only when the alcoholic is not drinking.
C)providing tokens when the alcoholic abstains from drinking for a certain amount of time.
D)going through a 12-step alcohol abstinence program.

Question 66

Recent research has found that alcohol

A)increases negative emotions and lessens positive emotions in response to anxiety provoking situations.
B)increases positive emotions in response to anxiety provoking situations.
C)lessens negative emotions and lessens positive emotions in response to anxiety provoking situations.
D)increases negative and positive emotions.

Question 67

The vast majority of smokers who quit do so

A)through quitting cold turkey.
B)with the help of hypnosis.
C)through scheduled smoking treatment.
D)without professional help.

Question 68

An important sociocultural variable that has been cited in the increased use of cigarettes has been

A)the role of the family in providing implicit messages regarding smoking.
B)rebound effects from the end of 'just say no' campaigns.
C)the media and advertising.
D)the restriction of places where one may smoke.

Question 69

What has been shown to be related to the changes in marijuana consumption among high school students?

A)Social factors that foster marijuana use,such as joblessness or economic factors.
B)Media images supporting cigarette smoking.
C)Lowered purity of marijuana available in the market.
D)Beliefs about the risks associated with marijuana smoking.

Question 70

Although it has been shown that alcohol does not have a consistent effect upon stress,people continue to drink as a means to alleviate stress because

A)they expect it to help.
B)others suggest drinking to unwind.
C)drinking is more socially acceptable than consuming other drugs.
D)they are unaware of the severity of life stress they are experiencing.

Question 71

A major goal of inpatient hospital-based treatment for alcohol abuse is

A)to focus upon sobriety as a major criteria for discharge.
B)helping the individual admit there is a problem.
C)increasing nutrition and creating a behavior that inhibits alcohol consumption.
D)detoxification.

Question 72

The goal of scheduled smoking is

A)gradual reduction in nicotine intake.
B)controlled smoking,in which smoking continues but much more moderately.
C)to help smokers quit abruptly by scheduling a 'stop smoking' day in advance.
D)identification of triggers associated with smoking.

Question 73

The lowest relapse rate is associated with which of the following approaches to smoking cessation?

A)rapid puffing
B)scheduled smoking
C)focused smoking
D)developing coping skills to use when confronted with tempting situations

Question 74

Belief in the spiritual aspects of Alcoholics Anonymous has been found to

A)be important for success in remaining abstinent.
B)lead to a fatalism that actually interferes with combating alcohol dependence.
C)play an insignificant role in the success of the program.
D)No research has been done on this aspect of the program.

Question 75

Nearly all drugs,including alcohol,stimulate

A)sensation seeking pathways.
B)GABA pathways.
C)serotonin systems in the brain.
D)dopamine systems in the brain.

Question 76

In regards to personality factors that may influence substance abuse,one study involved rating kindergarten children on several personality traits and following up with them several years later.In this study ___________ in kindergarten predicted the onset of getting drunk,using drugs,and smoking at follow up.

A)depression and novelty seeking
B)anxiety and extraversion
C)depression and introversion
D)anxiety and novelty seeking

Question 77

Alcoholics Anonymous programs are run by

A)psychiatrists or psychologists.
B)the participants themselves.
C)mental health professionals who are themselves recovering alcoholics.
D)trained paraprofessionals.

Question 78

The treatment goal of Alcoholics Anonymous is

A)to help people cope with their spouse's or parent's drinking.
B)to change the public's perceptions of alcohol and alcoholism.
C)to learn to drink socially without becoming drunk.
D)achieving abstinence from drinking.

Question 79

Jared is receiving guided self-change therapy for his alcohol abuse.Accordingly,he is also learning strategies for controlling his behaviors associated with drinking,as well as actual drinking.In such a program,which of the following would NOT be a factor?

A)The encouragement of minor behavioral changes (e.g. ,not driving past bars)
B)Calculating the amount of money spent on alcohol per year
C)Achieving recognition that he has become completely powerless over alcohol
D)Utilizing an empathic,supportive approach

Question 80

The incentive-sensitization theory of substance dependence considers

A)cravings for the substance and the pleasure that comes with taking the substance.
B)the extremes a person will go to obtain the substance.
C)the age of a person when they first use the substance.
D)how much a person likes the substance.