Deck 8: Mood Disorders

Question 1

The DSM-IV-TR recognizes which of the following forms of bipolar disorders?

A)bipolar I and bipolar II
B)bipolar I,bipolar II and cyclothymia
C)bipolar and cyclothymia
D)bipolar I,bipolar II and bipolar III

Answer 1

bipolar I,bipolar II and cyclothymia

Question 2

Which of the following is a chronic,milder form of bipolar disorder?

A)dysthymic disorder
B)cyclothymic disorder
C)manic-depression
D)hypomanic disorder

Answer 2

cyclothymic disorder

Question 3

Juan experiences symptoms of sad mood,increased sleep,agitation,poor appetite,and concentration difficulties most of the day.Julia,on the other hand,has symptoms of loss of interest in activities,lethargy,increased appetite,feelings of worthlessness,and recurrent thoughts of death.What can be concluded regarding Juan and Julia?

A)Both Juan and Julia have major depression,and have it at a similar level of severity.
B)Juan has mania,whereas Julia has major depression.
C)Both have major depression,but it is unclear whether they are qualitatively part of the same class.
D)Both have bipolar I disorder.

Answer 3

Both have major depression,but it is unclear whether they are qualitatively part of the same class.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A)All people who experience manic symptoms will experience symptoms of depression at some point during their lifetime.
B)An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I.
C)An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 5

Which of the following is considered an uncommon symptom of depression?

A)Increased activity level;agitation
B)Sleeping more than usual.
C)Sleeping less than usual.
D)All of the above are common symptoms of depression.

Question 6

Jacqueline has been depressed,ongoing,for the past three years.Based on this information,the best diagnosis for Jacqueline would be

A)dysthymic disorder.
B)cyclothymic disorder.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)major depressive episode.

Question 7

Vanessa reported feeling a lack of energy,difficulty sleeping,loss of appetite,difficulty concentrating,and a loss of interest in activities she previously enjoyed.Based on this information,which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for Vanessa?

A)eating disorder
B)major depressive disorder
C)bipolar disorder
D)generalized anxiety disorder

Question 8

Which of the following best describes hypomania?

A)A type of mania that alternates with depression.
B)A type of mania more common in dysthymic patients.
C)A more severe form of mania.
D)A less severe form of mania.

Question 9

Jack reports being in a wonderful mood.He has been very active at work lately,even working far into the night,as he seems to need only a few hours of sleep at night.He is very talkative and quickly moves from one topic to another,describing a scheme he has for making a fortune in the stock market.These behaviors represent a change from Jack's normal behaviors and have caused severe functional impairment.Which of the following diagnoses would best fit Jack?

A)overanxious disorder
B)dysthymic disorder
C)bipolar disorder
D)cyclothymia.

Question 10

Hannah and Heidi are identical twins.If Hannah develops major depressive disorder,what are the odds that Heidi will develop it as well?

A)37%
B)85%
C)25%
D)70%

Question 11

Flight of ideas refers to

A)one with schizophrenia experiencing delusional thinking.
B)one with depression experiencing suicidal thinking.
C)the thinking of a person with dementia.
D)one with mania experiencing rapid shifts in topics while speaking.

Question 12

Which of the following treatments for seasonal affective disorder is now considered a first-line recommendation in the APA treatment guidelines for depression?

A)cognitive-behavioral therapy
B)regular bright light exposure
C)psychodynamic therapy
D)traveling to a warmer climate during winter months

Question 13

Which of the following factors have NOT been proposed as an explanation for the gender difference in depression?

A)Girls are more likely to be exposed to sexual abuse than boys.
B)Women tend to be more creative than men.
C)Women are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors in adulthood.
D)Social roles promote emotion-focused coping among women.

Question 14

To be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder,a person

A)must be currently experiencing manic symptoms.
B)must have experienced hypomanic symptoms as well as depressive symptoms at some point in their life time.
C)must have had at least one episode of mania or a single mixed episode at some point in their life time.
D)must have experienced at least one depressive episode.

Question 15

For a period of one week,in a given day,Alan experienced severe depression as well as episodes of extreme elation.Based on this information only,Alan

A)was probably experiencing mania.
B)was probably experiencing a mixed episode.
C)may not meet criteria for bipolar disorder.
D)has an excellent prognosis.

Question 16

The mood disorder subtype of melancholic describes people who

A)sleep virtually all the time.
B)have little energy or motivation.
C)feel no pleasure in anything.
D)exhibit clear physiological symptoms.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true?

A)There is a negative relationship between mood disorders and creativity.
B)There is a positive relationship between mood disorders and creativity.
C)Creativity causes improvements in mood.
D)Depression causes creative outbursts.

Question 18

Which of the following people is least likely to have major depression?

A)a 45-year-old wealthy woman
B)a 35-year-old unemployed man
C)a 20-year-old wealthy man
D)a 19-year-old wealthy woman who has had one episode of depression in the past

Question 19

In the past year,John has had three depressive episodes and two manic episodes.Which of the following DSM-IV-TR diagnoses would best fit John?

A)bipolar I disorder-rapid cycling type
B)bipolar II disorder-rapid cycling type
C)cyclothymia
D)major depressive disorder-rapid cycling type

Question 20

Every winter for the past three years,Natalie has felt extremely depressed for a period of months and is unable to keep up with her responsibilities because of her low energy and difficulty concentrating.She always appears to feel better by early spring and is at her best during the summer.Which of the following DSM-IV-TR diagnoses would best fit Natalie?

A)cyclothymic disorder
B)major depression-melancholic subtype
C)seasonal affective disorder
D)Natalie's symptoms reflect normal mood fluctuations and would not be given a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis.

Question 21

Pleasure,motivation,and energy decrease in depression and increase in mania.This suggests neurological changes in the

A)amygdala.
B)second messengers.
C)HPA axis.
D)reward system.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a problem with research identifying specific genes involved in mood disorder?

A)the many instances of non-replications across studies
B)the lack of technology available to identify genetic material
C)positive results are more likely to be published than null findings
D)all of the above are mentioned as problems

Question 23

Given the inconsistent evidence about levels of neurotransmitters in people with mood disorders,researchers have begun to focus research efforts on

A)whether specific levels of serotonin or dopamine are important.
B)understanding the types of people who have no disturbances in their absolute levels of neurotransmitters.
C)finding a new neurotransmitter.
D)the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.

Question 24

Which of the following statements supports the argument that neurotransmitters may not be as important in mood disorders as some researchers have believed them to be?

A)Many people with mania and depression showed no disturbances in their absolute levels of neurotransmitters.
B)Antidepressants relieve depression symptoms immediately.
C)Serotonin is not found in the brains of some depressed persons.
D)Increases in dopamine levels can trigger manic symptoms.

Question 25

Tryptophan depletion has been used to

A)lower serotonin levels.
B)examine dopamine receptors.
C)deplete norepinephrine levels.
D)raise sensitivity for serotonin.

Question 26

Which of the following types of brain imaging studies are most commonly used in research on mood disorders?

A)structural and functional
B)structural and operative
C)density and structural
D)functional and spherical

Question 27

Recent research has found that ____________ appears to be high among people with mania.

A)protein Kinase C
B)cortisol
C)alpha-dextrose
D)amygdala activity

Question 28

After a stressful life event,most people

A)become depressed.
B)will have another stressful life event.
C)do not become depressed.
D)experience a reduction in social support.

Question 29

Some researchers believe that depressive symptoms (e.g. ,decreased pleasure and motivation)and manic symptoms (e.g. ,increased pleasure and motivation)may be partly explained by changes in

A)the sensitivity of the reward system in the brain.
B)dopamine.
C)serotonin.
D)tryptophan.

Question 30

Stressful life events

A)are only related to the first episode of depression.
B)are important in triggering episodes of depression.
C)play little role in the onset of depressive episodes.
D)mediate the relationship between genetics and environment.

Question 31

Which of the following disorders has the highest heritability estimates?

A)major depressive disorder
B)bipolar disorder
C)dysthymia
D)cyclothymia

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Tryptophan is used to lower dopamine levels.
B)People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors.
C)People who are vulnerable to depression may have highly sensitive serotonin receptors.
D)A person who has very sensitive serotonin receptors is expected to experience lots of depressive symptoms as their serotonin levels drop.

Question 33

Among individuals who are depressed

A)cortisol levels are often poorly regulated.
B)most have Cushing's syndrome as well.
C)levels of dexamethasone are dysregulated.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 34

Norepinephrine and serotonin are ________________ implicated in mood disorder etiology.

A)two parts of the autonomic nervous system
B)antidepressant medications
C)neurotransmitters
D)structures in the limbic system

Question 35

Functional studies of people with major depression show

A)elevated activity in the amygdala.
B)decreased activity in the amygdala.
C)diminished volume in the prefrontal cortex.
D)diminished volume of the hippocampus.

Question 36

In both animals and humans,too much cortisol appears to produce

A)Cushing's syndrome.
B)manic symptoms.
C)depressive symptoms.
D)HPA axis activity.

Question 37

John is in the middle of a major depressive episode.His friend,Sophie,has never experienced depression and she is trying to be supportive of John.If you were to show both John and Sophie photos of people with sad or angry expressions on their face,

A)structural activation studies would most likely indicate that John has a stronger and more sustained reaction in his amygdala than Sophie.
B)functional activation studies would most likely indicate that Sophie has a stronger and more sustained reaction in her amygdala than John.
C)functional activation studies would most likely indicate that John has a stronger and more sustained reaction in his amygdala than Sophie.
D)Based on this information,both Sophie and John would probably have the same amount of activity in their amygdalas.

Question 38

Stressful life events appear to be a causal factor in depression based on research showing

A)depressed people experience more losses of marriages and jobs.
B)people report life stresses before they become depressed.
C)depression rates increase after major disasters.
D)lab induced stress leads to increased depression.

Question 39

Since mood disorders are characterized by many different symptoms,most researchers believe that

A)mood disorders will eventually be related to a single gene which regulates mood.
B)mood disorders will eventually be related to a set of genes.
C)mood disorders must be due to dysregulation of norepinephrine and serotonin.
D)mood disorders are related to a single gene called N34.

Question 40

In regards to depression,the amygdala

A)helps a person recall painful memories.
B)helps a person execute plans.
C)regulates heart rate.
D)helps a person assess how emotionally important a given stimulus is.

Question 41

Research has demonstrated a relationship between ________________ and depression,which is moderated by ________________.

A)loss;I.Q.
B)life stress;social support
C)diet;exercise
D)overly optimistic cognitions;intelligence

Question 42

Research demonstrating that depressed people often express intense anger and hostility toward others provides evidence

A)in support of Freud's theory of depression.
B)that contradicts Freud's theory of depression.
C)in support of Beck's theory of depression.
D)that contradicts Beck's theory of depression.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Low levels of expressed emotion predicts relapse in depression.
B)Depressive symptoms are usually a result of expressed emotion.
C)Symptoms of depression can create relationship problems.
D)People with depression often elicit positive reactions from people around them because they tend to keep to themselves.

Question 44

Katherine was presented with a difficult puzzle to solve that was,in fact,unsolvable.When she was later given a very simple puzzle,she was unable to solve it.This is an example in support of which theory of depression?

A)psychoanalytic
B)interpersonal
C)Beck's cognitive
D)learned helplessness

Question 45

An unresolved research problem facing the cognitive theory of depression is

A)determining if changing negative thinking results in one's depression improving.
B)whether mood causes negative thinking.
C)that depression is essentially a biological disorder.
D)All of the above choices are correct.

Question 46

According to Freud's theory,a depressed person is fixated in which stage of development?

A)oral
B)anal
C)genital
D)phallic

Question 47

In Beck's theory,a cognitive bias leading to depression would be excessive focus on

A)the past.
B)global disasters.
C)childhood sexual abuse.
D)negative feedback.

Question 48

If Stephanie is characterized as a person high in neuroticism,she

A)is not likely to become depressed,but likely to become anxious.
B)is at elevated risk for developing depression.
C)is likely to experience low levels of anxiety,but high levels of depression.
D)is most likely clinically depressed.

Question 49

Which of the following is a similarity between Beck's and Freud's theories of depression?

A)Both believe that anger is the root of depression.
B)Both emphasize the depressive's illogical view of the world.
C)Both consider negative life events to be important in the development of depression.
D)Both focus on the experience of loss in the development of depression.

Question 50

According to Freud's theory of depression,orally fixated people who experience a loss

A)are overwhelmed by grief.
B)refuse to admit their grief.
C)turn their anger inward.
D)become angry at their loss.

Question 51

Current personality research conceptualizes depression and anxiety along which of the following dimensions?

A)positive affect,negative affect and autonomic arousal
B)affect and somatic arousal
C)positive and negative affect
D)positive affect,negative affect and somatic arousal

Question 52

The learned helplessness theory of depression was formulated by

A)Aaron Beck.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Martin Seligman.
D)Victor Frankl.

Question 53

The early psychoanalytic theory of depression,as formulated by Freud,emphasized

A)anxiety that develops in response to loss.
B)attribution errors committed during particular situations.
C)introjections of loss or an interpersonal disappointment.
D)an unresolved crisis during the anal stage.

Question 54

Which of the following personality traits has been most strongly associated with depression?

A)anxiety
B)neuroticism
C)extraversion
D)avoidant

Question 55

Learned helplessness was originally formulated as a theory of depression to explain

A)the inability of dogs to escape shocks after they had been exposed to inescapable shock.
B)the apparent inability of some depressive individuals to learn to escape difficult situations.
C)situations in which depressed individuals appear non-depressed,but are helpless to initiate new activities.
D)a failure to learn from mistakes that is exhibited by some animals.

Question 56

Interactions with people with depression typically result in

A)longer interactions than with people without depression.
B)the depressed person eliciting negative feedback.
C)the depressed person feeling less depressed.
D)more depression even if there is an effort to reduce the depression in the conversation.

Question 57

Depressive cognitive biases,according to the cognitive theory of depression,are

A)pessimistic global views of self,world,and future.
B)negative beliefs about how things work in the world.
C)negative schemata triggered by negative life events.
D)distorted ways of reaching conclusions about events.

Question 58

Which of the following disorders are conceptualized as involving the broad dimension of negative affect?

A)mania
B)depression
C)anxiety
D)both b and c

Question 59

People who are depressed tend to have

A)just lost one's job.
B)had a best friend die suddenly.
C)recently broken up with their partner.
D)sparse social networks.

Question 60

What are examples of somatic arousal-a broad dimension differentiating depression from anxiety?

A)fast heart rate,heavy breathing,sweaty palms
B)itchiness,irritation
C)lethargy,lack of motivation
D)lots of energy

Question 61

When considering the etiology of depressive disorders,most researchers

A)believe it to be more neurobiological.
B)believe it to be more psychosocial.
C)integrate neurobiological and psychosocial aspects.
D)conclude that genes are responsible for the onset and duration of mood episodes.

Question 62

Research indicating that people with bipolar disorder describe themselves as very responsive to rewards may help explain why those with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for becoming manic

A)following life events involving goal attainment.
B)after increasing the number of life needs.
C)following deep depression.
D)following receiving gifts.

Question 63

Jacob's psychiatrist has recommended electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT),and Jacob is debating whether to consent to this treatment.Which of the following risks should Jacob consider when making his decision?

A)bone fractures caused by the seizure
B)memory loss and confusion
C)developing a seizure disorder
D)permanent changes in brain structure

Question 64

Tim was receiving cognitive therapy for depression.Most likely,his therapist

A)encouraged Tim to examine his early childhood conflicts.
B)provided structured feedback to Tim about his family environment.
C)engaged Tim in a method of challenging negative self-statements.
D)focused on Tim's reaction to his style and offered interpretations.

Question 65

Mindfulness-based therapy

A)is most effective for women.
B)is most effective for people who have had just one major depressive episode.
C)appears to be most effective for people who experience recurrent depressive episodes.
D)is just as effective as treatment as usual.

Question 66

The hopelessness theory of depression is predicated on

A)depression resulting from previous helplessness situations.
B)biological features of depression resulting in negative attributions.
C)a return to the animal lab to further understand factors leading to depression.
D)cognitive diatheses that lead to negative attributions.

Question 67

In the latest version of helplessness/hopelessness theory,depression results from inescapable aversive situations only

A)when the person believes they can survive the aversive situation.
B)if the individual already feels depressed.
C)for individuals who make depressive attributions during or following the aversive situation.
D)when a family member has a history of depression.

Question 68

As many as ___ of people prescribed an antidepressant stop taking their medication within the first month.

A)10%
B)20%
C)90%
D)40%

Question 69

In interpersonal psychotherapy,the focus of treatment is on

A)understanding the role of past relationships in the present.
B)cognitive biases in relationships.
C)childhood problems with relationships.
D)the examination of the person's major problems such as role transitions.

Question 70

Jolynn was experiencing major depression,and she went to a psychodynamic therapist who treated her with interpersonal therapy.Her therapist probably encouraged her to

A)confront her parents with her anger at them for neglecting her as a child.
B)keep a record of her moods over the course of the day and their relationship to the number of positive contacts she has with other people.
C)examine her own way of relating to others in her environment.
D)attempt to replace depressing memories with happy ones.

Question 71

In bipolar disorder,depressive episodes are typically triggered by

A)similar factors as in major depression.
B)difficulty facing the seriousness of the disorder.
C)after-effects of manic episodes.
D)neurological changes.

Question 72

According to learned helplessness theory,following a failure on an important exam,which of the following explanations for the failure is most likely to lead to depression?

A)This teacher doesn't like me.
B)I am stupid.
C)I was in a bad mood on the day of the test.
D)I did not study hard enough.

Question 73

Recent large-scale research trials of psychological treatment of bipolar disorder have shown that

A)only medication should be used to treat bipolar disorder.
B)there are several established treatments that can help people with bipolar disorder stay on medication and avoid hospitalization.
C)these treatments only help with the highs (mania)and not the lows (depression).
D)these treatments work better in decreasing symptoms than medication.

Question 74

Behavioral activation involves

A)increasing the number of meaningful relationships.
B)increasing one's commitment to therapy.
C)increasing serotonin levels.
D)increasing the number of active,pleasurable experiences.

Question 75

Studies suggest that IPT

A)is relatively ineffective.
B)is comparable in its effectiveness to psychoanalysis.
C)is effective in relieving depression and preventing relapse.
D)is effective in treating depression,but fails to prevent relapse,especially in the elderly.

Question 76

Jill is seeking treatment for depression,which started after she ended a long-term relationship.Which of the following would be a global depressive attribution she might make?

A)"My relationships end badly because I drive them away."
B)"There must be something wrong with me,because I always attract people who are wrong for me."
C)"Sometimes I feel there is something the matter with me."
D)"My next relationship will likely be better."

Question 77

Mindfulness-based therapy is adapted from

A)cognitive therapy.
B)IPT.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)behavioral therapy.

Question 78

Across paradigms,treatment of mood disorders typically includes

A)psychoeducation.
B)cognitive therapy.
C)behavioral marital therapy.
D)behavioral activation.

Question 79

All of the following have been shown to be effective in treating depression EXCEPT

A)interpersonal therapy.
B)Beck's cognitive therapy.
C)mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
D)All of the above have been shown to be effective.

Question 80

In modern applications of electroconvulsive therapy,electrical current

A)is not used.Instead,convulsions are induced chemically.
B)is passed only through the frontal lobe.
C)is higher than in the past.
D)is passed through the non-dominant (usually right)hemisphere.