Deck 2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology

Question 1

A genotype is illustrated by which of the following?

A)panic disorder
B)depression
C)schizophrenia
D)None of these

Answer 1

None of these

Question 2

The behavior genetic view suggests which of the following relationships between genes and abnormal behavior?

A)Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behavior.
B)It is possible and reasonable to manipulate an individual's genes.
C)Twins are more likely to exhibit abnormal behavior.
D)None of these describe the behavior genetic view.

Answer 2

Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behavior.

Question 3

A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called

A)an allele.
B)a genotype.
C)a phenotype.
D)a polymorphism.

Answer 3

a polymorphism.

Question 4

Turkheimer and colleagues' study of IQ showed that

A)heritability for IQ is high.
B)heritability depends upon the environment.
C)achievement is highly heritable regardless of environment.
D)linkage analysis is a sound research method.

Question 5

Psychopathology is polygenic which means that

A)there are several different paradigms to explain abnormal behavior.
B)there are several different genes operating at different times during development that influence vulnerability.
C)the human genome consists of around 30,000 genes.
D)if a person had a gene for a given disorder,they would most likely get that disorder.

Question 6

Recent studies have examined gene-environment interactions in depression using

A)peptides.
B)DNA profiling.
C)the serotonin transporter gene.
D)alleles.

Question 7

Different forms of the same gene are called

A)alleles.
B)polymorphisms.
C)chromosomes.
D)genotypes.

Question 8

Paradigms in the study of psychopathology

A)increase objectivity.
B)slow innovation.
C)increase confidence in our conclusions regarding mental illness.
D)enable us to gather knowledge in a systematic manner.

Question 9

Adoption studies are ideal studies for investigating

A)polymorphism.
B)gene-environment interactions.
C)genotypes.
D)alleles.

Question 10

When a scientist chooses a paradigm to understand psychopathology,it

A)has little effect on clinical practice.
B)leads to an overly narrow perspective.
C)is generally too narrow in focus.
D)specifies which problems they will investigate and how they will go about investigating them.

Question 11

A phenotype is illustrated by which of the following?

A)Lisa's level of anxiety.
B)Lisa's chromosomes.
C)The genes that code for Lisa's eye color.
D)Lisa's DNA structure.

Question 12

One's observable characteristics are called

A)fistulas.
B)genotypes.
C)genetic types.
D)phenotypes.

Question 13

The study of the pups born to high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers and raised by high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers provided support for the idea that

A)environments influence the expression of genes in psychopathology.
B)adoption studies are a useful method for understanding genetic markers.
C)environments do not play as important a role as genetics.
D)LG-ABN behaviors in mothers are not related to the expression of certain genes in pups.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Heritability is a population statistic ranging from 0.0 to 1.0.
B)Heritability is the extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by environmental factors.
C)Heritability is a measure of what varies in a population.
D)The higher the heritability statistic,the greater the particular behavior can be accounted for by genetic factors.

Question 15

One's inherited genes are referred to as

A)phenotypes.
B)genotypes.
C)somatotypes.
D)allele types.

Question 16

"Knockout studies"

A)are used to learn about mating behaviors in mice.
B)are used to gain a better understanding of DNA sequences.
C)manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by "removing" certain genes from mice DNA.
D)manipulate specific genes by inserting artificial hormones into mice DNA.

Question 17

Any measure of intelligence is best viewed as an index of

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)shared environment.
D)unshared environment.

Question 18

Research suggests that

A)shared environmental factors is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings.
B)heritability is what determines a behavior in a population.
C)the effect of nonshared environmental events on siblings is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings.
D)specific types of events determine genetic variability among siblings.

Question 19

Contemporary views on genetic and environmental factors in behavior emphasize that

A)genes are important for only some behaviors.
B)a good environment can overcome genetic limitations.
C)both factors influence each other.
D)the percentage of genetic influence on a behavior can be measured.

Question 20

If the heritability of ADHD is around .70 then

A)70% of Liam's ADHD is due to genes.
B)30% of Liam's ADHD is due to genes.
C)Liam's individual heritability for ADHD is .70.
D)In a given population,approximately 70% of variation in ADHD is attributed to genes and approximately 30% is attributed to the environment.

Question 21

According to the neuroscience paradigm,mental disorders are likely the result of

A)an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
B)excesses of different neurotransmitters,such as dopamine.
C)deficiencies in different neurotransmitters,such as serotonin.
D)All of the above are possibilities.

Question 22

The cerebellum is crucial for

A)balance.
B)speech
C)sight
D)hearing

Question 23

A reciprocal gene-environment interaction

A)involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments.
B)involves how adopted children take on the characteristics of their adopted parents.
C)is a useful research method in adoption studies.
D)suggests that individuals who spend a lot of time in bars are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who do not frequent bars.

Question 24

Fred has schizophrenia and is taking a medication that works by blocking dopamine receptors.Fred is most likely taking which kind of drug?

A)an antagonist
B)an agonist
C)a second messenger
D)an antidepressant

Question 25

Which of the following mechanisms adjust the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors to dopamine,norepinephrine or serotonin?

A)second messengers
B)antagonists
C)neurotransmitters
D)nerve impulses

Question 26

Dr.Arthur and his colleagues are investigating a new drug for depression that stimulates serotonin receptors..Dr.Arthur is most likely investigating which kind of drug?

A)an antagonist
B)an agonist
C)a second messenger
D)a synaptic blocker.

Question 27

Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity which has resulted in frequent trouble with the law.As a result of time spent in jail,Nick has developed alcohol dependence.This is an example of

A)linkage analysis.
B)epigenetics.
C)a gene-environment interaction.
D)a reciprocal gene-environment interaction.

Question 28

The thalamus is the part of the brain which

A)recognizes spatial relations.
B)regulates body temperature and blood pressure.
C)controls movement.
D)relays sensory pathways for hearing and vision.

Question 29

The gray matter in the brain is made up of

A)neurons.
B)fissures.
C)sulci.
D)meninges.

Question 30

The major connection between the two hemispheres in the brain is called

A)gray matter.
B)the parietal lobe.
C)the brain stem.
D)the corpus callosum.

Question 31

The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the

A)neurotransmitter.
B)axon.
C)ganglion.
D)synapse.

Question 32

The neuroscience paradigm

A)suggests that genes are responsible for most types of psychopathology.
B)suggests that dopamine is linked to most types of psychopathology.
C)asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.
D)asserts that mental disorders are linked to environmental disturbances.

Question 33

The part of your brain closest to your ears that deals with sound discrimination is the _________ lobe.

A)frontal
B)occipital
C)parietal
D)temporal

Question 34

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that

A)allow nerve impulses to reach the next neuron.
B)repair neurons.
C)let neurons adjust their sensitivity to new inputs.
D)adjust the speed of neural transmissions.

Question 35

A major current challenge for researchers within the genetic paradigm is to show the mechanism by which

A)genes for pathology remain after many generations.
B)genes and environments influence each other.
C)genes exert effects on highly complex behaviors.
D)drugs are able to effect genetic predispositions.

Question 36

Second messengers play an important role in

A)moderating agonists.
B)moderating antagonists.
C)helping neurons adjust receptor sensitivity.
D)adjusting sensitivity of the thalamus.

Question 37

The cortex consists of ____ layers of tightly packed neurons.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 38

Neurotransmitters are pumped back into the presynaptic cell by

A)reintroduction.
B)reuptake.
C)reinstitution.
D)recall.

Question 39

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT mentioned in the text as being implicated in psychopathology?

A)GABA
B)Dopamine
C)Serotonin
D)All of the above are mentioned

Question 40

Neurotransmitters

A)deliver nerve impulse information across the synapse.
B)allow for the detection of brain activity through measures such as EEG.
C)transmit genetic information from parents to offspring.
D)block the flow of information and contribute to behavioral problems.

Question 41

A criticism of the psychoanalytic paradigm is that it

A)has empirically linked the role of fantasies with abnormal behavior.
B)involves adherence to ego analytic principles.
C)does not lend itself easily to empirical scrutiny.
D)is based on the observations of very diverse populations.

Question 42

When people are faced with threat,the hypothalamus releases ______________,which then communicates with the pituitary gland.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF)
D)norepinephrine

Question 43

Psychoanalysis was developed by

A)Joseph Breuer.
B)Carl Jung.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Karen Horney.

Question 44

The autonomic nervous system

A)is largely involuntary.
B)is also known as the somatic nervous system.
C)is largely voluntary.
D)regulates emotions.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a theory derived from psychoanalytic theory?

A)object relations theory
B)attachment theory
C)psychodynamic theory
D)all of the above are derived from psychoanalytic theory

Question 46

In early adulthood,a process known as _______ occurs in which cell connections in the brain are eliminated.

A)honing
B)pruning
C)linkage analysis
D)a gene-environment interaction

Question 47

This part of the ANS accelerates the heart,dilates the pupils and initiates smooth muscle and glandular responses that prepare an organism for sudden activity and stress.

A)parasympathetic nervous system
B)sympathetic nervous system
C)somatic nervous system
D)HPA axis

Question 48

Important structures of the limbic system include all of the following EXCEPT

A)the anterior cingulate
B)the cerebellum
C)the amygdala
D)the hypothalamus

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Starting in early adulthood,synaptic connections begin to be eliminated.
B)Connections in the brain become greater as an individual moves through adulthood.
C)Brain development begins in the second trimester.
D)All of the above statements are true.

Question 50

Your friend gives you a description of her cousin who will be in town this weekend.Her description is very similar to that of one of your closest friends from high school,which makes you smile.This reaction could be explained by which of the following concepts?

A)attachment theory
B)the relational self
C)object relations theory
D)psychoanalysis

Question 51

Ego analysts have

A)emphasized the importance of fantasies.
B)refined psychoanalysis so that it is more amenable to empirical scrutiny.
C)derived therapies based on classical conditioning techniques.
D)frequently used exposure as a therapeutic technique.

Question 52

Which of the following is central to the body's response to stress?

A)HPA axis
B)serotonin
C)dopamine
D)nerve impulses

Question 53

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts:

A)the somatic nervous system and the involuntary nervous system.
B)the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
C)the somatic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.
D)the sympathetic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

Question 54

It was found through a brain scan that a man had higher than normal levels of activity in his limbic system.This man probably was having difficulty with

A)physical movement of the body.
B)regulation of sleep and arousal.
C)regulation of emotion.
D)language formation.

Question 55

Which of the following would be considered an implication of the neuroscience paradigm?

A)Using an antidepressant to inhibit the uptake of serotonin.
B)Changing one's schema by identifying false cognitions.
C)Studying gene-environment interactions to better understand how depression runs in families.
D)Studying the heritability of schizophrenia.

Question 56

Despite criticisms,the psychoanalytic paradigm continues to exert influence on the field of psychopathology through all of the following assumptions EXCEPT:

A)Childhood experiences help shape adult personality.
B)There are unconscious influences on behavior.
C)The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious.
D)Dreams are very important in understanding psychopathology.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A person could hold a neuroscientific view about the nature of a psychological disorder,yet still recommend psychological intervention
B)Reductionism refers to the view that whatever is being studied can and should be reduced to its more basic elements.
C)In recent decades,neuroscience research on causes and treatment of psychopathology has been proceeding quite slowly.
D)Most neurobiological interventions have not been derived from knowledge of what causes a given disorder.

Question 58

Psychodynamic theory involving the role of the unconscious in behavior prompted researchers in psychopathology to study

A)implicit memory biases.
B)the desires of the id.
C)Freud's unconscious desires.
D)the effect of the ego on the id.

Question 59

The primary argument against reductionism is that

A)using multiple levels of analysis makes understanding needlessly complex.
B)phenomena may only be understandable at specific levels of analysis.
C)it is impossible to identify the best level of analysis for some phenomena.
D)theoretical biases make it difficult to adjust levels of analysis.

Question 60

Jane is afraid of elevators.Her psychologist,Dr.Schwartz,teaches her how to relax deeply.Then Dr.Schwartz helps her develop a list of situations with elevators that vary in how frightening or anxiety- producing they are.Finally,while relaxed,Jane imagines the series of situations with elevators.Eventually Jane is able to tolerate imagining increasingly more difficult situations in elevators such as riding an elevator 100 floors alone.By the end of the 16^th therapy session,Jane states that her fear of elevators has disappeared.Dr.Schwartz used

A)brief psychodynamic therapy.
B)token economy.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)ego analysis.

Question 61

The Stroop task has been modified to focus on emotion.Research findings from this modified Stroop have been used

A)to show that people with anxiety disorders are more attentive to primary colors than normal controls.
B)as evidence of an attention bias towards threatening information in people with anxiety disorders.
C)to show that individuals with schizophrenia are able to hold their attention for longer periods of time than normal controls.
D)as evidence of an attention bias towards emotional information in people with schizophrenia.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an example of a diathesis?

A)Chronic feelings of hopelessness often found in people with depression.
B)The ability to be hypnotized often seen in people with dissociative identity disorder.
C)Intense fear of becoming fat often found in people with eating disorders.
D)Delusions often found in people with schizophrenia.

Question 63

After the first day of class,Jack (who is always an optimist)decides the class will be fun while Jan (who struggles over grades)decides the class will be hard.Their different reactions illustrate the role of

A)their non-shared environment.
B)their cognitive set.
C)exposures they've experienced.
D)their childhood experiences.

Question 64

Lindsey opened a letter saying that she got into her top choice medical school.She felt a rush of joy and began to jump up and down with excitement.Which of the following best describes Lindsey's state in the moment after opening the letter?

A)Lindsey is experiencing happy emotions.
B)Lindsey is in a happy mood.
C)Lindsey has a happy schema.
D)Lindsey has sad affect.

Question 65

Behavioral and cognitive theorists differ in their emphasis on

A)events versus interpretations of events.
B)feelings versus thoughts.
C)reinforcement versus free-will.
D)childhood experiences versus current events.

Question 66

Multinational studies on the role of gender in psychopathology have shown that

A)alcohol dependence is equally common among women and men.
B)depression is nearly twice as common among women than men.
C)antisocial personality disorder is more common among women than men.
D)childhood disorders affect more girls than boys.

Question 67

What paradigm was used by this therapist? Joan was fired from her job,and her therapist attempts to help her see that this is not terrible,and that being fired does not mean she is a bad person.

A)learning paradigm
B)psychoanalytic paradigm
C)Beck's cognitive paradigm
D)gestalt paradigm

Question 68

Ted is a "workaholic;" he works 15 hours a day and never has time to spend with his family or on things he enjoys.Which of the following is a cognitive explanation of Ted's behavior?

A)Ted is imitating the behavior of his hard-working father.
B)Ted believes he can only be a good person if he excels in everything he does.
C)Ted is actually afraid of getting close to others.
D)Ted lacks the assertiveness to stand up to his boss' demands.

Question 69

Joan tends to see everything on the 'bright side.' That is,she rarely feels that negative events occur in her life.According to the cognitive perspective,Joan's tendency to see things positively represents her

A)schema.
B)discriminative stimulus.
C)fixation.
D)conditioned response.

Question 70

Nellie sees a set of words printed in different colors on a computer and she must name the color of each word as rapidly as possible.Which of the following best describes the task that Nellie is doing?

A)negative priming
B)schema
C)Stroop
D)in vivo

Question 71

Generally all diatheses are

A)predispositions.
B)causes.
C)physiological.
D)theoretical.

Question 72

The Stroop task was developed for researchers to study

A)attention.
B)the role of neurotransmitters.
C)emotion.
D)Alzheimer's Disease.

Question 73

When studying the role of emotions in different mental disorders,it is important to consider

A)which components of emotion are affected.
B)how sad the person is.
C)cardiovascular responses to stress.
D)which emotions have the largest effect on mood.

Question 74

Rational-emotive therapy primarily focuses on

A)changing irrational behavior.
B)changing behavior associated with irrational ideas.
C)changing the ability to relax.
D)changing irrational beliefs.

Question 75

Studies of psychopathology among different cultures and ethnicities have shown that eating disorders are more common among _________,while schizophrenia is more common among _________.

A)African-Americans;Caucasians
B)Hispanics;Caucasians
C)Caucasians;African-Americans
D)African-Americans;Hispanics

Question 76

Cultural and ethnic studies of psychopathology conducted around the world indicate that

A)most disorders are only prevalent in the United States.
B)all disorders in the DSM-IV-TR can be identified in every culture studied.
C)treatments are universally effective for all disorders.
D)a number of disorders are indeed observed in diverse parts of the world.

Question 77

The diathesis-stress paradigm emphasizes that psychopathology results from

A)biology and the unconscious.
B)biology and stress.
C)physiology and biochemistry.
D)attachment and gestalt problems.

Question 78

According to the diathesis-stress model,if Linda inherited a predisposition that places her at high risk for schizophrenia,

A)given a certain amount of stress,it is likely she will develop schizophrenia.
B)Linda will most definitely develop schizophrenia.
C)Linda will only develop schizophrenia if she has also inherited a predisposition to be paranoid.
D)Linda also inherited a schema that predisposes her to experience stress more easily than most people.

Question 79

The difference between emotions and moods are

A)emotions involve feelings,while moods involve behaviors.
B)emotions have been linked to psychological disorders,while moods have not.
C)emotions are long-lived experiences,while moods tend to be short-lasting.
D)emotions are fairly short-lived states,while moods tend to last for longer periods of time.

Question 80

A distinctive facet of the cognitive behavioral paradigm is that thoughts

A)are a result of feelings.
B)are a direct result of past experiences.
C)are less important than behaviors.
D)cause feelings.