Deck 1: Colliding Worlds, 1491-1600

Question 1

Typically,when an English woman of the fifteenth century married,she

A) owned property jointly with her husband.
B) gave up ownership of her property to her husband.
C) received full control of the family's property on her husband's death.
D) lost any claim to all of the family's property on her husband's death.

Answer 1

gave up ownership of her property to her husband.

Question 2

Which of following is the name for the European practice whereby the eldest son inherited nearly all of his father's estate?

A) The dower system
B) Primogeniture
C) Predestination
D) The putting out system

Answer 2

Primogeniture

Question 3

What was the foundation for the prosperous Native American societies in Mexico,Peru,and the Mississippi River Valley?

A) Bison hunting
B) Gold and silver mining
C) Maize and potato cultivation
D) Large,well-fortified cities

Answer 3

Maize and potato cultivation

Question 4

For this question,refer to the following engraving from the 1590s,The Village of Secoton,by John White. This image best serves as evidence of which of the following?

A) The attempts by Native Americans at cultural preservation of their beliefs and worldviews
B) How poorly the Spanish understood Native peoples
C) How new crops from the Americas stimulated European growth
D) How Native peoples adapted to and transformed their diverse environments

Question 5

The social order in Europe around 1450 can be described as

A) egalitarian.
B) hierarchical and authoritarian.
C) bureaucratic and regimented.
D) based on clans.

Question 6

For this question,refer to the following engraving from the 1590s,The Village of Secoton,by John White. As a primary source,the image above is best understood as

A) a statement by a colonizing European of a belief in white superiority.
B) evidence that some Native societies developed permanent villages.
C) proof of the limited ability of Native Americans to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.
D) representative of the lack of natural resources in the diverse environments faced by Native populations in North America.

Question 7

Which of the following describes the first peoples who migrated to the Americas?

A) The first Americans built large,permanent villages.
B) The group consisted of bands of hunters and gatherers.
C) They lived on large,permanent farms.
D) They did little hunting and mostly gathered edible plants.

Question 8

Which of the following describes the political culture among Native Americans?

A) Many embraced strong European-style monarchies.
B) Powerful leaders redistributed wealth to highlight their authority.
C) Women were often in positions of power.
D) Democracy was the preferred method of governance.

Question 9

The Aztecs lived in which of the following present-day locales?

A) Florida
B) Mexico
C) California
D) Cuba

Question 10

Which of the following describes the first ancestors of the Native American peoples?

A) This group had always lived in the Western Hemisphere.
B) The first Native Americans migrated by sea from Polynesia.
C) The original group migrated by sea from China.
D) They were migrants who came over land from northeastern Asia.

Question 11

Which of the following statements describes Native American peoples east of the Mississippi River?

A) They had no single style of political organization.
B) Men made all of the decisions regarding agriculture.
C) They developed elaborate systems of water storage and irrigation.
D) Their standard of living and populations increased dramatically in the century preceding the arrival of the Europeans.

Question 12

Which of the Pueblo peoples built hundreds of miles of straight roads across the desert in the American Southwest to facilitate trade?

A) Apaches
B) Anasazis
C) Mogollons
D) Hohokams

Question 13

Which of the following characteristics did traditional European,Mayan,and Aztec civilizations of the fifteenth century hold in common?

A) Each was a hierarchal society in which authority came from above.
B) In all of these societies,serfdom prevailed.
C) All of these societies punished heresies harshly.
D) Each culture maintained a matrilineal inheritance system.

Question 14

By the time the Europeans arrived in the Western Hemisphere in the 1490s,most Native Americans who lived in large civilizations were in which of the following regions?

A) The Caribbean islands
B) Mesoamerica and the western coast of South America
C) The area that is now the United States and Canada
D) The land above the Arctic Circle,including present-day Alaska

Question 15

Which of the following describes trading relationships among Native Americans in the period before European contact?

A) Every tribe was self-sufficient and avoided trading with other groups.
B) Trade networks consisted only of simple bartering between local tribes.
C) Mesoamerican societies developed trade networks but North Americans did not.
D) Native Americans developed expansive trade networks that spanned great distances.

Question 16

Which of the following was characteristic of both the Mississippian and Pueblo peoples?

A) Small-scale communities of hunters and farmers
B) Pyramids
C) Hieroglyphic writing
D) Elaborate ceremonial and urban sites

Question 17

Which of the following features characterized most Native North Americans' spiritual views and practices?

A) Human sacrifice
B) Monotheism
C) Animism
D) Transubstantiation

Question 18

The Hohokams,Mogollon,and Anasazi peoples who lived in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around A.D.1000

A) evolved into the Navajo tribe.
B) declined because of their failure to use irrigation.
C) declined because of soil exhaustion and a long drought after A.D.1150.
D) employed irrigation to grow four or five crops a year.

Question 19

Which of the following was a characteristic of the Aztec,Mayan,and Iroquois civilizations?

A) Written language
B) Use of complex irrigation systems
C) A hunter-gatherer economy
D) Reliance on agriculture

Question 20

Which of the following statements describes the status of European monarchs in 1450?

A) They were absolute rulers who controlled every aspect of society.
B) The authority of the monarchs was often challenged by local nobles.
C) Monarchs were figureheads while parliamentary bodies ruled.
D) European kings and princes had little political power at this time.

Question 21

In West Africa,the Ghana Empire (A.D.800 to 1200),the Mali Empire (1200s to the 1400s),and the fifteenth-century Songhai Empire shared which of the following characteristics?

A) Reliance on hunting and gathering for food
B) The use of gold as the cornerstone of their power
C) The inability to raise livestock due to endemic parasites
D) Adherence to the tenets of Islam

Question 22

On the eve of European colonization of the Americans,most Western Europeans lived in

A) small,relatively isolated rural communities.
B) booming new cities and towns.
C) older cathedral cities.
D) castles that dotted the countryside.

Question 23

John Calvin and Calvinist theologians of the 1500s stressed which of the following ideas?

A) God's compassion and love for all peoples
B) The basic innocence of humans at their births
C) The doctrine of predestination
D) God's promise of ultimate salvation for all

Question 24

The European Renaissance began in 1300 in which of the following countries?

A) England
B) Italy
C) France
D) Spain

Question 25

Which European nation was the first to involve itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade?

A) Spain
B) England
C) The Netherlands
D) Portugal

Question 26

Why were the Crusades,which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D. ,significant in Europe?

A) The expeditions exposed Europeans to Arab trade goods,especially sugar.
B) The series of conflicts restored control of the Holy Land to Europeans,who dominated it throughout the Renaissance period.
C) The Crusades exposed Arab regions to Europeans' superior scientific and mathematical knowledge.
D) They inspired Arabs to abandon their pagan rituals and favor an advanced European way of life.

Question 27

Martin Luther advocated which of the following ideas?

A) The Catholic Church was corrupt and in need of reform.
B) Most people required the clergy's help to read and understand the Bible.
C) People could be saved only by grace,which was a gift from God.
D) People should have the right to change their government if it oppressed them.

Question 28

The rise of commerce in most of Europe in the fifteenth century shifted the balance of power by favoring which of the following groups?

A) Monarchs
B) The landed nobility
C) Peasants
D) Artisans

Question 29

The first phase of the Reformation in the 1500s had its greatest success in which of the following countries?

A) Germany
B) Italy
C) France
D) England

Question 30

Why was the fifteenth-century marriage of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain significant?

A) Together they completed Spain's long campaign to oust Muslims.
B) They decided jointly to end the Spanish Inquisition.
C) It created a new basis for female political power.
D) The Catholic Church refused to recognize their arranged union.

Question 31

Merchants from which of the following countries made inroads in the Arab-dominated trade routes of the Mediterranean in the twelfth century?

A) Portugal
B) Spain
C) Italy
D) England

Question 32

Which of the following factors prevented Europeans from seeking to conquer territory in Africa in the fifteenth century?

A) Lack of valuable natural resources in the region
B) The continent's environment was unsuitable for agriculture
C) Coastal kingdoms were too well-defended
D) The population was too sparse to exploit effectively

Question 33

Which of the following statements describes the Portuguese connection to African slavery in the 1400s?

A) The Portuguese introduced the idea and practice of slavery in Africa.
B) Portuguese traders ousted Arab merchants as the prime African slave merchants.
C) By refusing to trade in slaves,Portugal paved the way for the Dutch slave merchants.
D) Portuguese traders focused on transporting female slaves for work in agriculture.

Question 34

In 1450,the majority of European men were which of the following?

A) Merchants or artisans
B) Peasants
C) Slaves
D) Wageworkers

Question 35

Which Europeans were represented by guilds in the fifteenth century?

A) The landed nobility
B) Artisans
C) Peasants
D) Lawyers

Question 36

As it gained power in Europe,Roman and medieval Catholicism contended with pre-Christian festivals and the agricultural cycle by

A) integrating them into Christian holy days and biblical teachings.
B) aiming to eradicate these pagan practices completely.
C) replacing pagan traditions with newly devised rites.
D) declaring all pagan customs to be sinful and blasphemous.

Question 37

Which of the following Renaissance-era ideologies celebrated public virtue and service to the state?

A) Mercantilism
B) Democracy
C) Civic humanism
D) Machiavellian philosophy

Question 38

In October 1492,Columbus,his men,and his ships reached

A) Florida.
B) Brazil.
C) Mexico.
D) an island in the Bahamas.

Question 39

Which of the following was a result of the Crusades,which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D.?

A) Christian identity fragmented in Europe.
B) Europeans' toleration of Jews increased.
C) Western European merchants gained awareness of Asian trade routes.
D) Christian warriors quickly expelled Muslims from most of Europe.

Question 40

Most of the people living in West Africa when European trade began in the early fifteenth century were

A) Muslims.
B) Jews.
C) Yorubas.
D) Animists.

Question 41

Answer the following questions :
peasants

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 42

Answer the following questions :
hunters and gatherers

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 43

Why had Christopher Columbus faded from public view by the time he died in 1506?

A) He began the transatlantic trade in slaves.
B) He did not establish successful colonies.
C) He failed to find great treasures or kingdoms.
D) He failed to Christianize the Native Americans.

Question 44

During most of the sixteenth century,which of the following was the wealthiest nation in Europe?

A) Spain
B) England
C) Portugal
D) France

Question 45

How did the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquer the Incans by 1535?

A) He had a large force of 1,000 men and 500 horses and easily overwhelmed the Incans.
B) The Spanish forced Atahualpa,the last Inca emperor,to surrender to the Spanish.
C) The Incans were already weakened militarily and divided because of rival claimants to the throne.
D) The Incans were frightened by the Spaniards and did not resist his forces.

Question 46

Answer the following questions :
Crusades

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 47

Which of the following explorers is correctly matched with his area of exploration?

A) Balboa-rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa
B) Cortés-conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico
C) Pizarro-explored the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean
D) Díaz-conquered the Mayan city-states in the Yucatán Peninsula

Question 48

Answer the following questions :
Great Plains

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 49

Answer the following questions :
Iroquoian cultures/languages

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 50

Answer the following questions :
Algonquian cultures/languages

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 51

Why did the number of Indians living in Mesoamerica decline from about 30 million in the fifteenth century to approximately 3 million by 1650?

A) European contact led the Indians to conduct brutal wars among themselves.
B) Most Native Americans fled south to avoid the European raiders.
C) Europeans slaughtered millions of Indians in extremely fierce and long-lasting wars.
D) Disease carried by Europeans decimated most Indian tribes who came into contact with them.

Question 52

The Portuguese settlement of Brazil in the 1500s was based around

A) gold mining.
B) sugar cultivation.
C) tobacco planting.
D) maize cultivation.

Question 53

Which of the following motivations drove the Spanish conquistadors who followed Columbus to the Americas in the early sixteenth century?

A) The impulse to spread Christianity,even if it limited their opportunities for wealth and power
B) Their desire to acquire fame by naming the new lands after themselves
C) A wish to create safe havens for Protestant sects that had been persecuted by the Catholic Church in Spain
D) Their thirst for battle and riches as well as land in the conquered territory and titles of nobility

Question 54

Answer the following questions :
Iroquois Confederacy

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 55

Answer the following questions :
Mississippian culture

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 56

Which of the following statements characterizes the legacy of the Spanish conquest in the New World in the sixteenth century?

A) Tribal populations increased in size following the introduction of European technology.
B) The Spanish found much gold but squandered it in their attempt to convert the indigenous peoples.
C) Their presence created only a very small,mixed-blood population because interracial sexual contact was rare.
D) Spanish conquistadors,aided by disease,decimated native peoples.

Question 57

Why were the modern-day countries of Mexico and Peru originally Spain's most significant conquests?

A) Indian agricultural techniques made Spanish farming much more productive.
B) The Aztecs' knowledge of iron and steel production contributed to Spain's armory.
C) The Inca,Aztecs,and Mayans had great wealth,particularly in gold.
D) They provided hospitable environments for colonies that attracted Spanish families.

Question 58

Answer the following questions :
Protestant Reformation

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 59

Answer the following questions :
semisedentary societies

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 60

Which of the following factors eased the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs in the sixteenth century?

A) The arrival of disease,specifically smallpox,to which the Aztecs were vulnerable.
B) Spain's superior military technology alone wiped out thousands of the Native population.
C) Montezuma assumed the Spaniards were gods and led no resistance.
D) The internal fighting among warriors over succession to the empire's throne.

Question 61

Answer the following questions :
Rocky Mountains

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 62

Why were the leaders of West African ministates eager to participate in trade relationships with Europeans when they began to explore the region's coast in the mid-1440s?

Question 63

Answer the following questions :
Counter-Reformation

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 64

Answer the following questions :
Great Basin

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 65

Answer the following questions :
Christianity

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 66

How did the Renaissance change Western Europe between 1300 and 1600?

Question 67

Answer the following questions :
plantation system

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 68

How were eastern woodland Indian societies organized and governed around the time European explorers arrived in the New World?

Question 69

Answer the following questions :
eastern woodlands

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 70

Answer the following questions :
Islam

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 71

What factors made Native American peoples vulnerable to conquest by European adventurers in the sixteenth century?

Question 72

What factors explain the different ways in which the Indian peoples of Mesoamerica and North America developed in the era before Europeans arrived in the New World?

Question 73

Answer the following questions :
republic

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 74

Compare and contrast the main characteristics of traditional European society and West African society in about the year 1400.How were each similar to and different from Native American societies,and what factors account for the differences?

Question 75

How did Protestant religious doctrine differ from that of Roman Catholicism at the time of the Reformation in the sixteenth century?

Question 76

Answer the following questions :
Great Lakes

A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

Question 77

What factors led to the development of the transatlantic trade in African slaves in the 1600s?

Question 78

What were the major similarities and differences between the civilizations of Mesoamerica and Mississippian culture in the fifteenth century,just before European contact?

Question 79

Why and how did Portugal and Spain pursue overseas commerce and conquest in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

Question 80

How did the climate affect the rise and decline of various Native peoples between about 10,000 B.C.E.and A.D.1500?