Deck 8: Economic Transformations, 1800-1848

Question 1

Why did the emancipation of slaves proceed very slowly in the northern states during and after the Revolution?

A) The northern states gave priority to slaveholders' property rights so that emancipation often was spaced out over several slave generations.
B) Very few northerners saw any contradiction between extolling freedom for themselves and slavery for African Americans.
C) Slaves were threatening violence in the northern states,leading whites to retreat from their earlier support for emancipation.
D) Economically,slavery was becoming more viable and profitable in the North in the 1770s and early 1780s.

Answer 1

The northern states gave priority to slaveholders' property rights so that emancipation often was spaced out over several slave generations.

Question 2

Which of the following statements describes transportation in the trans-Appalachian West in the early nineteenth century?

A) Western canal and turnpike building depended heavily on federal government subsidies.
B) Water transport was the quickest and cheapest way to get goods to market.
C) New Orleans replaced Cincinnati and St.Louis as the major western transportation hub.
D) Transportation improvements allowed western settlers to live as well as easterners.

Answer 2

Water transport was the quickest and cheapest way to get goods to market.

Question 3

Which slaves became free as a result of the Virginia legislature's passage of a manumission act in 1782?

A) All slaves over the age of forty-five
B) Those who had supported the Patriot cause
C) Any slave who could read and write
D) Those whose masters chose to free them

Answer 3

Those whose masters chose to free them

Question 4

How did the appearance of canals and steamboats in the United States affect the flow of goods and information during the 1830s?

A) By 1840,farmers could ship ten times as much flour as they could in 1835.
B) The canals and steamboats drastically cut most travel and communication time.
C) Newspapers,mail,and business communications traveled five times faster than a decade earlier.
D) Canals and steamboats had little effect on the nation's economic development.

Question 5

In the first half of the nineteenth century,American manufacturers' main advantage over the British mills was that they had access to which of the following?

A) Cheaper shipping
B) Lower interest rates
C) More natural resources
D) A ready supply of cheap labor

Question 6

Which of the following statements characterizes the operations of the Bank of the United States in the twenty years after its 1791 chartering?

A) The national bank was so successful that Jeffersonian Republicans embraced it and helped secure a new charter after the original charter expired.
B) The bank had branches in eight major cities to respond to demands for commercial credit,and its profits averaged 8 percent annually.
C) Serving as a central clearinghouse,the bank was able to prevent states from issuing much paper currency that wasn't backed by gold or silver.
D) In most years,the bank did not make a profit,and operating subsidies from the federal government were required to keep it afloat.

Question 7

The Panic of 1819 caused which of the following outcomes?

A) American cotton and wheat prices plummeted over 50 percent.
B) State banks instituted more generous lending practices.
C) The Bank of the United States revoked state banks' charters.
D) The U.S.government moved to increase economic regulations.

Question 8

On what basis did the U.S.government base its claim that the commonwealth system was consistent with republican ideology?

A) State support for private businesses contributed to the overall public good.
B) Regulating business was necessary to prevent economic cycles of boom and bust.
C) Any private citizen with a good idea could obtain state support to implement that idea.
D) The government supported slavery and could therefore support other private businesses.

Question 9

The transformation that occurred as American factories and farms turned out more goods,and merchants and legislators created faster and cheaper ways to get those products to consumers,was known as which of the following?

A) The Market Revolution
B) The Consumer Revolution
C) The Technological Revolution
D) The Economic Revolution

Question 10

Which of these describes the experiences of the young women who worked in the New England textile mills in the 1820s and 1830s?

A) Free from family supervision,these women experimented with drinking and dating.
B) They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families.
C) Mill girls lived regimented lives with scarcely any personal freedom or independence.
D) They often ended up as prostitutes because of the demoralization and irregularity of mill work.

Question 11

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of the textile industry in the United States?

A) British textile manufacturers readily sold patents for machinery and other technology to American textile mill owners.
B) American textile mills were unable to compete with the British mills because America lacked the necessary natural resources.
C) American men apprenticed in England to learn textile industrial technology and return as master textile mechanics.
D) Using British textile machinery as their model,American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology.

Question 12

How did the federal government aid the growth of American industry in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) By giving tax breaks to large businesses
B) By building canals
C) By passing protective tariffs
D) By prohibiting labor unions

Question 13

Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America?

A) It brought workers together under one roof in a factory.
B) The new system quickly replaced the rural outwork system.
C) It eliminated any possibility that unions could organize to defend workers' interests.
D) The system was bitterly opposed by the many critics of industrial pollution.

Question 14

The construction of the Erie Canal had which of the following negative consequences?

A) It hurt the prosperity of central and western New York because travelers could easily bypass those areas.
B) The cost of travel on the canal was so high that in many cases the trip was unprofitable.
C) The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region.
D) Although it was a great engineering project,the income generated by the canal never paid for its construction.

Question 15

In the 1824 U.S.Supreme Court case Gibbons v.Ogden,the Marshall Court's decision

A) reaffirmed the concept of state control over interstate commerce.
B) reaffirmed the concept of county or city control over interstate commerce.
C) permitted local or state monopolies if they benefitted the common good.
D) overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City.

Question 16

John Jacob Astor,a prominent New York merchant of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries,made his fortune in which trade?

A) Slave
B) Fur
C) Cloth
D) Cotton

Question 17

For which of the following reasons did New York's state government fund the building of the Erie Canal in 1817?

A) The state was required to provide publicly funded jobs to the state's unemployed workers.
B) New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes.
C) New York City needed to increase its supply of fresh drinking water.
D) The governor wanted to display the state's wealth to the rest of the world.

Question 18

Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806?

A) To link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states
B) To connect the manufacturing cities in the South
C) To connect midwestern settlers' communities with each other
D) To provide a route for settlement of territory on the West Coast

Question 19

Which of the following statements describes the American Waltham plan,which was later known as the Lowell System?

A) The plan created the world's first comprehensive textile factory.
B) Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories.
C) Waltham factory owners received one of 1,000 patents offered for new inventions.
D) Despite their efforts,the Waltham factory owners could not compete with their English rivals.

Question 20

By the 1830s,coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used which of the following to run machinery?

A) Water wheels
B) Windmills
C) Steam engines
D) Hand power

Question 21

Who replaced the Lowell Mill workers when they refused in the 1830s to work until conditions improved?

A) Women workers
B) Irish immigrants
C) German immigrants
D) Free blacks

Question 22

Why was the South on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution by 1840?

A) It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.
B) Planters were using European immigrants as industrial workers.
C) Planters were building factories to process cotton.
D) Southern society was dominated by free labor.

Question 23

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion?

A) A wave of European immigration to the South
B) The redistribution of the African American population
C) The beginnings of a manumission movement in the South
D) An increase in the legal importation of slaves

Question 24

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the Cotton South in the early nineteenth century?

A) By refusing to take part illegally in the international slave trade
B) By resorting to buying slaves from the British in Canada
C) By beginning to import European peasant immigrants as servants
D) By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

Question 25

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century?

A) Chesapeake planters' hesitancy to work their slaves too hard
B) The profitability of the international slave trade
C) Population growth through natural reproduction
D) The rapid contraction of the region's tobacco market

Question 26

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s?

A) Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.
B) Tidewater planters frequently questioned the morality of the domestic slave trade.
C) Planters' embrace of republicanism weakened plantation aristocracy.
D) Rice planters,in particular,valued Jeffersonian republican simplicity.

Question 27

Which of the following was an outcome of the American Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century?

A) American businesses soon dominated in many European markets.
B) Increasing numbers of white Americans became self-employed.
C) Labor unions became the government-sanctioned voice for the working class.
D) Skilled craftsmen found their talents in great demand.

Question 28

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea?

A) In a slave-owning society,every free man is an aristocrat.
B) Slavery gave whites the psychological satisfaction of knowing they ranked above blacks.
C) Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.
D) Whites educated and Christianized slaves in return for their love,labor,and loyalty.

Question 29

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop?

A) Chesapeake-rice
B) Carolina low country-hemp
C) Louisiana-sugar
D) Kentucky and Tennessee-cotton

Question 30

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally?

A) A Supreme Court ruling
B) State legislation
C) Congressional legislation
D) Missouri's application for statehood

Question 31

Which of the following was one of the ways that wageworkers strove to resist their bosses' efforts to control their nonwork lives in the early to mid-nineteenth century?

A) With their wives,they organized protests against bosses' rules.
B) They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work.
C) Workers came to work late,left early,and dragged out their lunch and coffee breaks.
D) They defined themselves as artisans who deserved the same treatment as their employers.

Question 32

For this question,refer to the following excerpt. In all social systems there must be a class to do the menial duties,to perform the drudgery of life....Such a class you must have,or you would not have that other class which leads progress,civilization,and refinement.It constitutes the very mud-sill of society and of political government....Fortunately for the South,she found a race adapted to that purpose to her hand.A race inferior to her own,but eminently qualified in temper,in vigor,in docility,in capacity to stand the climate,to answer all her purposes.We use them for our purpose,and call them slaves....
The Senator from New York [William Seward] said yesterday that the whole world had abolished slavery.Aye,the name,but not the thing;...for the man who lives by daily labor,and scarcely lives at that,and who has to put out his labor in the market,and take the best he can get for it;in short,your whole hireling class of manual laborers and "operatives," as you call them,are essentially slaves.The difference between us is,that our slaves are hired for life and well compensated;there is no starvation,no begging,no want of employment among our people,and not too much employment either.Yours are hired by the day,not cared for,and scantily compensated,which may be proved in the most painful manner,at any hour in any street in any of your large towns....
South Carolina Senator James Henry Hammond,Speech to the Senate,March 4,1858
The excerpt above was most likely written as a result of

A) poor whites living on the frontier tending to champion expansion efforts.
B) regional identity asserted through southern pride in the institution of slavery.
C) the acceleration of a national and market economy.
D) overcultivation of lands in the Southeast,leading slaveholders to relocate to the new Southwest.

Question 33

The most critical contribution American mechanics made to the Industrial Revolution was the development of which of the following?

A) Machine tools
B) The steam engine
C) Cotton-spinning machines
D) The flying shuttle loom

Question 34

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by

A) destroying the sense of family.
B) separating adults but not children from their families.
C) destroying 75 percent of black marriages.
D) separating family members through sale and trade.

Question 35

Which of these factors was the critical stimulus for the growth of domestic American markets in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) An increase in the number of large factories
B) Better transportation networks
C) The national bank's loan policy
D) The national government's economic subsidies

Question 36

For this question,refer to the following excerpt. In all social systems there must be a class to do the menial duties,to perform the drudgery of life....Such a class you must have,or you would not have that other class which leads progress,civilization,and refinement.It constitutes the very mud-sill of society and of political government....Fortunately for the South,she found a race adapted to that purpose to her hand.A race inferior to her own,but eminently qualified in temper,in vigor,in docility,in capacity to stand the climate,to answer all her purposes.We use them for our purpose,and call them slaves....
The Senator from New York [William Seward] said yesterday that the whole world had abolished slavery.Aye,the name,but not the thing;...for the man who lives by daily labor,and scarcely lives at that,and who has to put out his labor in the market,and take the best he can get for it;in short,your whole hireling class of manual laborers and "operatives," as you call them,are essentially slaves.The difference between us is,that our slaves are hired for life and well compensated;there is no starvation,no begging,no want of employment among our people,and not too much employment either.Yours are hired by the day,not cared for,and scantily compensated,which may be proved in the most painful manner,at any hour in any street in any of your large towns....
South Carolina Senator James Henry Hammond,Speech to the Senate,March 4,1858
The excerpt above would best support which of the following historical arguments?

A) National concerns trumping regional interests
B) The promotion of free and forced migration across the continent
C) Racist stereotyping of slavery as a positive good
D) That the Market Revolution shaped emerging working classes

Question 37

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the development of American manufacturing by the 1820s?

A) Jefferson took a theoretical interest in industrial machinery but was indifferent to its practical application.
B) He continued to warn against the danger of encouraging industrialization at the expense of wholesome rural life.
C) He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing.
D) Jefferson enthusiastically supported industrialization from the time of his presidency until his death.

Question 38

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans?

A) As machines changed the nature of their work,shoemakers,hatters,printers,furniture makers,and weavers faced declining income,job insecurity,and loss of status.
B) They tried,but usually failed,to avoid the regimentation of factory work by moving to small towns or by setting up small,specialized shops that catered to a limited market.
C) Employers and the courts blocked all their efforts to form craft unions in order to seek higher wages and better working conditions.
D) The wave of strikes that broke out in 1836 were put down by armed federal troops on orders from President Jackson.

Question 39

By 1860,the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions?

A) Deep South
B) Upper South
C) Midwest
D) Northeast

Question 40

For this question,refer to the following excerpt. In all social systems there must be a class to do the menial duties,to perform the drudgery of life....Such a class you must have,or you would not have that other class which leads progress,civilization,and refinement.It constitutes the very mud-sill of society and of political government....Fortunately for the South,she found a race adapted to that purpose to her hand.A race inferior to her own,but eminently qualified in temper,in vigor,in docility,in capacity to stand the climate,to answer all her purposes.We use them for our purpose,and call them slaves....
The Senator from New York [William Seward] said yesterday that the whole world had abolished slavery.Aye,the name,but not the thing;...for the man who lives by daily labor,and scarcely lives at that,and who has to put out his labor in the market,and take the best he can get for it;in short,your whole hireling class of manual laborers and "operatives," as you call them,are essentially slaves.The difference between us is,that our slaves are hired for life and well compensated;there is no starvation,no begging,no want of employment among our people,and not too much employment either.Yours are hired by the day,not cared for,and scantily compensated,which may be proved in the most painful manner,at any hour in any street in any of your large towns....
South Carolina Senator James Henry Hammond,Speech to the Senate,March 4,1858
The excerpt above best serves as evidence of which of the following?

A) A broadscale debate about states' rights
B) A widening gap between the rich and the poor
C) The production and trade leading to the development of national economic ties
D) The protection of the dignity of free and enslaved African Americans

Question 41

Answer the following questions :
coastal trade

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 42

Answer the following questions :
mechanics

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 43

Answer the following questions :
self-made man

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 44

Answer the following questions :
Commonwealth System

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 45

Answer the following questions :
Industrial Revolution

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 46

Answer the following questions :
manumission

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 47

Answer the following questions :
gradual emancipation

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 48

Which of the following factors explained the rapid growth of western cities such as Pittsburgh,Cincinnati,and New Orleans?

A) Their role in transportation networks
B) Their location on the fall line
C) Proximity to abundant coal supplies
D) Proximity to major American banks

Question 49

Which of the following describes the relationship between social status and wealth in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century American history?

A) It was difficult for Americans to advance up the social and economic ladder.
B) Americans respected those who raised their status through talent and hard work.
C) Americans both esteemed and envied those who benefitted from inherited social privilege.
D) Wealthy American families wanted to marry their daughters to royalty for more status.

Question 50

Between 1820 and 1840,the economic conditions for casual day laborers in American cities changed in which of the following ways?

A) Conditions improved because they were in high demand and gained greater geographical mobility.
B) Their economic conditions held steady,neither improving nor worsening.
C) Casual day laborers bore the brunt of unemployment during business depressions.
D) They improved slightly but only because of high levels of middle-class charity.

Question 51

Answer the following questions :
cotton complex

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 52

In the cotton-growing regions of the South,which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work?

A) It allowed slaves to work individually and at their own pace.
B) The labor system was primarily used on plantations with twenty or fewer slaves.
C) Gang labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.
D) The system controlled slave laborers without the use of violent discipline or punishment.

Question 53

Through which of the following sources did the U.S.Treasury raise most of its revenue during the first half of the 1800s?

A) Personal income taxes
B) Tariffs on imported goods
C) Corporate taxes
D) Excise taxes

Question 54

Answer the following questions :
Waltham-Lowell System

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 55

Which of these did elite Americans embrace after the Industrial Revolution in order to set themselves apart from other groups of Americans?

A) Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing
B) The duty to enforce moral and mental discipline in American communities
C) Philanthropic causes
D) Unitarianism

Question 56

For this question,refer to the banner of the Society of Pewterers of New York City,carried in the Federal Procession,July 23,1788,celebrating the ratification of the U.S.Constitution. The ribbon at top right reads,"The Federal Plan Most Solid & Secure/Americans Their Freedom Will Endure/All Art Shall Flourish in Columbia's Land/And All her Sons Join as One Social Band."
The ideas expressed in the image above most clearly show the influence of

A) the creation of political parties to promote the agendas of various regional interest groups.
B) radical and populist movements pushing more extensive reforms.
C) the Market Revolution's widening of the gap between the emerging middle and working classes.
D) the development of a culture reflecting the interests of an emerging urban middle class.

Question 57

For this question,refer to the banner of the Society of Pewterers of New York City,carried in the Federal Procession,July 23,1788,celebrating the ratification of the U.S.Constitution. The ribbon at top right reads,"The Federal Plan Most Solid & Secure/Americans Their Freedom Will Endure/All Art Shall Flourish in Columbia's Land/And All her Sons Join as One Social Band."
At the time of the image's creation,which of the following groups would most likely have supported the views expressed by this banner?

A) Abolitionists
B) Free African Americans
C) Federalists
D) Democratic Republicans

Question 58

Answer the following questions :
machine tools

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 59

Which of these statements describes southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century?

A) They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.
B) Rice planters avoided selling slaves or working slaves harshly.
C) Rice planters occupied the bottom rung of the plantation aristocracy.
D) They lived only in the Upper South.

Question 60

By the 1830s,most laborers in the urban Northeast lived in which type of residences?

A) Barracks provided by factory owners
B) Private slum shanties
C) Church-sponsored charity houses
D) Crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments

Question 61

What factors stood in the way of the development of a market economy in the United States in the early nineteenth century? How did the promoters of the Commonwealth System use government at the state and national levels to promote economic growth and the market economy?

Question 62

Describe the three-tiered social system that emerged in the South during and after the American Revolution.

Question 63

What forces turned America into a capitalist society during the early years of the republic?

Question 64

Answer the following questions :
inland system

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 65

Answer the following questions :
paternalism

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 66

Answer the following questions :
Panic of 1819

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 67

Answer the following questions :
neomercantilism

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 68

Explain the notion that the institution of slavery was a "positive good." Who made this argument and why?

Question 69

Answer the following questions :
labor theory of value

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 70

Answer the following questions :
Erie Canal

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 71

Define the gang-labor system that emerged in the post-American Revolution South.How did it differ from previous labor systems employed in the South? What effects did it have?

Question 72

Answer the following questions :
middle class

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 73

Answer the following questions :
gang-labor system

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 74

How would you explain the large and expanding domestic trade in slaves between 1800 and 1860? What combination of factors produced this result?

Question 75

Answer the following questions :
market revolution

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 76

How did the Market Revolution alter labor patterns for American workers in the early nineteenth century from previous patterns? How did American laborers react to these changes?

Question 77

Answer the following questions :
chattel principle

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 78

Answer the following questions :
artisan republicanism

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 79

Answer the following questions :
unions

A)A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation,especially in the Northeast.This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.
B)First major economic crisis of the United States.Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices,and as farmers' income declined,they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks,many of which went bankrupt.
C)The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820,whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
D)The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.This shift reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations)and factories,the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants,and the creation of a transportation network of roads,canals,and railroads.
E)A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.This waterway brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region,and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.
F)A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries,such as cotton textiles and iron,between 1790 and 1860.
G)The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking,shipping,and capital.
H)A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.
I)A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell,Chicopee,and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
J)The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned.Generally,living slaves were not freed by this practice;it applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute,and only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.
K)The legal act of relinquishing property rights of slaves.Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery,the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia's 1782 law regarding this legal act ten years later.
L)The domestic slave trade,with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.
M)The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.
N)A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.
O)The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves.
P)Cutting,boring,and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts,which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.The rapid development of these instruments by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Q)An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers,men and women who owned their own shops (or farms).It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by,and dedicated to the welfare of,independent workers and citizens.
R)Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages,hours,benefits,and control of the workplace.
S)The belief that human labor produces economic value.Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand)but by the amount of work required to make it,and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.
T)A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.
U)An economic group of prosperous farmers,artisans,and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century.Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity.This surge in income,along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods,fostered a distinct urban culture.
V)A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline,hard work,and temperate habits.

Question 80

How did the domestic slave trade affect slaves in the nineteenth-century South?