Deck 25: Triumph of the Middle Class, 1945-1963

Question 1

Which of the following economic statistics represented the U.S.economy in the post-World War II period?

A) The poverty rate had declined to one in twenty American families by 1960.
B) Between 1947 and 1975,the productivity of America's workers more than doubled.
C) Between 1946 and 1969,the real income for ordinary Americans rose by 40 percent.
D) Over 85 percent of American families owned a television set by 1950.

Answer 1

Between 1947 and 1975,the productivity of America's workers more than doubled.

Question 2

Which of the following elements was part of the Bretton Woods system?

A) A monetary supply with the British notes as a benchmark
B) The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
C) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
D) A limiting of American capital

Answer 2

The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Question 3

When Life magazine publisher Henry Luce referred to the dawning of the "American century," he was referring to

A) American domination of the global economy after World War II.
B) the Marshall Plan in Europe and U.S.occupation of Japan.
C) the Bretton Woods system.
D) the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms race.

Answer 3

American domination of the global economy after World War II.

Question 4

Michael Harrington's 1962 book The Other America exposed

A) the problem of American race relations.
B) poverty in America.
C) two inherently unequal societies in America,one white and one black.
D) the poor way in which illegal immigrants were treated by their employers.

Question 5

For the following question,refer to the following photograph of a family at Zion National Park,Utah,in the 1950s. Which of the following groups would be most likely to reject the ideas depicted in the photograph above?

A) Conservatives
B) The middle class
C) The counterculture
D) The working class

Question 6

Which of the following phenomena served as an engine of postwar economic growth?

A) Radio and print media advertising
B) Spending on national security
C) Television
D) The civil rights and feminist movements

Question 7

Which of the following was the predominant tendency in business during the twenty years following World War II?

A) The proliferation of highly competitive,small firms
B) A trend toward monopolies
C) The consolidation of economic power into big corporate firms
D) A concerted government effort to prevent monopolistic consolidation

Question 8

Which of the following describes the economic changes taking place in the United States during the 1950s?

A) Sales of electrical appliances began to decline.
B) Consumption came to be seen as a social responsibility.
C) More money was spent on education than on advertising.
D) Consumer use of electricity was cut in half.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true about the post-World War II U.S.economy?

A) The power of organized labor reached an all-time low in the mid-1950s.
B) The economy was so strong and prosperous there was no worry of recession or unemployment.
C) American prosperity was beyond the reach of many poor and nonwhite Americans.
D) U.S.banks and corporations made great profits despite major competition from European businesses.

Question 10

The Affluent Society (1958)was one of the most influential books about the U.S.economy in the twentieth century because it

A) promoted the ideal of the self-made man.
B) argued that the poor had been neglected by economists and politicians.
C) closely studied the lifestyle of the wealthy.
D) declared "one-third of the nation" to be poorly paid,poorly educated,and poorly housed.

Question 11

For the following question,refer to the following photograph of a family at Zion National Park,Utah,in the 1950s. The photograph above most directly reflects

A) the rise of the Sunbelt as an economic force.
B) the profound changes that the family structure of Americans was undergoing.
C) the increase in the number of working women,leading to changes in social attitudes.
D) economic growth and a general sense of optimism.

Question 12

Which of the following statements describes post-World War II America?

A) City life flourished at the expense of the suburbs.
B) Americans enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world.
C) Suburbs welcomed blacks and Latinos.
D) Consensus replaced youthful rebelliousness.

Question 13

The GI Bill (1944)stimulated the American economy by

A) granting specialized legal protections to labor unions founded by veterans.
B) giving each state directly millions of dollars to build new public universities.
C) subsidizing higher education and financing millions of mortgages.
D) allowing unemployed veterans to rejoin the military for pay at any time.

Question 14

The broadly based postwar labor-management accord brought

A) declining market share for American industry.
B) a permanent peace between labor and management.
C) a general acceptance of collective bargaining.
D) movement of businesses overseas,where labor was inexpensive.

Question 15

Which of the following job categories grew explosively in the United States in the 1950s and came to symbolize the era?

A) Independent entrepreneurs
B) Blue-collar workers
C) White-collar managers
D) Unskilled laborers

Question 16

David Reisman's The Lonely Crowd and William Whyte's The Organization Man recognized the dilemma of

A) the entrepreneurial class.
B) the managerial class.
C) Washington politicians.
D) relations between labor and management.

Question 17

The space race began after

A) the Soviet Union exploded its first nuclear device.
B) President Eisenhower signed the Outer Space Exploration Act.
C) Americans learned that the Soviet Union had launched the first space satellite.
D) John F.Kennedy called for the United States to put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s.

Question 18

Which of the following describes the famous kitchen debate of 1959?

A) Nixon argued that the United States was technologically superior to the USSR in almost every area.
B) Khrushchev was greatly impressed and envious of the new American consumer appliances.
C) Nixon and Khrushchev each agreed that the United States and USSR were technological and military equals.
D) It settled no greater political purpose,but it revealed the commercialism of the postwar American dream.

Question 19

During the 1950s,military spending amounted to what percentage of U.S.gross national product?

A) 1 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 20

When Eisenhower said,"We must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence,whether sought or unsought," he was referring to the

A) Sino-Soviet alliance.
B) military-industrial complex.
C) Axis powers.
D) Warsaw Pact.

Question 21

Which of the following was a popular television program of the 1950s that depicted American working-class lives?

A) Father Knows Best
B) I Love Lucy
C) The Honeymooners
D) Bonanza

Question 22

Which of the following was an impetus for the post-World War II baby boom?

A) The Roman Catholic Church's successful stand against birth control
B) The declining average age of marriage for women and men
C) Government incentives,chiefly tax credits to families
D) Increased welfare payments to mothers with dependent children

Question 23

The Beat generation of the 1950s rejected

A) spontaneity.
B) political activism.
C) sexual adventurism.
D) drug use.

Question 24

Which of the following phenomena served as a major engine for consumption in the United States during the 1950s?

A) Urban revitalization
B) Rural electrification
C) The baby boom
D) The space race

Question 25

Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin are both associated with

A) the polio vaccine.
B) television.
C) cultural dissent.
D) the civil rights movement.

Question 26

Which of the following describes Alan Freed,who made his mark on American culture in the 1950s?

A) It was the real name of the early rock star Buddy Holly.
B) He introduced Elvis Presley to the American public on his popular television program in 1956.
C) His Cleveland radio show introduced white America to black music.
D) Freed discovered Elvis Presley's talent and gave him his first major recording contract.

Question 27

Which of the following exemplified the sexual conservatism that characterized the period from 1945 to the mid-1960s?

A) Alfred Kinsey's books on sexuality were banned in most major American cities.
B) College women had curfews and needed permission to entertain male visitors.
C) Only married women had easy,unfettered access to birth control pills.
D) The average marriage age increased dramatically during this period.

Question 28

Which of the following statements characterizes the pressure felt by middle-class American women during the 1950s?

A) Cultural messages indicated that domesticity should be women's highest priority.
B) Prominent experts claimed that "well-adjusted" women could handle jobs and motherhood.
C) The media stressed the importance of women's financial contributions to their families.
D) Television preachers stressed that unhappy housewives should repent for their "materialistic sins."

Question 29

The great resurgence of evangelical religion in 1950s America was most evident in the dramatic rise in popularity of

A) Fulton J.Sheen.
B) Norman Vincent Peale.
C) Billy Graham.
D) Billy Sunday.

Question 30

Which of the following statements characterizes the innovations in housing construction pioneered by William Levitt after World War II?

A) His company pioneered the application of mass-production techniques to home construction.
B) In 1947,Levitt's basic four-room house was affordably priced at about $25,000.
C) Levitt's use of fine craftsmanship appealed to the sensibilities of the new middle managers.
D) From the beginning in 1947,his company was willing to sell homes directly to blacks.

Question 31

Record sales boomed in the United States during the 1950s because of

A) the timeless appeal of Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby.
B) a resurgence in the popularity of swing and big band music.
C) the golden age of Broadway musicals,including Camelot and South Pacific.
D) the emergence of rock 'n' roll as a popular new musical genre.

Question 32

In the 1950s,evangelist Norman Vincent Peale preached

A) the therapeutic use of religion.
B) fundamentalist Protestantism.
C) the use of faith healing instead of traditional medicine.
D) Social Gospel.

Question 33

Which of the following characterizes many of the newly built suburban communities in the 1950s?

A) Suburbs required that resident couples be married.
B) They were generally homogeneous in their population.
C) Suburban houses and lots were consistently expansive.
D) Covenants required that new residents be parents or expectant parents.

Question 34

Which of the following statements describes television in the United States during the late 1940s and 1950s?

A) The television industry was subsidized by the U.S.government.
B) Television actually stimulated movie attendance through the use of advertising.
C) The emergence of television contributed powerfully to the diversity of American culture.
D) It transformed American culture as much as the automobile had in the 1920s.

Question 35

The ideal family,as presented in the media of the 1950s,with a stay-at-home mom and a father as the breadwinner,was

A) an accurate representation of American life.
B) true only for urban family life.
C) not representative of diverse American culture.
D) undermined by government tax policies.

Question 36

How did middle-class wives and mothers seek to justify their work outside the home in the 1950s?

A) They insisted that housekeepers and nannies could perform their domestic duties just as effectively.
B) Middle-class women argued that it was unfair for their husbands to bear all the financial responsibilities.
C) They explained their work in family-oriented terms and maintained their domestic responsibilities.
D) Working women insisted that they could not be fully human unless they had a chance to earn money.

Question 37

How did homophile activists challenge the prejudicial attitudes of most Americans toward gay men and lesbians in the 1950s?

A) They organized gay pride celebrations in New York,San Francisco,and Chicago.
B) They avoided gay bars and nightclubs and dressed in modest,conservative clothing.
C) They "came out" to all of their friends,neighbors,and family.
D) They worked through mainstream organizations such as colleges and churches.

Question 38

Which of the following statements describes women and their relationship to work and family life in the postwar decades?

A) Prosperity allowed even working-class women to devote themselves solely to domesticity.
B) Most "women's jobs" were in teaching,nursing,or the service sector.
C) Most women who felt the desire for a career sought therapy in search of a cure.
D) Few married,middle-class women worked outside the home until the 1970s.

Question 39

Elvis Presley,Jack Kerouac,Allen Ginsberg,and Charlie Parker were all associated with

A) the Beat generation.
B) self-expression in painting.
C) "hot" bebop jazz.
D) cultural rebellion.

Question 40

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

A) Allen Ginsberg-author of a groundbreaking study on sex in America
B) Hugh Hefner-founder of Playboy magazine
C) Alfred Kinsley-prominent gay activist in the 1950s
D) Del Martin-famous Beat author and poet

Question 41

Answer the following questions :
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 42

Answer the following questions :
The Affluent Society

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 43

Answer the following questions :
teenager

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 44

Answer the following questions :
The Other America

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 45

An unexpected result of building the interstate highway system was that it

A) precipitated the decay of American urban areas.
B) revealed and exaggerated regional differences.
C) hurt the petroleum industry as Americans traveled less by air and rail.
D) created a problem in the real estate industry.

Question 46

Answer the following questions :
collective bargaining

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 47

For this question,refer to the following passage. And is this not the whole drift of our society? We are not interchangeable in the sense of being people without differences,but in the externals of existence we are united by a culture increasingly national.And this is part of the momentum of mobility.The more people move about,the more similar American environments become,and the more similar they become,the easier it is to move about.
More and more,the young couples who move do so only physically.With each transfer the décor,the architecture,the faces,and the names may change;the people,the conversation,and the values do not-and sometimes the décor and architecture don't either....
Suburban residents like to maintain that their suburbia not only looks classless but is classless.That is,they are apt to add on second thought,there are no extremes,and if the place isn't exactly without class,it is at least a one-class society...."We are all," they say,"in the same boat."
William H.Whyte,Jr. ,The Organization Man,1956
Which of the following developments from the first half of the twentieth century would compare most closely with those described in the excerpt?

A) The urbanization and industrialization of the 1920s helping to create a new mass culture
B) The reforms and agencies of the New Deal that endeavored to make society and individuals more secure
C) The mass mobilization of American society during World War II
D) The progressive reformers who wanted to address social problems associated with a modern society

Question 48

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes U.S.immigration laws between World War II and the mid-1960s?

A) The Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed in 1943 for twenty more years.
B) The Displaced Persons Act,passed in 1948,ended all restrictive quotas that the United States had enforced since the 1920s.
C) In 1952,the McCarran-Walter Act ended the exclusion of immigrants from China,Japan,Korea,and Southeast Asia.
D) Mexican immigration was not permitted in the United States between 1945,when the World War II-era Bracero Program ended,and 1964.

Question 49

Answer the following questions :
National Defense Education Act

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 50

Answer the following questions :
military-industrial complex

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 51

For this question,refer to the following passage. And is this not the whole drift of our society? We are not interchangeable in the sense of being people without differences,but in the externals of existence we are united by a culture increasingly national.And this is part of the momentum of mobility.The more people move about,the more similar American environments become,and the more similar they become,the easier it is to move about.
More and more,the young couples who move do so only physically.With each transfer the décor,the architecture,the faces,and the names may change;the people,the conversation,and the values do not-and sometimes the décor and architecture don't either....
Suburban residents like to maintain that their suburbia not only looks classless but is classless.That is,they are apt to add on second thought,there are no extremes,and if the place isn't exactly without class,it is at least a one-class society...."We are all," they say,"in the same boat."
William H.Whyte,Jr. ,The Organization Man,1956
The excerpt above was most likely a reaction to

A) the sense of optimism of the postwar years.
B) the homogenization of American culture.
C) juvenile delinquency and other challenges to the traditional family.
D) the growing awareness of inequalities in American society.

Question 52

Answer the following questions :
Sputnik

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 53

Immigration policy in the 1950s led to

A) a quota for Latin American countries.
B) a preferential quota for unskilled labor.
C) a resumption of unrestricted European immigration.
D) the legal resumption of Asian immigration.

Question 54

Answer the following questions :
baby boom

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 55

In the 1950s,most Puerto Rican immigrants settled in

A) Chicago.
B) New York City.
C) Miami.
D) Kansas City.

Question 56

Answer the following questions :
Sunbelt

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 57

Which of the following describes the urban renewal projects that took place in U.S.cities in the 1950s?

A) Urban residents strongly supported the projects,which provided new,modern housing.
B) Urban renewal projects promoted racial integration in segregated neighborhoods.
C) The federal government funded and undertook such projects over the protests of state and city governments.
D) Urban renewal efforts coincided with an increase in cities' black,Latino,and Native American populations.

Question 58

For this question,refer to the following passage. And is this not the whole drift of our society? We are not interchangeable in the sense of being people without differences,but in the externals of existence we are united by a culture increasingly national.And this is part of the momentum of mobility.The more people move about,the more similar American environments become,and the more similar they become,the easier it is to move about.
More and more,the young couples who move do so only physically.With each transfer the décor,the architecture,the faces,and the names may change;the people,the conversation,and the values do not-and sometimes the décor and architecture don't either....
Suburban residents like to maintain that their suburbia not only looks classless but is classless.That is,they are apt to add on second thought,there are no extremes,and if the place isn't exactly without class,it is at least a one-class society...."We are all," they say,"in the same boat."
William H.Whyte,Jr. ,The Organization Man,1956
Which group that rose to prominence in the postwar period does this passage describe?

A) Artists and intellectuals
B) Social conservatives
C) The middle class
D) Internal migrants

Question 59

Which of the following factors spurred congressional approval of the Interstate Highway Act?

A) The destruction of the mass-transit systems
B) The New Deal
C) The Fair Deal
D) The Cold War

Question 60

Which of the following factors precipitated the urban crisis of the 1950s and 1960s?

A) Local efforts to desegregate urban neighborhoods
B) The flight of white urban residents to the suburbs
C) Gentrification efforts led by young professional whites
D) The influx of new Asian immigrants into American cities

Question 61

Answer the following questions :
Bretton Woods

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 62

What were some material symbols of the new affluence in American society after World War II?

Question 63

What were the most significant migration trends in this era?

Question 64

Answer the following questions :
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 65

Answer the following questions :
kitchen debate

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 66

Answer the following questions :
Shelley v.Kraemer

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 67

Answer the following questions :
World Bank

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 68

Answer the following questions :
Kerner Commission

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 69

Answer the following questions :
Beats

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 70

Why did the suburb achieve paramount significance for Americans in the 1950s? How was suburban life related to middle-class consumption and domesticity?

Question 71

What were the major factors in the expansion of the middle class in the postwar decades?

Question 72

How did automobile ownership affect American culture after World War II?

Question 73

What was the relationship between consumer culture and the emphasis on family life in the postwar era?

Question 74

What were the key components of the post-World War II urban crisis?

Question 75

How do you account for the economic prosperity of the postwar era?

Question 76

In what sense was the United States "two nations"?

Question 77

How did the federal government shape postwar suburbanization?

Question 78

Explain the relationship between suburbanization and consumption in post-World War II America.

Question 79

Answer the following questions :
Veterans Administration

A)A 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S.vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow.
B)An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
C)An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
D)A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade,with the U.S.dollar serving as the benchmark.
E)A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who,he warned,exercised undue influence over the national government.
F)The world's first artificial satellite,launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.After its launch,the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition.
G)A 1958 act,passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite,that funneled millions of dollars into American universities,helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,among others,become the leading research centers in the world.
H)A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.
I)A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington,chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.
J)A federal agency that assists former soldiers.Following World War II,this organization helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment,sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.
K)A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers,which after World War II translated into rising wages,expanding benefits,and an increasing rate of home ownership.
L)A term for a young adult.American youth culture,focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades.
M)A small group of literary figures based in New York City and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom,which often included drug consumption and casual sex.
N)The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965,which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births.
O)A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans,Asian Americans,and other minorities.Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing,unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.
P)A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system.
Q)Name applied to the Southwest and South,which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and nonunionized labor.
R)Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots.Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white,separate and unequal."

Question 80

How did the American economy benefit from World War II and the Cold War?