Deck 20: An Emerging World Power, 1890-1918

Question 1

Which of the following policies did U.S.naval officer Alfred Mahan support in his 1890 book The Influence of Sea Power upon History?

A) Isolationism for the United States
B) Cooperation of the United States with the Asian and African peoples
C) An American invasion of Mexico
D) An expansion of the American empire in Asia and Africa

Answer 1

An expansion of the American empire in Asia and Africa

Question 2

In the Insular Cases (1901),the Supreme Court ruled that

A) the Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in newly acquired territories.
B) inhabitants of newly acquired territories automatically became U.S.citizens.
C) McKinley had exceeded his presidential powers in the Philippine settlement.
D) the United States must establish an independent Philippine republic within ten years.

Answer 2

the Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in newly acquired territories.

Question 3

What did the Venezuelan and Cuban crises of the 1890s have in common?

A) They were both U.S.foreign policy challenges to European nations.
B) The United States invoked the Monroe Doctrine in both crises.
C) Both crises led the United States into war.
D) They were both settled peacefully.

Answer 3

They were both U.S.foreign policy challenges to European nations.

Question 4

Why did President McKinley and the Republicans jump at the chance to hold the Philippine Islands?

A) They provided the United States with a major foothold in the western Pacific and access to Asian markets.
B) The victory would soothe an American public angered by an unpopular war.
C) The move would quiet Democratic opponents who had criticized the war effort as being unproductive.
D) It hoped that control of the Philippines would guarantee the territorial integrity of China.

Question 5

After the explosion of the battleship Maine,a U.S.naval board of inquiry blamed the sinking on

A) an underwater mine.
B) Cuban patriots who were hoping to provoke U.S.intervention.
C) a preemptive strike by the Spanish against U.S.intervention.
D) an unfortunate accident.

Question 6

As a result of the war with Spain in 1898,the United States gained

A) Guam,Hawaii,and Bermuda.
B) the Philippines,Puerto Rico,and Guam.
C) Puerto Rico,Hawaii,and Panama.
D) the Philippines,Cuba,and the Virgin Islands.

Question 7

Which of the following statements describes Hawaii in the 1890s?

A) Americans had ignored Hawaii for decades but became interested in it in the 1890s.
B) American sugar planters overthrew Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani and applied for U.S.annexation.
C) U.S.military planners desperately wanted to annex Hawaii to gain access to Pearl Harbor.
D) President Grover Cleveland annexed it after Americans overthrew its queen.

Question 8

The open door note,composed by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay,called for

A) an end to all foreign spheres of influence in China.
B) an end to the Chinese taxing system.
C) a repeal of the extraterritoriality agreements with China.
D) equal access for all countries seeking to trade with China.

Question 9

Which of the following assumptions shaped Theodore Roosevelt's strategic thinking about U.S.foreign policy during his presidency?

A) It was the duty of the "civilized" countries of the world to police "backward" peoples.
B) Major war among the great powers of Europe was no longer possible.
C) Germany was the world's greatest empire and Great Britain was on the decline.
D) The United States,as the leader of the free world,needed to promote global democracy.

Question 10

Which of the following Americans spoke out vigorously against annexation of the Philippines in the late 1890s?

A) Jane Addams
B) William Howard Taft
C) Theodore Roosevelt
D) William Jennings Bryan

Question 11

The expansionist foreign policy of the 1890s derived significant inspiration from

A) populism.
B) Marxism.
C) isolationism.
D) Social Darwinism.

Question 12

Which of the following statements accurately describes the state of American military preparedness in 1898?

A) McKinley's preparations made troop deployment efficient.
B) The army of 200,000 troops was well trained and ready for combat.
C) Volunteer cavalry units proved to be the most effective fighting forces.
D) The navy was better prepared than the ground forces.

Question 13

In the late 1800s and early 1900s,which nation's growing power in East Asia most surprised Europe and the United States?

A) Russia
B) China
C) Korea
D) Japan

Question 14

Which of these actions gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba if its independence was threatened?

A) Platt Amendment
B) Teller Amendment
C) Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
D) Root-Takahira Agreement

Question 15

After considering his options for the disposition of the Philippines,President McKinley

A) annexed the entire Philippines on the basis that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.
B) offered Filipinos independence after five years,but they refused his terms.
C) offered to return the islands to Spain,which said that it was no longer interested.
D) approached Germany about a joint protectorate arrangement,which it refused.

Question 16

Enacted in 1898,the Teller Amendment declared that

A) the United States had no intention of annexing Cuba.
B) the United States would support Puerto Rican independence.
C) Americans would support Filipino independence.
D) the United States would grant Cuba statehood immediately if it so wished.

Question 17

Which of the following discouraged the United States from becoming an imperial power before the 1890s?

A) The vast natural resources of the American West
B) Europe's economic inroads into the Western Hemisphere
C) A weak merchant class
D) The need to import manufactured items

Question 18

How did William McKinley's response to the 1897 rebellion in Cuba differ from that of his predecessor,Grover Cleveland?

A) McKinley considered the Caribbean less important to U.S.interests than Cleveland had.
B) McKinley took a tougher stance against the Spanish than Cleveland had taken.
C) Whereas Cleveland had been shocked by stories of Spanish atrocities,McKinley was not.
D) McKinley was not held back by the pacifist views that had determined Cleveland's approach.

Question 19

The American victory at San Juan Hill in Cuba can be credited mostly to

A) the surrender of the Spanish troops after merely token resistance.
B) four African American U.S.regiments that bore the brunt of the fighting.
C) Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders,whose cavalry charge overwhelmed the Spanish defenders.
D) Cuban guerrilla fighters who diverted the Spanish while the American attack was developing.

Question 20

Which of the following describes the guerrilla war that followed the conquest of the Philippines?

A) American troops committed many atrocities,but the Filipino rebels did not.
B) More American troops were killed than Filipino rebels.
C) The fighting was extremely brutal and continued until 1920.
D) The conflict far exceeded in ferocity the war just concluded with Spain.

Question 21

Which of the following was the immediate cause for American entry into World War I?

A) Progressives' zeal to correct social injustices
B) The German's sinking of the Lusitania
C) The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
D) Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

Question 22

The War Industries Board was responsible for

A) recruiting women to take jobs in industry.
B) ordering factories to convert to wartime production.
C) negotiating military contracts based on below-market rates.
D) working with labor unions to ensure their concessions during wartime.

Question 23

Which of the following was true of race relations during World War I?

A) Almost 25 percent of the adult male Native American population served in World War I.
B) African Americans were often given hazardous military jobs,such as scouts and snipers.
C) Native Americans were not allowed into combat during the war in Europe.
D) Blacks and whites were kept separate,eliminating racial violence in the army during the war.

Question 24

Which of the following statements describes Americans' views about entering into World War I in 1915 and 1916?

A) Millions of German Americans were ashamed of their homeland.
B) Many Irish Americans viewed England as the enemy because of its occupation of Ireland.
C) Industrialists such as Henry Ford lobbied Wilson to get involved so they could manufacture arms.
D) Eugene V.Debs and other Socialists wanted to enter the war to aid Russia.

Question 25

"Chronic wrong doing ...may ...require intervention by ...the United States [in adherence to] the Monroe Doctrine ... ,however reluctantly,in flagrant cases of such wrong doing or impotence,to the exercise of an international police power." The philosophy exemplified in this quote reveals that it was taken from

A) The Influence of Seapower upon History.
B) the Platt Amendment.
C) the Roosevelt Corollary.
D) a speech by William Jennings Bryan.

Question 26

The United States was cleared to begin an American-controlled Central American canal project as a result of

A) its purchase of the rights from France.
B) the successful revolution in Nicaragua.
C) the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.
D) congressional passage of the Enabling Bill.

Question 27

For this question,refer to the following table.Note that the figures below for military casualties are rough estimates.Civilian casualties are even more uncertain. Taken as a whole,the data above collectively reflects

A) the United States having to face increasingly complex foreign policy issues.
B) industrial production and greater economic resources being central factors in American military victories.
C) the development of a foreign policy based on collective security and a multilateral economic framework.
D) debates about the nation's role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.

Question 28

Which of the following was the first woman in Congress and voted against going into World War I?

A) Carrie Chapman Catt
B) Jeannette Rankin
C) Florence Kelly
D) Frances Perkins

Question 29

Herbert Hoover emerged from World War I as one of the nation's most admired men because of his leadership of the

A) Food Administration.
B) Railway War Board.
C) Fuel Administration.
D) National War Labor Board.

Question 30

What was Woodrow Wilson's primary reason for wanting to keep the United States neutral at the outbreak of World War I?

A) Wilson admired and hoped to emulate German culture and the German university system.
B) He wanted to arbitrate among the combatants and to influence the settlement of the war.
C) The president could not commit to fighting on behalf of a Catholic country such as France.
D) He was a pacifist who believed that the United States should never go to war.

Question 31

Which of the following factors partially contributed to the rising tensions in Europe in the early 1900s that eventually resulted in World War I?

A) The demilitarization of France and England
B) European competition for African and Asian colonies
C) American domination of the Western Hemisphere
D) The growing strength and power of the Ottoman Empire

Question 32

What changes occurred in American trade with the Allies and the Central Powers between 1914 and 1916?

A) Trade with the Allies dropped by half,whereas trade with the Central Powers tripled.
B) Commerce with the Allies rose nearly fourfold,while it dwindled with the Central Powers.
C) Trade with both sides was severely curtailed by naval attacks on the high seas.
D) Commerce with both sides rose equally because Americans supplied both with food and arms.

Question 33

How did the United States acquire the land it needed to build the Panama Canal?

A) It agreed to buy the isthmus from Colombia.
B) The United States lent covert assistance to free Panama from Colombia.
C) Roosevelt bribed Colombian officials so that they would agree.
D) John Hay negotiated a peaceful transfer treaty with Colombia.

Question 34

Which of the following statements characterizes President Taft's foreign policy in Asia?

A) Unlike Roosevelt,Taft believed that the United States had no place in Asia.
B) He supported Japan's right to fund and supervise railroad construction in China.
C) Taft reversed Roosevelt's approaches to both China and Japan.
D) He disregarded Asia,believing that Europe and the United States should be dominant.

Question 35

World War I began as a direct result of the assassination,by a Serbian revolutionary,of the heir to the throne of

A) Germany.
B) Austria-Hungary.
C) Russia.
D) Turkey.

Question 36

When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1913,he

A) promised to continue using American economic leverage in foreign policy.
B) vowed that the United States would not seek further territorial gains by conquest.
C) approved a loan by an international consortium to China for modernizing its infrastructure.
D) argued that practicality should take precedence over morality in dealings with Latin America.

Question 37

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) Francisco Madero-Mexican dictator who encouraged private U.S.investment in Mexico in the late 1800s
B) Porfirio Díaz-Mexican leader who was deposed after the United States intervened in the Mexican Revolution
C) Venustiano Carranza-Wilson's favored leader during the Mexican Revolution who allied with the United States
D) Pancho Villa-Mexican general whose forces killed dozens of Americans along the border in 1916

Question 38

Theodore Roosevelt's big-stick policy was demonstrated

A) through his actions with the Rough Riders in Cuba.
B) with the strength and effectiveness of the U.S.Navy.
C) with his actions in the anthracite coal strike.
D) when he mediated the Russo-Japanese War.

Question 39

In his appearance before Congress to ask for a declaration of war in 1917,Woodrow Wilson

A) asked the European Allies for material compensation for the sacrifices Americans would make.
B) emphasized that American involvement would make the world "safe for democracy."
C) made it clear that the United States would expect colonial territory in return for its participation.
D) promised that American troops would be deployed to Europe only for a finite period of time.

Question 40

For this question,refer to the following table.Note that the figures below for military casualties are rough estimates.Civilian casualties are even more uncertain. The data above is best understood in the context of

A) the relatively limited role American forces played in the war.
B) the unilateral foreign policy practiced by the United States.
C) Woodrow Wilson's call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles.
D) businesses and policymakers increasingly looking to gain greater influence and control over markets and resources outside U.S.borders.

Question 41

How did the United States curb dissent against World War I on the home front?

A) The Committee on Public Information educated Americans about the war's necessity for their safety.
B) The "One Hundred Percent Americans" campaign provided cash incentives for immigrants to obtain U.S.citizenship.
C) The Committee on Public Information produced government propaganda to support the war.
D) The American Protective League sponsored short prowar speeches at movie theaters and other public venues.

Question 42

Answer the following questions :
Roosevelt Corollary

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 43

Answer the following questions :
Root-Takahira Agreement

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 44

Which of the following developments was a lasting legacy of America's participation in World War I?

A) Women's suffrage
B) The Sixteenth Amendment
C) Lessening of racial tensions between black and white Americans
D) The suspension of antitrust laws

Question 45

Answer the following questions :
Teller Amendment

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 46

Answer the following questions :
Panama Canal

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 47

Answer the following questions :
Insular Cases

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 48

Answer the following questions :
Fourteen Points

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 49

Which of the following statements describes changes in the lives of Mexican Americans during World War I?

A) The Mexican American population diminished because many Mexican Americans returned to their homeland.
B) Political instability in Mexico and the lure of wartime jobs caused many Mexicans to relocate to the United States.
C) More than one million Mexicans seeking wartime employment entered the United States between 1917 and 1920.
D) The majority of Mexican American immigrants coming to the United States between 1917 and 1920 did migrant work in rural areas.

Question 50

U.S.wartime beliefs about Germany were exemplified by

A) school districts' strengthening German language programs.
B) the imprisonment of tens of thousands of Germans in internment camps.
C) the distribution of posters by the U.S.government warning citizens of German spies.
D) celebration of German culture by renaming sauerkraut "liberty cabbage."

Question 51

During World War I,federal agencies expanded the national government's role by

A) establishing an eight-hour day for war workers with generous overtime pay.
B) planting victory gardens in the yards of suburban residents.
C) issuing ration cards to every American family in order to conserve food.
D) banning immigration from Germany and Russia.

Question 52

Answer the following questions :
Treaty of Versailles

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 53

The battle in the Senate over the Treaty of Versailles centered around Article X,which was

A) the League of Nations' right to use collective military action.
B) a plan for German reparation payments to France.
C) a proposal to create new nations in Europe and the Middle East.
D) a plan to create a standing international army.

Question 54

Answer the following questions :
Sedition Act of 1918

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 55

Which of the following assesses the impact of World War I on the international balance of power?

A) Germany emerged from the war stronger than ever,while France and Britain were diminished.
B) Britain emerged from World War I with a firm hold on its colonial empire and Europe itself.
C) The United States emerged as a world power ready to fulfill its new international role.
D) World War I weakened France and England while it strengthened the United States.

Question 56

The term Great Migration refers to

A) women moving to the cities to take the jobs vacated by men going off to war.
B) African Americans moving from the South to the North during the war.
C) the American Expeditionary Force traveling en masse to Europe to fight.
D) Mexican Americans leaving farm labor for industrial jobs in southwestern cities.

Question 57

Answer the following questions :
open door policy

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 58

Answer the following questions :
Platt Amendment

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 59

Besides the League of Nations,which of the following goals did Woodrow Wilson achieve in the post-World War I peace settlement?

A) Self-determination for Central Europe's newly independent nations
B) Self-determination for Germany's colonies in Africa
C) Freedom of the seas
D) International free trade

Question 60

For this question,refer to the following table.Note that the figures below for military casualties are rough estimates.Civilian casualties are even more uncertain. The statistical data presented in the table above led most directly to political controversies in the 1920s and 1930s over

A) American overseas expansion and territorial acquisitions.
B) the efforts of the United States to stem the growth of communist military power and ideological influence.
C) the departure from the U.S.foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs.
D) the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and military policy.

Question 61

Answer the following questions :
American exceptionalism

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 62

Answer the following questions :
National Woman's Party

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 63

What were the causes of World War I,and how did the war progress on the Western Front?

Question 64

How did Wilson's policies toward Mexico evolve amid the Mexican Revolution? What were the consequences of Wilson's policies?

Question 65

Answer the following questions :
Zimmermann telegram

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 66

What were the flaws of the Treaty of Versailles? To what extent did Wilson succeed in influencing the development of the treaty?

Question 67

What factors led the U.S.Senate to reject the Treaty of Versailles?

Question 68

In what ways did popular nationalism and economic interests combine to drive the United States into war in 1898? What controversies at home did the war provoke?

Question 69

How did wartime policies during World War I lead to short-term economic,social,and political change in the United States?

Question 70

Answer the following questions :
National War Labor Board

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 71

What role did the United States hope to play as a neutral power? What factors undercut that neutrality? Under what circumstances did it finally enter the war?

Question 72

What economic and intellectual factors promoted U.S.imperialism in the late nineteenth century?

Question 73

How did Roosevelt,Taft,and Wilson differ as architects of American imperialism?

Question 74

By 1899,the United States had acquired an overseas empire.How did that happen?

Question 75

How did U.S.policymakers justify their policies in the Caribbean,and how did the United States achieve control of the region?

Question 76

Answer the following questions :
League of Nations

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 77

How did Japan challenge the influence of the European powers and the United States in Asia? How did U.S.administrations respond?

Question 78

Answer the following questions :
War Industries Board

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 79

Answer the following questions :
Four-Minute Men

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.

Question 80

Answer the following questions :
Great Migration

A)The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.
B)An amendment to the 1898 U.S.declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba.The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home.
C)A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S.Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories;only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship.
D)A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the United States and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.The amendment was a condition for U.S.withdrawal from the newly independent island.
E)A claim put forth by U.S.Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access.
F)A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria.
G)A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Built by the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914,the canal gave U.S.naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere.
H)The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S.interests in Latin America.
I)A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war,Germany would help Mexico recover Texas,New Mexico,and Arizona.Published by American newspapers,the telegram outraged the American public and helped precipitate the move toward U.S.entry in the war on the Allied side.
J)A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production,including allocation of resources,conversion of factories to war production,and setting of prices.
K)A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime),endorsed equal pay for women,and supported workers' right to organize.
L)Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters,as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war.Their work,as part of the broader objectives of the CPI,helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.
M)Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.
N)The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I.
O)A political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S.Constitution in the early twentieth century.
P)Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.Among them were open diplomacy,freedom of the seas,free trade,territorial integrity,arms reduction,national self-determination,and creation of the League of Nations.
Q)The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities,proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I.Although this international organization did form,the United States never became a member state.
R)The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.The agreement redrew the map of the world,assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war,and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.Its long-term impact around the globe-including the creation of British and French imperial "mandates"-was catastrophic.