Deck 2: Cognitive Transitions

Question 1

Tam is good at drawing conclusions from given information. Thus, Tam is good at _________ reasoning.

A) hypothetical
B) deductive
C) abstract
D) relative

Answer 1

B

Question 2

All of the following are aspects of metacognition, except:

A) conserving mental resources
B) thinking about thinking
C) appraising comprehension
D) managing thinking

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All of the following are features of hypothetical thinking, except:

A) seeing beyond what is directly observable
B) applying logical reasoning to anticipate what might be possible
C) imagining the logic behind another person's argument
D) greater awareness of concrete, observable events.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The ability to think about one's own thoughts is called:

A) hypothetical think.
B) egocentric logic.
C) metacognition.
D) social cognition.

Question 5

Javier spends a great deal of time talking about relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, and morality with his friends, demonstrating his ability to think:

A) abstractly.
B) preoperationally.
C) concretely.
D) deductively.

Question 6

Mai can understand the metaphor, "My heart is an open book," because she is able to focus on the:

A) concrete and familiar associations.
B) semantic structure of the sentence.
C) abstract and conceptual relations.
D) observable features of the objects.

Question 7

Which of the following terms applies more to adolescent thought than to childhood thought?

A) conservation, reversibility, structure
B) assimilation, accommodation, complexity
C) preoperational, egocentric, concrete
D) flexible, speculative, abstract

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the five chief changes in cognition during adolescence?

A) multidimensional thought
B) metacognition
C) abstract reasoning
D) increased imagination

Question 9

Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by:

A) the generation gap.
B) hormonal changes in adolescents.
C) adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments.
D) adolescents' antisocial tendencies.

Question 10

Which of the following does not support adolescents' improved ability to use deductive reasoning, as described by the text?

A) the ability to inhibit a prepotent response
B) the ability to stop oneself from acting automatically
C) the ability to make an inference based on accumulated evidence
D) the ability to recognize when a question cannot be answered with certainty

Question 11

The ability to see beyond what is directly observable and reason in terms of what might be possible is called:

A) theory of mind.
B) hypothetical thinking.
C) imaginary audience.
D) formal operations.

Question 12

All of the following are indicators of metacognition, except:

A) introspection.
B) self-consciousness.
C) using mental strategies to remember something.
D) deductive reasoning.

Question 13

Joey enjoys playing the devil's advocate and is always stirring up discussions with his contrary positions. This ability is one aspect of:

A) hypothetical thinking.
B) social cognition.
C) mutual perspective-taking.
D) impression formation.

Question 14

Renee, a 6-year-old, is unable to answer the question, "How are a motorcycle and a bicycle alike?" Mohammed, a 17-year-old, answers the same question by saying, "They are both types of transportation." What statement about Renee and Mohammed is most true?

A) Renee's inability to answer the question is very unusual for a child her age.
B) Mohammed has demonstrated the ability to think concretely.
C) Mohammed has demonstrated the ability to think abstractly.
D) According to Piaget's theory, Renee and Mohammed are both developmentally delayed.

Question 15

Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as:

A) socialization.
B) social cognition.
C) abstract reasoning.
D) metacognition.

Question 16

Dan, an adolescent, has more developed cognitive skills than his 6-year-old brother Timmy because Timmy's thinking is:

A) in general, bound to what he can directly observe.
B) moving easily between specific and abstract ideas.
C) systematically generating alternative possibilities and explanations.
D) comparing what he actually observes with what he believes is possible.

Question 17

Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract?

A) hypothetical thinking.
B) social cognition.
C) mutual perspective-taking.
D) impression formation.

Question 18

Who of the following is probably an adolescent (and not a child)?

A) Maryann, who believes that people have complete control over their thoughts
B) Matthew, who believes that it is very possible to go for a long period of time without thinking about anything
C) Tamara, whose thinking is bound to observable events
D) Frank, who appraises his reading comprehension before starting the next chapter

Question 19

Teenagers may become self-conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. Which characteristic are they exhibiting?

A) an imaginary audience
B) a personal fable
C) propositional logic
D) metacognition

Question 20

Who of the following is probably a child (and not an adolescent)?

A) Jeanette, someone who can easily describe her thought process
B) Christine, someone who tends to think about things one aspect at a time
C) Bryan, who tends to question everything, just for the sake of argument
D) Brandon, someone who entertains many possibilities before making the final decision

Question 21

Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to him. Dave's belief is an example of:

A) the imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) social cognition.
D) metacognition.

Question 22

Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects:

A) peak at age 12 and then drastically decline.
B) may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years.
C) are virtually a nonexistent phenomenon in adolescence or adulthood.
D) are less prevalent among college students.

Question 23

The text suggests that _________ are not a good explanation of adolescent egocentrism.

A) cognitive deficiencies
B) emotional reasons
C) social reasons
D) the impact of other people's opinions

Question 24

Adolescent thinking can be distinguished from the thinking of children in several respects. All of these differences stem from improvement(s) in _____ during adolescence.

A) abstract logical reasoning
B) personal life experiences
C) synaptic pruning
D) autonomy and personal responsibility

Question 25

Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, which stage is Rose functioning at?

A) preoperational
B) concrete operations
C) formal operations
D) sensorimotor

Question 26

Juan is 4.5 years old. His language skills are excellent, but his thinking skills demonstrate limitations such as egocentrism. What Piagetian stage of thought would you suspect he is in?

A) formal operational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 27

Why are adolescents better than children at abstract, multidimensional, and hypothetical thinking?

A) improvements in memory
B) improvements in attention
C) improvements in processing speed
D) All of the above

Question 28

According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called:

A) sensorimotor.
B) preoperational.
C) concrete operations.
D) formal operations.

Question 29

What thought process helps adolescents appreciate the sarcasm and satire of Family Guy and The Simpsons?

A) selective attention
B) sensation seeking
C) mutual role taking
D) multidimensional thinking

Question 30

The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique is called:

A) an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) propositional logic.
D) metacognition.

Question 31

Dr. Martino argues that development proceeds in stages and that each stage is marked by fairly consistent behavior. Then, as the child's biological development progresses and new experiences are acquired, a shift occurs and development breaks through to the next level. Dr. Martino's view is most consistent with that expressed by the:

A) triarchic theory of intelligence.
B) information-processing perspective.
C) psychometric theory.
D) Piagetian perspective.

Question 32

Multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand:

A) sarcasm.
B) imaginary audiences.
C) formal operations.
D) concrete examples.

Question 33

Who coined the term adolescent egocentrism?

A) Piaget
B) Elkind
C) Binet
D) Sternberg

Question 34

What is it about adolescent thinking that makes them better problem solvers than children?

A) improvements in memory
B) improvements in attention
C) improvements in processing speed
D) All of the above

Question 35

Much research on adults as well as adolescents indicates that the gaps between _____ and _____ in everyday situations are very large, with everyday decision making laden with logical errors that cannot be explained by cognitive incompetence.

A) what individuals want to do; what they actually do
B) what individuals want to do; what they have time for
C) logical reasoning abilities; personal experience
D) logical reasoning abilities; their actual use of logical reasoning

Question 36

The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:

A) seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute.
B) thinking in terms of what's possible rather than what's real.
C) thinking about the process of thinking.
D) viewing reality in terms of multiple dimensions.

Question 37

John is a junior in high school. Although he is sociable, he feels very self-conscious. He feels as if everyone is evaluating him. David Elkind refers to this loss of perspective in adolescence as:

A) self-reflection.
B) personal fable.
C) imaginary audience.
D) impression formation.

Question 38

Fifteen-year-old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10-year-old Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think:

A) egocentrically.
B) deductively.
C) in metacognitive ways.
D) in multiple dimensions.

Question 39

___________ theorists believe that changes in cognitive abilities appearing during adolescence are qualitative, whereas __________ theorists believe they are quantitative.

A) Cognitive-developmental; information-processing
B) Cognitive-developmental; behavioral decision
C) Information-processing; cognitive-developmental
D) Information-processing; behavioral decision

Question 40

Piaget theorists believe that the use of _____ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children.

A) egocentric reasoning
B) abstract logical reasoning
C) multidimensional reasoning
D) systematic reasoning

Question 41

Which of the following is not relatively stable during adolescence?

A) class ranking
B) intelligence
C) height
D) mental abilities

Question 42

Joyce believes that scores on intelligence tests are relatively stable in adolescence, and as a result of this stability, believes that scores are fixed. Do you agree with Joyce's logic?

A) Yes, intelligence scores are inherited.
B) No, intelligence scores are not at all stable.
C) Yes, intelligence scores are indeed stable and not susceptible to change.
D) No, intelligence scores are stable; however, they are not fixed.

Question 43

Scientists now believe that the transition from concrete operational thought to formal operational thought occurs:

A) very suddenly and evenly across all domains of functioning.
B) at the same age, regardless of the environment.
C) very gradually and unevenly across domains of functioning.
D) the change is barely noticeable.

Question 44

Which of the following changes explains why adolescents, compared to children, may be better able to concentrate and stay focused on reading tasks?

A) increasing use of mnemonic devices
B) becoming more flexible with strategy use
C) increasing speed of information processing
D) improvements in attention

Question 45

The improvements in organizational strategies seen in adolescence include all but:

A) increasing use of mnemonic devices.
B) becoming more flexible with strategy use.
C) increasing speed of information processing.
D) becoming more efficient with strategy use.

Question 46

Which statement regarding increases in cognitive abilities is false?

A) Increases in cognitive abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain.
B) Pruning of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities.
C) Changes in levels of neurotransmitters reduce sensitivity to reward, leading to an increase in sensation seeking.
D) Maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows for complex activities such as planning, decision making, goal setting, and metacognition.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the changes in information-processing abilities during adolescence is false?

A) There are advances in short-term but not long-term memory.
B) The speed of processing information increases.
C) Adolescents are more "planful" than children.
D) There are advances in selective and divided attention.

Question 48

The formation of synapses is:

A) almost entirely genetically programmed.
B) almost entirely formed through experience.
C) both genetically programmed and formed through experience.
D) random.

Question 49

One aspect of brain maturation that is associated with increases in the speed of neural impulses and improvements in information transmission is:

A) formal operational thought.
B) myelination.
C) metacognition.
D) information-processing gains.

Question 50

All of the following are ways that scientists study brain maturation except:

A) using DTI technology to see the ways in which various regions of the brain are connected.
B) using fMRI equipment to examine patterns of activity in various regions of the brain while individuals are performing a variety of tasks.
C) electroencephalography technology to measure event-related potentials in response to different stimuli or events.
D) using fMRI technology to measure event-related potential in response to different stimuli or events.

Question 51

Charlie is able to tune out the television so that he can focus on his art project, which is due in class tomorrow. This is an example of:

A) selective attention.
B) divided attention.
C) short-term memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 52

Neurons are cells that carry information by transmitting electrical charges across the body. When the electrical charge travels through a neuron, it stimulates _____.

A) the release of neurotransmitters
B) synaptic pruning
C) myelination
D) the brain to process some piece of information

Question 53

Which of the following statements is consistent with Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A) Individuals progress through stages based on biological readiness and maturation.
B) Individuals progress through stages based on the presence of environmental demands.
C) Individuals progress through stages based on biological readiness in addition to increasing environmental demands.
D) Hypothetical thought is the foundation of adolescent thought.

Question 54

Jesse is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitive processes will help Jesse focus on his teacher?

A) working memory
B) selective attention
C) long-term memory
D) divided attention

Question 55

One type of structural change in the brain has to do with changes in the levels of grey and white matter in the brain. Which of the following statements is true?

A) grey matter decreases while white matter increases
B) grey matter increases while white matter decreases
C) both grey matter and white matter decrease
D) both grey matter and white matter increase

Question 56

Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?

A) triarchic theory of intelligence
B) information-processing perspective
C) psychometric theory
D) Piagetian perspective

Question 57

While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an example of:

A) selective attention.
B) divided attention.
C) short-term memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 58

All of the following statements about structural and functional change involving the prefrontal cortex during adolescence are true except:

A) patterns of activation within the prefrontal cortex generally become more focused
B) individuals are more likely to use multiple parts of the brain simultaneously and coordinate activity between prefrontal regions and other areas of the brain
C) the full structural maturation of the prefrontal cortex is not complete until the mid-20s
D) All of the above are true

Question 59

Which of the following statements about intelligence in adolescence is true?

A) There is very little debate regarding what exactly intelligence is.
B) The higher an individual's IQ, the smaller the number of same-aged peers who perform equally or better.
C) Scientists have not reported any significant correlations between aspects of IQ performance and synaptic pruning in the brain.
D) An IQ test is the only way to assess intelligence in adolescence.

Question 60

Changes in the limbic system during adolescence may cause all of the following, except:

A) increased emotionality.
B) increased responsiveness to stress.
C) decreased risk-taking.
D) decreased responsiveness to rewards.

Question 61

When evaluating the three different forms of intelligence described in his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg would disagree with which statement?

A) Individuals with high componential intelligence are more intelligent than individuals with either experiential or contextual intelligence.
B) An individual who scores high on experiential or contextual intelligence may be equally as intelligent as someone who scores high in componential intelligence.
C) Society needs individuals with all three forms of intelligence.
D) It is time we should be assessing experiential and contextual intelligence as much as we test componential intelligence.

Question 62

With age, adolescents develop a more sophisticated theory of mind, which is the ability to:

A) understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own.
B) understand their own thought processes.
C) separate what they know from what they think.
D) separate what is real from what is possible.

Question 63

Which of the following statements about social cognition is false?

A) Adolescents have a more differentiated and more nuanced understanding of social norms.
B) Adolescents are more able than children to step outside themselves and see things from other vantage points.
C) Adolescents are less likely to see that social rules are subjective.
D) Adolescents are more likely to believe that there are some situations under which it may be appropriate to limit the rights of certain people.

Question 64

In addition to an increase in responsiveness to stress, changes in the _____ may also help explain why adolescents' concerns about what their peers think increase during this time.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C) limbic system
D) levels of grey matter

Question 65

Sam took an IQ test in fourth grade and scored below average. Sam's middle school is administering the test again. This time, Sam's score is likely to be:

A) below average.
B) average.
C) above average.
D) there's no way to predict

Question 66

Adolescents who score higher than their peers on an IQ test will probably:

A) score lower than their peers on their next IQ test.
B) continue to score higher than their peers on future IQ tests.
C) score the same as their peers on their next IQ test.
D) cannot make a prediction based on the instability of intelligence.

Question 67

Sternberg's "triarchic theory of intelligence" proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of "intelligence":

A) verbal, mathematical, and spatial.
B) componential, experiential, and contextual.
C) componential, kinesthetic, and experiential.
D) verbal, mathematical, and interpersonal.

Question 68

What was one of the results of the Guyer and colleagues' (2009) study, where teenagers were imaged with fMRI equipment while they thought they were participating in a networking task with other teenagers (in reality, the study was rigged such that they were automatically provided with positive or negative feedback)?

A) When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of their brains known to be sensitive to rewards were activated.
B) When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, no areas of their brains were activated.
C) When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of the brain that are activated during highly stressful events were activated.
D) When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, the prefrontal cortex was fully activated.

Question 69

Jane, an adolescent, can attribute her improved planning skills to developments in her ______ and she can attribute her gut-level, intuitive decision making to her ______.

A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
C) ventromedial prefrontal cortex; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D) orbitofrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 70

The growth of _____ during adolescence is directly related to an improved ability to think abstractly.

A) long-term memory
B) social cognition
C) automatization
D) short-term memory

Question 71

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a child (and not an adolescent)?

A) Kristine, who thinks about what other people are thinking
B) Jesse, who finds it hard to believe that other people may have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from his own
C) Jo, who can easily interpret the feelings of others
D) All of these individuals are likely to be children.

Question 72

According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:

A) their lessons are within their zone of proximal development.
B) a more experienced instructor is present.
C) the instructor engages in scaffolding.
D) All of the above.

Question 73

During adolescence, individuals' IQ scores _____, whereas their mental abilities _____.

A) remain stable; increase
B) remain stable; decrease
C) increase; remain stable
D) decrease; remain stable

Question 74

Steve gets all As in his course work but has a hard time relating to the real world. According to Sternberg, Steve is above average in _____ intelligence but below average in _____ intelligence.

A) componential; experiential
B) componential; contextual
C) experiential; componential
D) contextual; experiential

Question 75

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, sports figures Babe Ruth, Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Phelps are all considered above average in:

A) spatial intelligence.
B) componential intelligence.
C) kinesthetic intelligence.
D) experiential intelligence.

Question 76

Mary is having trouble understanding how to do a math problem. Her teacher asks her just the right question and Mary understands the problem. Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by the teacher to guide Mary's thinking as:

A) laddering.
B) enabling.
C) pillaring.
D) scaffolding.

Question 77

Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards?

A) functional connectivity system
B) response inhibition system
C) limbic system
D) prefrontal cortex system

Question 78

Most research on adolescents' beliefs about rights and civil liberties comes from:

A) studies of ethnic minority samples.
B) studies of Western, middle-class youth.
C) diverse SES samples.
D) adolescent girls.

Question 79

When calculating individual performance on an IQ test, a child who was of average intelligence would have an IQ score of:

A) 100.
B) 200.
C) 150.
D) There is no "average" IQ.

Question 80

Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris most likely use to reach this conclusion?

A) implicit personality theory
B) deductive reasoning
C) response inhibition
D) theory of mind