Deck 9: Motivation: Applications

Question 1

Jeremy consistently shows up to work late on Friday mornings. His manager wants to decrease this behavior, so she gave him a written reprimand that was placed in his file. This type of reinforcement is called ______.

A) punishment by removal
B) punishment by application
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Lee is interested in developing a program that applies reinforcement theory in his organization. This is known as ______.

A) organizational climate change
B) organizational development
C) strategic management modification
D) organizational behavior modification

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Jacob brings donuts in for his employees once a week, but he varies which day he brings them (sometimes on Monday and sometimes on Wednesday, etc.). The employees never know when they will be treated with donuts, so the element of surprise is motivating. Jacob is using which type of reinforcement schedule?

A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-ratio

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is another term for extinction?

A) punishment by removal
B) punishment by application
C) positive reinforcement
D) reward

Question 5

Which of the following is a favorable event or outcome presented after a behavior?

A) negative reinforcement
B) neutral reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) punishment

Question 6

When a specified behavior is no longer rewarded or punished every time but rewarded or punished on a more random basis, it is which type of schedule of reinforcement?

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) partial
D) continuous

Question 7

Elliot recently studied reinforcement theory in his organizational behavior class. He understands that how often a reward or punishment is applied can predict learning and motivation. This is referred to as ______.

A) theory of motivation
B) annual review process
C) schedules of reinforcement
D) punishment planner

Question 8

Pam is a new manager who is trying to use reinforcement theory in motivating her employees. She should understand that which of the following is the motivating emphasis according to this theory?

A) personality
B) the environment
C) thoughts
D) attitudes

Question 9

What is a theory that proposes that individual personality, thoughts, and attitudes do not motivate behavior?

A) enforcement theory
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) stimulus theory

Question 10

David likes to play the lottery. Sometimes he wins, but most times he does not. This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

A) fixed-ratio
B) fixed-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) variable-interval

Question 11

Ella works in a doll manufacturing company, and she is paid US$1 for every doll she puts together. This type of reinforcement schedule can be referred to as ______.

A) variable-ratio
B) fixed-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval

Question 12

Which of the following is summarized as "past actions that led to positive outcomes tend to be repeated, whereas past actions that led to negative outcomes will diminish"?

A) the law of diminishing returns
B) the law of attraction
C) the law of effect
D) the law of cause

Question 13

Which of the following is the removal of an unpleasant event or outcome after the display of a behavior?

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) neutral reinforcement
D) reward

Question 14

According to research, which of the following reinforcement schedules produce the most persistent, long-term effects on behavior?

A) continuous
B) variable-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) fixed-ratio

Question 15

Operant conditioning was initially studied with experiments conducted on ______.

A) monkeys
B) dogs
C) rats
D) humans

Question 16

When a specified behavior is rewarded or punished every time it occurs, it is which type of schedule of reinforcement?

A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) partial
D) continuous

Question 17

Amanda knows that motivation is important in the workplace. As a manager, she is trying to understand the concept of reinforcers. Amanda should know that a reinforcer is ______.

A) an event that only weakens the behavior it follows
B) an event that only strengthens the behavior it follows
C) an event that strengthens or weakens behavior that precedes it
D) an event that strengthens or weakens behavior it follows

Question 18

Operant conditioning is another term for ______.

A) reinforcement theory
B) enforcement theory
C) reenactment theory
D) classical theory

Question 19

Alexandra is paid every 2 weeks by her employer. This type of reinforcement schedule could be referred to as ______.

A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio

Question 20

Reinforcement theory is based on the ______.

A) the law of reciprocity
B) the law of gravity
C) the law of cause
D) the law of effect

Question 21

Which of the following is a step in organizational behavior modification?

A) pinpoint ambiguous behaviors
B) measure, count, and formulate baseline for critical behavior
C) achieve buy-in for the need to change critical behavior
D) plan implementation and evaluation of ambiguous behaviors

Question 22

Which of the following is described by the fact that satisfaction does not come from the task itself but rather from the external outcome to which the activity leads?

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) extinction
D) social learning

Question 23

Which of the following is a sense of mastery an employee has over their job?

A) capability
B) commitment
C) cognition
D) competence

Question 24

Which of the following is not one of the four steps of the modeling process described by social learning theory?

A) attention
B) reciprocation
C) retention
D) motivation

Question 25

Which of the following steps in the modeling process described by social learning theory deals with the fact that for observational learning to work, the person must desire to imitate the behavior?

A) attention
B) retention
C) reproduction
D) motivation

Question 26

Which of the following steps in the modeling process described by social learning theory deals with the fact that once information is noted and retained, the person imitates the behavior that they recall?

A) attention
B) retention
C) reproduction
D) motivation

Question 27

Which of the following does the A-B-C stand for in the A-B-C analysis used in organizational behavior modification?

A) attitudes-behavior-commitment
B) antecedents-behavior-consequences
C) actions-belief-consequences
D) attitudes-belief-commitment

Question 28

Which of the following occurs when someone works on a task because they find it interesting and gain satisfaction from the task itself?

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) negative reinforcement
D) punishment

Question 29

Which of the following steps in the modeling process described by social learning theory deals with the fact that observed information must be stored for access in the future?

A) attention
B) retention
C) reproduction
D) motivation

Question 30

Which of the following extends operant conditioning to consider the fact that people can learn from watching other people succeed or fail?

A) reinforcement theory
B) social exchange theory
C) social comparison theory
D) social learning theory

Question 31

According to the text, which is true regarding extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

A) Work should be set up in a manner in which effective performance does not require both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards to produce job satisfaction.
B) Extrinsic motivation plus intrinsic motivation always combine to produce the highest motivation.
C) Extrinsic rewards can lead to reduction in intrinsic motivation.
D) Motivation is comprised of many factors in addition to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Question 32

Which of the following best describes observational learning?

A) learning from listening to a teachers' lecture
B) learning from watching a TV program about sharks
C) learning from reading a textbook
D) learning from watching others

Question 33

Miranda understands that sometimes people work on a task because they find it interesting and not because of an external reward they may receive. Miranda understands the concept of ______.

A) social learning
B) operant conditioning
C) intrinsic motivation
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 34

Another term for self-determination theory is ______.

A) social learning theory
B) cognitive evaluation theory
C) expectancy theory
D) reinforcement theory

Question 35

According to Daniel Pink's book Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us, the traditional "if-then" rewards (if you do this, then you will get that) produces high levels of motivation when

A) it extinguishes intrinsic motivation
B) it crushes creativity
C) it fosters long-term thinking
D) it crowds out good behavior

Question 36

Critics of operant conditioning and OB modification have argued that the results can be explained using theories that involve ______.

A) cognitions (thoughts) of employees
B) reinforcement theory
C) social learning
D) organizational behavior modification

Question 37

Which of the following theories examines a person's needs for autonomy and competence?

A) social learning theory
B) reinforcement theory
C) self-determination theory
D) expectancy theory

Question 38

Which of the following steps in the modeling process described by social learning theory is referred to as attention?

A) To learn, a person has to notice another's behavior.
B) The information must be stored for access in the future.
C) Once information is noted and retained, the person imitates the behavior that they recall.
D) The person must be motivated to imitate the desired behavior.

Question 39

Which of the following is a characteristic of social learning theory?

A) It is the part of operant conditioning theory.
B) It explains reinforcement behaviors.
C) It is largely unsupported by research.
D) It introduced the social element into how people acquire new skills.

Question 40

In Daniel Pink's book Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us, the author discusses what important aspects of motivation that go beyond the carrot-and-stick (reward-and-punishment) approach?

A) self-efficacy
B) meaningfulness
C) purpose
D) feedback

Question 41

Wesley is interested in incorporating research-based recommendations on how to use monetary rewards effectively. Which of the following is an implementation guideline for the principle of "maintain justice in the reward system"?

A) ensure pay levels vary significantly based on performance levels
B) distribute reward points that can later be traded for cash, goods, or services
C) only promise rewards that are available
D) specify what employees are expected to do, as well as what they should refrain from doing

Question 42

Which of the following is true of the behaviorally anchored rating scale?

A) focuses on general statements such as "knowledge of work"
B) general examples of performance are provided
C) can be time consuming to create and update
D) is generally less effective than graphical rating scales

Question 43

When evaluating the performance of coworkers, peers tend to be ______.

A) harsher than supervisors
B) about the same as supervisors
C) better trained at providing constructive feedback than supervisors
D) more lenient than supervisors

Question 44

Art is interested in incorporating research-based recommendations on how to use monetary rewards effectively. Which of the following is an implementation guideline for the principle of "define and measure performance accurately"?

A) ensure pay levels vary significantly based on performance levels
B) distribute reward points that can later be traded for cash, goods, or services
C) only promise rewards that are available
D) specify what employees are expected to do, as well as what they should refrain from doing

Question 45

Which of the following refers to how external reward may support an employee's sense of competence if they don't undermine autonomy?

A) extrinsics in service of intrinsics
B) intrinsics in service of extrinsics
C) punishments in service of rewards
D) rewards in service of punishments

Question 46

Tran is interested in incorporating research-based recommendations on how to use monetary rewards effectively. Which of the following is an implementation guideline for the principle of "make rewards contingent on performance"?

A) ensure pay levels vary significantly based on performance levels
B) distribute fake currencies or reward points that can later be traded for cash, goods, or services
C) only promise rewards that are available
D) specify what employees are expected to do, as well as what they should refrain from doing

Question 47

Which of the following concepts relates to how pay rates differ across individuals?

A) pay inequity
B) pay dispersion
C) pay perception
D) pay priority

Question 48

Which of the following is when the input from a number of sources is included to provide a more comprehensive review of an employee's performance?

A) 180-degree performance appraisal
B) 360-degree performance appraisal
C) self-rating performance appraisal
D) supervisory performance appraisal

Question 49

Mary is interested in incorporating research-based recommendations on how to use monetary rewards effectively. Which of the following is an implementation guideline for the principle of "reward employees in a timely manner"?

A) ensure pay levels vary significantly based on performance levels
B) distribute fake currencies or reward points that can later be traded for cash, goods, or services
C) only promise rewards that are available
D) specify what employees are expected to do, as well as what they should refrain from doing

Question 50

Which of the following is an evidence-based guideline for using money as a motivator?

A) define and measure performance accurately
B) make rewards contingent on satisfaction
C) reward employees randomly
D) use monetary rewards only

Question 51

Which of the following is a reward that is perceived as useful feedback in self-determination theory?

A) competence
B) informational
C) motivation
D) communicator

Question 52

Cletus manages a research and development team in charge of creating new products for his organization. He recently read about the motivation-work cycle. Which of the following would be a good suggestion for him to properly motivate the employees on his development team?

A) provide intrinsic rewards toward the end of the development process
B) provide extrinsic rewards during the implementation phase of the process
C) provide extrinsic rewards during the idea generation phase
D) do not worry about motivation for the team as it is unimportant for innovation

Question 53

Which of the following is a source for 360-degree performance appraisal?

A) former employers
B) peers
C) family
D) industry partners

Question 54

Which of the following is the understanding that innovation occurs in phases and intrinsic motivation may be more important during the idea generation phase?

A) extrinsics in service of intrinsics
B) intrinsics in service of extrinsics
C) creative modeling
D) motivation-work cycle

Question 55

According to the text, which of the following is true of performance management methods?

A) Most organizations use a standard form to evaluate employee performance.
B) There is typically just an overall global rating for performance.
C) It is best to rate traits such as having a positive attitude since it always relates to performance.
D) Ratings are typically done however the rater chooses.

Question 56

Which of the following concepts relates to perceived unfairness of how pay is distributed?

A) pay dispersion
B) underpayment inequity
C) pay inequity
D) overpayment inequity

Question 57

A study of hospitals showed that pay-level practices and pay structures combined to affect ______.

A) ethical behavior
B) resource efficiency
C) patient satisfaction outcomes
D) job satisfaction

Question 58

Which of the following is a characteristic of performance management?

A) Performance management should be a one-way conversation from the boss to the employee.
B) Performance management sessions can recognize exceptional performance and document weak performance.
C) Performance management sessions are not necessary on a regular basis.
D) Performance management should not be used to determine compensation and other outcomes.

Question 59

Lawrence believes there can be synergistic effects between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In order to test this out, he gives his employees 25% of their work time to work on projects they are passionate about, even if it falls outside the scope of their job or is unrelated to the mission of the company. Lawrence is using which of the following psychological mechanisms?

A) social learning theory
B) motivation-work cycle match
C) extrinsics in service of intrinsics
D) intrinsics in service of extrinsics

Question 60

Which of the following is a vertical scale presented with specific examples of performance?

A) graphic rating scale
B) behaviorally anchored rating scale
C) forced-ranking scale
D) global rating scale

Question 61

Research has shown that other forms of compensation such as ______ relates to employee satisfaction and motivation.

A) cash
B) flexible working hours
C) company apparel
D) Performance reviews

Question 62

Which of the following is a perceptual bias that may affect the performance rating process?

A)halo effect
B) romance of leadership effect
C) hindsight effect
D) overconfidence effect

Question 63

Which of the following is a performance management rating system in which all employees in the work group are assessed relative to one another?

A) graphic rating scale
B) behaviorally anchored rating scale
C) forced-ranking scale
D) global rating scale

Question 64

A study suggests that followers will accept feedback when they are rated lower than their peers if they have a trusting and high-quality relationship with their boss and ______.

A) Image maintenance and enhancement
B) Ego-defense enhancement
C) Accuracy in self-view
D) A voice during the process.

Question 65

Rasheed's sales team recently had a fantastic quarter, bringing in over US$100,000 in unexpected sales. As a reward, Rasheed could most likely provide the employees with a ______.

A) gain-sharing plan
B) piece-meal plan
C) performance review
D) profit-sharing plan

Question 66

Helen is a new manager who is about to perform her first round of performance reviews with her employees. She knows which of the following is a characteristic of the performance appraisal process?

A) Most employees view the appraisal process as fair and unbiased.
B) Most employees look forward to the appraisal process.
C) Training is likely unnecessary for managers performing reviews.
D) There are perceptual biases that may affect the manager's ability to accurately rate follower performance.

Question 67

Which of the following occurs when managers give performance ratings that tend to be average?

A) central tendency error
B) unbiased
C) punitive
D) leniency

Question 68

Research has shown that ______ is an important factor in the performance appraisal process.

A) accuracy in self-view
B) LMX
C) image maintenance and enhancement
D) ego-defense enhancement

Question 69

Cultural values such as ______ and ______ may influence how a rater assesses the performance of another person.

A) job sharing; remote working
B) power distance; collectivism
C) Biases; tendencies
D) beliefs; virtues

Question 70

Which of the following is an antecedent of feedback seeking?

A) ego-defense enhancement
B) image-offense enhancement
C) accuracy in self-view
D) frequency enhancement

Question 71

One's ______ and image may be enhanced through the five strategies of feedback seeking.

A) self-perception
B) temperament
C) timing
D) target

Question 72

Which of the following occurs when employee bonuses are based upon reaching a financial target such as return on assets or net income?

A) piece-meal plan
B) gain-sharing plan
C) stock options
D) profit-sharing plan

Question 73

Good supervisor-subordinate relationships create a social context that substantially influences the performance management discussion and ______.

A) accuracy in self-view
B) how followers respond to their feedback.
C) image maintenance and enhancement
D) ego-defense enhancement

Question 74

Perceptual biases may be avoided in the performance review process by:

A) Rewarding behaviors
B) Providing training to performance raters
C) Going with their gut instinct
D) Ignoring potential perceptual errors

Question 75

Profit-sharing or gain-sharing plans, including stock options, might ______.

A) decrease future performance
B) be consistent enough for employees to count on as their total compensation
C) encourage unethical behavior
D) decrease perceptual biases in the rating process

Question 76

Jed is interested in using a forced-ranking scale to evaluate the employees in his work group. He should be aware of the following criticisms of the forced-ranking scale: ______.

A) Concerns have been raised that forced rankings are demotivating
B) Forced rankings can hinder team satisfaction
C) Some companies noticed that retention increased each year after the performance review process
D) Employees keep listening after they get their ranking in order to hear the essential feedback needed to improve their performance

Question 77

A ________is a leave taken from work to "recharge one's batteries" or take care of family responsibilities.

A) organizational citizenship behaviors
B) sabbatical
C) organizational commitment
D) vacation

Question 78

Research shows that remote working is related to ______.

A) organizational citizenship behaviors
B) job satisfaction
C) organizational commitment
D) turnover

Question 79

Which of the following is when compensation is tied to unit-level performance where revenue increases (or cost savings) are shared with an employee?

A) piece-meal plan
B) gain-sharing plan
C) stock options
D) profit-sharing plan

Question 80

Which of the following is referred to as an individual's general level of proactive activity with respect to obtaining feedback from the work environment?

A) feedback seeking
B) feedback orientation
C) need for feedback
D) feedback equity