Deck 1: The Science of Cognition

Question 1

According to _____,all knowledge comes from experience.

A) empiricism
B) nativism
C) relativism
D) verticality

Answer 1

empiricism

Question 2

_____ form the fixed pathways by which neurons transmit action potentials.

A) Axons
B) Dendrites
C) Somas
D) Muscles

Answer 2

Axons

Question 3

Why wasn't cognitive psychology studied before the 19th century?

A) Before the 19th century,most sciences remained largely undeveloped.
B) It was believed that the human mind could not be scientifically studied.
C) Questions about the human mind were not asked before the 19th century.
D) The equipment needed to conduct research had not yet been invented.

Answer 3

It was believed that the human mind could not be scientifically studied.

Question 4

Neurons communicate by releasing chemicals called:

A) dendrites.
B) hormones.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) syno-transmitters.

Question 5

An axon's _____ of firing determine(s)how it will affect nearby cells to which it synapses.

A) intensity
B) pattern
C) rate
D) intensity,pattern,and rate

Question 6

A bulge in the cortex is called a(n):

A) aphasia.
B) gyrus.
C) sulcus.
D) synapse.

Question 7

Cognitive science does NOT integrate research efforts from which field?

A) physics
B) linguistics
C) neuroscience
D) philosophy

Question 8

Which of these lobes is NOT cortical?

A) anterial
B) frontal
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 9

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that the mind was contained in the:

A) brain.
B) heart.
C) lungs.
D) stomach.

Question 10

The main body of the neuron is called the:

A) axon.
B) dendrite.
C) soma.
D) synapse.

Question 11

Who established the first psychology laboratory?

A) James
B) Thorndike
C) Watson
D) Wundt

Question 12

According to _____,children come into the world with a great deal of innate knowledge.

A) empiricism
B) horizontality
C) nativism
D) relativism

Question 13

_____ refers to reporting the contents of one's own consciousness under controlled conditions.

A) Behaviorism
B) Gestalt psychology
C) Introspection
D) Relativism

Question 14

Inhibitory synapses:

A) decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.
B) increase the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.
C) do not change the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.
D) can increase or decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.

Question 15

The primary visual areas are contained in the _____ lobe.

A) frontal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 16

Developments in which field did NOT influence the emergence of cognitive psychology?

A) artificial intelligence
B) Internet technology
C) information theory
D) linguistics

Question 17

According to _____,psychologists should NOT try to analyze the working of the mind.

A) behaviorism
B) empiricism
C) Gestalt psychology
D) nativism

Question 18

Excitatory synapses:

A) decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.
B) increase the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.
C) do not change the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.
D) can either increase or decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.

Question 19

A synapse is the:

A) point at which an axon from one neuron touches the dendrite of another.
B) point at which a dendrite from one neuron touches the dendrite of another.
C) space shared by an axon from one neuron and a dendrite from another.
D) space shared by a dendrite from one neuron and a dendrite from another.

Question 20

Components of the neuron include the:

A) axon,dendrite,and ganglia.
B) axon,dendrite,and soma.
C) axon,ganglia,and soma.
D) dendrite,ganglia,and soma.

Question 21

The _____ appears to be critical for human memory.

A) frontal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 22

Sharon speaks in fairly grammatical sentences that are almost devoid of meaning.She might have _____ aphasia.

A) Basal's
B) Broca's
C) Sternberg's
D) Wernicke's

Question 23

The _____ portion of the brain is disproportionately larger in primates than in most mammals.

A) frontal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 24

The left hemisphere and the right hemisphere are connected by the:

A) amygdala.
B) basal ganglia.
C) corpus callosum.
D) medulla oblongata.

Question 25

_____ relies on the fact that there is more oxygenated hemoglobin in regions of greater neural activity.

A) EEG
B) fMRI
C) MEG
D) PET

Question 26

The _____ lobe is involved in object recognition.

A) frontal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 27

_____ is BEST at detecting activity in the sulci of the cortex and is less sensitive to activity in the gyri or activity deep in the brain.

A) EEG
B) fMRI
C) MEG
D) PET

Question 28

Billy and Mac were in a car accident.Oddly,Billy suffered damaged to Broca's area,while Mac suffered damage to Wernicke's area.As a result:

A) Billy suffered from language deficits,while Mac suffered from visual deficits.
B) Billy suffered from visual deficits,while Mac suffered from language deficits.
C) both suffered from language deficits.
D) both suffered from visual deficits.

Question 29

Nick speaks in short,ungrammatical sentences.He might have _____ aphasia.

A) Basal's
B) Broca's
C) Sternberg's
D) Wernicke's

Question 30

The body sends more blood to more active areas of the brain.This is referred to as the:

A) hemodynamic response.
B) hemoglobin response.
C) MRI effect.
D) PET effect.

Question 31

Which structure or structures is/are involved in motor functioning? I.the basal ganglia
II.the cerebellum
III.the frontal lobe

A) II
B) I and II
C) II and III
D) I,II,and III

Question 32

Planning is performed by the _____ lobe.

A) frontal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 33

In _____,a radioactive tracer is injected into the bloodstream.

A) EEG
B) fMRI
C) MEG
D) PET

Question 34

Spatial processing occurs in the _____ lobe.

A) frontal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) temporal

Question 35

The left hemisphere is associated with _____ processing. I.analytic
II.linguistic
III.perceptual
IV.spatial

A) II
B) IV
C) I and II
D) II and IV

Question 36

Damage to the _____ results in amnesia.

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Question 37

Victor is a neuroscientist.The imaging technique that he is using has very good temporal resolution but isn't very useful at identifying the location in the brain that is producing neural activity.This technique is called:

A) ERP.
B) fMRI.
C) MRI.
D) PET.

Question 38

_____ records the electrical potentials that are present on the scalp.

A) EEG
B) fMRI
C) MRI
D) PET

Question 39

The right hemisphere is associated with _____ processing. I.analytic
II.linguistic
III.perceptual
IV.spatial

A) I
B) IV
C) I and III
D) III and IV

Question 40

Jesse is a researcher working with split-brain patients.He presents a complex command to one patient in the right ear (the right-ear patient)and presents the same complex command to another patient in the left ear (the left-ear patient).Jesse finds that:

A) the left-ear patient displays full comprehension,while the right-ear patient does not.
B) the right-ear patient displays full comprehension,while the left-ear patient does not.
C) both patients display full comprehension.
D) neither patient displays full comprehension.

Question 41

Describe the methods used in cognitive neuroscience.In other words,how does one explore the neural basis of cognition?

Question 42

What influences account for the modern development of cognitive psychology?

Question 43

Differentiate between cognitive psychology and cognitive science.

Question 44

Why has social science developed without grounding in cognitive psychology?

Question 45

What are the practical applications of cognitive psychology? Give specific examples.

Question 46

Describe the specializations of each hemisphere of the brain.

Question 47

Differentiate between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia.

Question 48

Describe Thorndike's view on introspection.

Question 49

Why was cognitive psychology ignored as a subject of scientific inquiry for so many years?

Question 50

Artificial intelligence researchers have created a program that matches human intelligence.

Question 51

Why did introspection fall out of favor among psychologists?

Question 52

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to:

A) generate the magnetic fields read by MRIs.
B) permanently incapacitate an overactive brain region.
C) temporarily incapacitate a normal-functioning brain region.
D) reactivate a brain region that has suffered mild damage.

Question 53

Differentiate between empiricism and nativism.

Question 54

What are split-brain patients,and what have we learned from research on them?

Question 55

Describe the conflict among introspectionists,behaviorists,and Gestalt psychologists.

Question 56

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Question 57

Select and describe two brain-imaging techniques.What are the benefits of each? What are the limitations of each?

Question 58

How did American introspection differ from German introspection?

Question 59

Describe the functions of the four lobes of the brain.

Question 60

Why should scientists in other fields study cognitive psychology?

Question 61

Kahneman,a cognitive psychologist with expertise in decision making,received the Nobel Prize in 2002 for his contributions to which of the following topics?

A) behavioral economics
B) athletic performance
C) high-risk behavior
D) frontal lobe function

Question 62

The _____ area of the cerebral cortex is thought to control higher-level processes such as planning.

A) Broca's
B) fusiform face
C) primary auditory
D) prefrontal

Question 63

All neurons look alike and behave in the same manner.

Question 64

Which of the following brain structures is NOT part of the basal ganglia?

A) the putamen
B) the caudate nucleus
C) the thalamus
D) the globus pallidus

Question 65

The terminal buttons of one neuron touch the dendrite of another.

Question 66

A centuries-old debate has raged among those who believe that all knowledge comes from experience and those who hold that we are born with innate knowledge.The former position is known as _____,while the latter position is referred to as _____.

A) rationalism;positivism
B) empiricism;nativism
C) dualism;interactionism
D) behaviorism;epiphenomenalism

Question 67

An axon can vary in length from a few millimeters to a meter.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT true of Sternberg's information-processing account of his digit-probe paradigm?

A) The processing of information has a highly symbolic character.
B) The critical dependent variable is participants' reaction time.
C) The computer metaphor is important to properly understand human information processing.
D) Information processing should be conceptualized with reference to brain location and processes.

Question 69

There is a great deal of growth of new neurons and new synapses in the adult brain.

Question 70

Information-processing analysis breaks a cognitive task down into a set of steps.

Question 71

Which individual identified 52 separate regions of the cerebral cortex according to differences in cell types found in each region?

A) Hubel
B) Brodmann
C) Olds
D) Sherrington

Question 72

Gestalt psychologists believe that the activity of the mind is more than the sum of its parts.

Question 73

Only in the last 150 years has human cognition been a subject of scientific inquiry.

Question 74

From the perspective of cognitive psychology,the MOST lasting contribution of behaviorism is:

A) the initiation of the use of the animal model in psychology.
B) the development of clinical applications of both Pavlov and Skinner's work.
C) a set of sophisticated and rigorous techniques and principles for experimental study in all fields of psychology.
D) the adherence to the notion that internal processes are not measurable and thus should not be studied.

Question 75

Herbert Simon,who has won the Nobel Prize for his work in economics,has spent the last 40 years studying this phenomenon in cognitive psychology.

A) complex problem solving
B) attentional mechanisms
C) decision making
D) memory encoding

Question 76

The cerebral cortex is the MOST recently evolved portion of the brain.

Question 77

In the nervous system,synapses that cause depolarization,causing the potential differences between the internal and external portions of the membrane to become smaller,are referred to as _____,while synapses that cause hyperpolarization,causing the potential differences to become larger,are referred to as _____.

A) excitatory;inhibitory
B) g-protein synapses;salutatory synapses
C) dendritic;axonal
D) glial;reuptake

Question 78

When one refers to the nervous system,one is only referring to the brain.

Question 79

Cognitive science is the study of how cognition is realized in the brain.

Question 80

From an information-processing point of view,the MOST important components of the nervous system are the neurons.