Deck 4: Immediate Memory

Question 1

The modal model of memory

A)proposes two stages of memory processing.
B)is a connectionist model.
C)is a complex model of immediate memory.
D)is an information processing model.

Answer 1

is an information processing model.

Question 2

The function of working memory whereby we strategically direct our attention is called

A)working attention.
B)sensory attention.
C)executive attention.
D)focus of attention.

Answer 2

executive attention.

Question 3

The longest string of information (e.g. ,numbers,letters)that a person can immediately recall is called the person's

A)short-term store.
B)sensory memory.
C)retention interval.
D)memory span.

Answer 3

memory span.

Question 4

The operation span task

A)is a measure of visual attention.
B)requires participants memorize a series of numbers.
C)requires participants to perform three tasks concurrently.
D)requires attentional control and inhibition.

Question 5

The Brown-Peterson task has been used to show that the duration of short-term memory is about

A)5 seconds.
B)20 seconds.
C)1 minute.
D)30 minutes.

Question 6

__________ is the initial storage system,referring to a brief representation of a just-presented stimulus.

A)Short-term memory
B)Long-term memory
C)Sensory memory
D)Semantic memory

Question 7

Amnesic H.M.demonstrated ______,while amnesic K.F.demonstrated ______.These patterns,in combination,provide strong evidence _____ a distinction between STM and LTM.

A)intact LTM and poor STM;intact STM and poor LTM;for
B)intact LTM and poor STM;intact STM and poor LTM;against
C)intact STM and poor LTM;intact LTM and poor STM;for
D)intact STM and poor LTM;intact LTM and poor STM;against

Question 8

All of these are different types of memory storage in the modal model conceptualized by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)except

A)short-term memory.
B)long-term memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 9

Based on the notion of executive control as inhibition,you would expect _____ Stroop interference in participants with a high operation span.This assumption ____ supported by the empirical evidence.

A)less;is
B)less;is not
C)more;is
D)more;is not

Question 10

The most conservative estimate of the limits on immediate memory is

A)1 or 2.
B)3 or 4.
C)7
D)9

Question 11

Conway,Cowan,and Bunting (2001)conducted an experiment that looked at working memory capacity and the cocktail party phenomenon.What did they find?

A)People who had more common names were less susceptible to the cocktail party phenomenon.
B)People who had less common names were less susceptible to the cocktail party phenomenon.
C)People with lower working memory capacity were less susceptible to the cocktail party phenomenon.
D)People with higher working memory capacity were less susceptible to the cocktail party phenomenon.

Question 12

Someone introduces himself to you at a party,and then you go across the room to get drinks for the two of you,and you don't think about the person's name.What is the maximum amount of time your trip to the bar could take,so that when you get back to the person,you'd still know his name?

A)20 seconds
B)5 seconds
C)1 minute
D)5 minutes

Question 13

The classic measure used to assess immediate memory capacity limits is termed

A)the Stroop task.
B)memory span.
C)the Brown-Peterson task.
D)the juggling task.

Question 14

The dominant mode of coding in immediate memory is:

A)visual imagery.
B)auditory coding.
C)tactile coding.
D)spatial coding.

Question 15

The well-known limit on immediate memory-the "magic number 7 + 2"-was proposed by

A)George Miller.
B)William James.
C)Randall Engle.
D)Atkinson and Shiffrin.

Question 16

Chunking in immediate memory

A)is affected by the rate at which the information is presented.
B)demonstrates that STM is a separate memory location.
C)is independent of previous experience with the stimuli.
D)allows you to expand the duration of STM by 30 seconds.

Question 17

Brooks (1968)investigated how people use verbal and visual/spatial processing during recall from immediate memory.He found that

A)immediate memory processing was easiest when two concurrent tasks were both verbal.
B)immediate memory processing was easiest when two concurrent tasks were both visual/spatial.
C)immediate memory processing was easiest when two concurrent tasks used different processing.
D)memory span was influenced only when information was presented verbally.

Question 18

Historically,the serial position effect has been used as evidence for the Atkinson-Shiffrin model.What is the hypothetical relationship between STM/LTM stores and the effects of serial position on recall?

A)STM is proposed as the basis for the primacy effect,and LTM as the basis for the recency effect.
B)STM is proposed as the basis for the recency effect,and LTM as the basis for the primacy effect.
C)Both STM and LTM are proposed as the bases for primacy effects.

Question 19

The serial position effect refers to the finding that

A)memory is particularly good for items in the middle of a list.
B)memory is particularly good for items at the beginning and at the end of a list.
C)memory is particularly good for items at the beginning of a list but poor for items at the end.
D)memory is particularly poor for items at the beginning of a list but good for items at the end.

Question 20

Baddeley proposes all of these components in his model of working memory EXCEPT

A)the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
B)the phonological loop.
C)sensory memory.
D)the central executive.

Question 21

Which area of the brain is involved in encoding novel relations among objects and events,and may,thus,explain amnesic patterns of memory deficit and preservation?

A)The prefrontal cortex
B)Broca's area
C)The medial temporal lobe
D)The hippocampus

Question 22

Baddeley added a fourth component to his original model that attempts to account for the influence of relevant information from long-term memory within working memory.This component is called the

A)visuo-spatial sketchpad.
B)episodic buffer.
C)articulatory loop.
D)central executive.

Question 23

The embedded process view of STM

A)is a unitary view.
B)is a multi-store view.
C)is a hybrid view.
D)proposes no capacity limits in immediate memory.

Question 24

When irrelevant information is presented during the encoding of other material,

A)it has no effect as long as it's irrelevant.
B)it enhances the processing of information in the phonological loop.
C)it negatively impacts processing because it occupies the phonological loop.
D)it negatively impacts processing by preventing the use of visual processing.

Question 25

Which component of working memory serves as the "gatekeeper" or "capacity allocator" for the attentional system?

A)Visuo-spatial sketchpad
B)Episodic buffer
C)Articulatory loop
D)Central executive

Question 26

Baddeley proposed that the functions of the central executive might be better specified through what he termed _____ of the central executive.

A)delineation
B)fractionation
C)dissociation
D)separation

Question 27

The most investigated component of Baddeley's working memory model is

A)the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
B)the central executive.
C)sensory memory.
D)the phonological loop.

Question 28

Deaf individuals

A)show effects of similarity,but not word length.
B)have no articulatory loop at all.
C)show effects of word length,but not similarity.
D)show effects of word length and similarity,just like hearing individuals.

Question 29

Dissociations within the components of working memory proposed by Baddeley _____,which tends to _____ the theory.

A)have not been found;support
B)have not been found;undermine
C)have been found;support
D)have been found;undermine

Question 30

Who is the "boss" of short term memory,supervising the operations of the other subsystems?

A)Central executive
B)Visuo-spatial sketchpad
C)Episodic buffer
D)Articulatory loop

Question 31

Baddeley himself referred to which component of working memory as a "conceptual ragbag" because so many functions and processes get "thrown into it"?

A)Visuo-spatial sketchpad
B)Episodic buffer
C)Articulatory loop
D)Central executive

Question 32

Several researchers have examined how well deaf participants remember signs,just as listeners remember words they hear.In listening,words that sound alike are less likely to be remembered.What happens with American Sign Language?

A)Signs that are close in meaning,regardless of motion involved in the sign,are less likely to be recalled.
B)Signs whose words sound the same if said aloud are less likely to be recalled,regardless of motion involved in the sign.
C)Signs that are made up of similar motions are less likely to be recalled.
D)There is no sign length effect-all signs were remembered equally well.

Question 33

The case where later information interferes with the ability to retain information that occurred earlier is called

A)anterograde amnesia.
B)retroactive interference.
C)proactive interference.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Question 34

Decay theories of forgetting have been criticized on the grounds that they are merely descriptive.In the same way that time doesn't cause metal to rust (oxidation does),time doesn't cause forgetting.What is one proposal for the "oxidation" equivalent in decay (i.e. ,the actual mechanism that leads to forgetting)?

A)Loss of brain cells
B)Inhibitory activity in neurons
C)Interfering neural connections getting stronger
D)Neurons going out of sync due to lack of retrieval

Question 35

An experiment by Wilson and Emmorey (1998)gave deaf participants signs that were long,trying to mimic words that are long in length (have many letters)to see if they would find a "word length" effect.What happened in the experiment?

A)There was no difference in memory for long signs or short signs.They were remembered the same.
B)Recall was better for nouns over verbs,regardless of length of the signing motion.
C)Recall was better for action words and verbs,regardless of the signing motion.
D)Recall was worse for long signs,just as it is for words that are long in length.

Question 36

The function of working memory whereby we control the allocation of attention is called

A)working attention.
B)sensory attention.
C)executive attention.
D)the focus of attention.

Question 37

Which of these sequences would be the most difficult to keep track of in STM?

A)1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4
B)B,P,Z,D,E,T,C,
C)1,9,2,3,9,4,0,7
D)M,W,O,X,A,F,N,U

Question 38

The _____ words take to pronounce,the ______ of them can be held in STM.

A)less time;more
B)more time;more
C)less time;less
D)more time;less

Question 39

What happens to the phonological similarity effect and the word length effect if you do an articulatory suppression task while encoding an STM load?

A)Both effects become more pronounced.
B)Both effects go away.
C)The phonological similarity effect goes away,and the word length effect becomes more pronounced.
D)The word length effect goes away,and the phonological similarity effect becomes more pronounced.

Question 40

If I have a list of three weapons and try to recall them,and then get another list of three weapons and try to recall them,and then get yet another list of three items and try to recall them,what is likely to happen?

A)You will recall the lists more easily as you go on due to practice effects.
B)You will recall the list more easily as you go on because they all represent the same concept (weapons).
C)You will get worse at recalling the lists due to retroactive interference.
D)You will get worse at recalling the lists due to proactive interference.

Question 41

According to Wegner and his colleagues,the ironic effects of thought suppression

A)are more likely to occur when attention is overloaded.
B)occur because of the failure of an ironic monitoring process.
C)can be explained by a three-factor theory of cognitive control.
D)occur because the intentional operating process operates too efficiently.

Question 42

Diamond,Barnett,Thomas,and Munro (2007)designed the Tools of Mind curriculum to train three key features of executive function,including three of the following.Which of these was not included?

A)Inhibitory control
B)Immediate memory
C)Cognitive flexibility
D)Visuospatial processing

Question 43

You recently got a new cell phone and have had a great time learning how to use the camera and text messaging features.One day,you forget your phone and ask to use your friend's phone to send a text message.You think it will be easy,as your friend has the exact same phone as your old phone.However,you find you have a great deal of difficulty remembering how to do this.This memory problem is caused by

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)decay.
D)lack of capacity to remember all the information.

Question 44

Wegner (1994)has a term for a situation in which we are concentrating so hard to avoid making an action that we actually encourage that action! For example,we are concentrating so hard to NOT miss catching a ground ball hit toward us that when the ball gets to our position,we miss it entirely.What does he call this?

A)An action slip
B)Ironic effects
C)Mistaken actions
D)Operator errors

Question 45

Experience in media multitasking is associated with

A)no change in the ability to control attention.
B)an increased ability to control attention.
C)a decreased ability to control attention.
D)a U-shaped relationship with controlling attention.

Question 46

Mind-wandering

A)requires no mental effort.
B)is associated with increased awareness of the surrounding environment.
C)rarely occurs in daily life.
D)usually occurs without intention.

Question 47

According to Berman,Jonides,and Kaplan (2008),exposure to nature captures ______ attention,allowing ______ attention to refresh.

A)top-down;bottom-up
B)bottom-up;top-down
C)divided;selective
D)selective;divided

Question 48

What are the effects of stressors on working memory?

A)Both physiological and mental stressors enhance executive attention.
B)Both physiological and mental stressors disrupt executive attention
C)Physiological stress enhances executive attention,while psychological stress disrupts executive attention.
D)Psychological stress enhances executive attention,while physiological stress disrupts executive attention.

Question 49

Wickens et al.(1976)conducted an experiment using the Brown-Peterson task.People were given a short list of words,all from the same category,then counted backward for a few seconds and were asked to recall the list.They did this three times-and after each time,the recall of the list got worse.On the last trial,the participants were given a list of words from a different category to study,but were then asked to recall the words from the first category.How was the recall on this trial?

A)It was as bad as before;it did not get worse,and it did not get better.
B)It was the worst yet.
C)Recall actually improved on this trial over prior trials.
D)Participants were confused about the instructions and refused to answer.

Question 50

Wegner,Anisfield,and Pilloff (1998)had participants putt a golf ball and gave a specific instruction not to overshoot the hole.Some subjects were given a six-digit number to hold in mind while they made the putt,and they had to report the series of digits after.Others were simply asked to putt.What happened?

A)All participants showed an increased likelihood of overshooting relative to a condition where overshooting was never mentioned.
B)All participants showed an increased likelihood of undershooting relative to a condition where overshooting was never mentioned.
C)Participants holding digits in mind showed an increased likelihood of overshooting relative to a condition in which overshooting was never mentioned.
D)Participants holding digits in mind showed a decreased likelihood of overshooting relative to a condition in which overshooting was never mentioned.