Deck 1: How the Brain Gives Rise to the Mind

Question 1

_____________ deals with the processing of information from the senses.

A)Encoding
B)Executive processing
C)Perception
D)Mental simulation

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

If you opened the case of your desktop computer to determine what the different parts of the computer do,you might be considered a ______________.

A)structuralist
B)behaviorist
C)functionalist
D)rationalist

Answer 2

functionalist

Question 3

Functionalist psychology was developed by _______ and motivated by _______.

A)Tichner,Wundt
B)Wundt,James
C)James,Darwin
D)Skinner,Hull

Answer 3

James,Darwin

Question 4

_________ was interested in understanding the nature of consciousness.

A)Locke
B)Berkeley
C)Chomsky
D)Wundt

Question 5

____________ allows you to hold information in awareness and to think about it.

A)Working memory
B)Attention
C)Mental simulation
D)Executive processing

Question 6

According to Wundt and Tichner,consciousness can be understood by characterizing ____________________ and the _________________.

A)basic elements,rules that combine them
B)thoughts,associated processing resources
C)physical stimulus,behavioral response
D)perceptions,decisions about them

Question 7

Looking within oneself to assess one's mental activity is referred to as ____________.

A)reflectance
B)introspection
C)transference
D)metacognition

Question 8

The cognitive process responsible for entering new information into memory is _____________.

A)executive processing
B)encoding
C)attention
D)representation in long-term memory

Question 9

Preparing and executing a response to a stimulus requires ____________.

A)attention
B)executive processing
C)working memory
D)motor cognition

Question 10

Plato made a distinction between _______________.

A)wax and stone tablets
B)the brain and its functions
C)memories for facts and events
D)etching and carving

Question 11

Consequences are important for behaviorist theories because consequences establish ______________ between stimuli and behavior.

A)testable outcomes
B)associations
C)specific laws
D)observable events

Question 12

The idea that thought was composed of a series of images was espoused by _______.

A)Plato
B)Descartes
C)Locke
D)Berkeley

Question 13

The mind-body problem was originally articulated by _________________.

A)Plato
B)Locke
C)Aristotle
D)Descartes

Question 14

If you studied your desktop computer to determine the basic units used by the computer to store information,you might be considered a ______________.

A)structuralist
B)behaviorist
C)functionalist
D)rationalist

Question 15

When you describe to your friend how a stunning sunset looked,you are engaging in _______________.

A)verbal report
B)self-report
C)introspection
D)perception

Question 16

William James was more interested in the ________ of mental activity than the _________ of mental activities.

A)function,nature
B)basic components,whole
C)observation,implication
D)conscious aspect,unconscious aspect

Question 17

One of the problems with introspection is that people ____________________.

A)are unaware of sensations
B)could not be trained in it
C)could not do it
D)can make decisions without knowing how

Question 18

______________ believed that internal events such as motivation could be inferred directly from behaviors.

A)Skinner
B)Thorndike
C)Hull
D)Watson

Question 19

The central doctrine of the behaviorists was that psychologists should only study _________________.

A)stimuli and responses
B)animal behavior
C)stimuli,processes,and responses
D)stimuli,responses,and consequences

Question 20

If you examined the relationship between what you type on the keyboard and what appears on your computer monitor,you might be considered a ______________.

A)structuralist
B)behaviorist
C)functionalist
D)rationalist

Question 21

Based on your text,which level of analysis is superior for understanding the mind?

A)physical
B)philosophical
C)representational
D)information processing

Question 22

__________________ refers to the ability to specify the correct combination of representations and processes to accomplish a task.

A)Adequacy
B)Combinatory processing
C)Generalizability
D)Identifiability

Question 23

_____________ are often referred to as the building blocks of the brain.

A)Glial cells
B)Synapses
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Neurons

Question 24

The cerebral cortex has folds or winkles.The top of a fold or winkle is referred to as a _____________.

A)fissure
B)sulcus
C)gyrus
D)ventricle

Question 25

Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for studying changes in neurons related to learning.What level of analysis did he use to examine memory?

A)philosophical
B)functional
C)physical
D)information processing

Question 26

The basic parts of the neuron include the ______________________________.

A)axon,dendrites,and cell body
B)axon,terminal buttons,and synapse
C)dendrites,axon,and synapse
D)dendrite,synaptic cleft,and cell body

Question 27

Cognitive psychologists interested in memory typically examine how we encode,store,and retrieve information.What level of analysis do these psychologists operate at?

A)philosophical
B)functional
C)physical
D)information processing

Question 28

Understanding the structure and function of the brain can help us determine the ______________________ of a theory of cognitive processing.

A)generalizability
B)identifiability
C)explanatory adequacy
D)parsimoniousness

Question 29

When given a certain input,a(n)____________ is guaranteed to produce a certain response.

A)algorithm
B)mental representation
C)structure-process trade-off
D)modular system

Question 30

You are reminiscing with your family one night about a past family experience.As people talk,you realize you remember an account of the event that is different from that of other family members.What aspect of your mental representation is different from you family members?

A)content
B)relations
C)arguments
D)format

Question 31

One of the reasons the cognitive revolution was successful is that technology allowed the mind to be compared to a(n)__________________.

A)flow chart
B)computing machine
C)artificial organ
D)Turing machine

Question 32

The brain and spinal cord make up the ___________ nervous system while the skeletal and autonomic nervous systems make up the ___________ nervous system.

A)sympathetic,parasympathetic
B)peripheral,central
C)central,peripheral
D)parasympathetic,sympathetic

Question 33

As you sit in your seat after making a class presentation,you notice that your heart beat and respiratory are rate slowing down.This change is due to the ________________ nervous system.

A)peripheral
B)parasympathetic
C)autonomic
D)sympathetic

Question 34

Serial algorithms :: parallel algorithms as

A)iterative :: simultaneous
B)in steps :: at once
C)at once :: in steps
D)general :: specific

Question 35

A set of processes that use and create mental representations as needed is a(n)____________.

A)algorithm
B)mental representation
C)processing system
D)modular system

Question 36

Action potentials are characterized as being _______________.

A)gradated
B)all-or-none
C)scaled
D)variable

Question 37

When Freud developed the idea that the mind can repress a memory until a person is able to address that memory,he was operating at what level of analysis?

A)philosophical
B)functional
C)physical
D)information processing

Question 38

As you make a presentation in front of your class,you find that your palms are sweaty and your heart is beating quickly.These physiological changes are due to the ___________ nervous system.

A)peripheral
B)parasympathetic
C)autonomic
D)sympathetic

Question 39

Which of the following researchers did not play a prominent role in the cognitive revolution?

A)Chomsky
B)Newell
C)Simon
D)Hull

Question 40

Two of your friends go to see a ball game.They both contact you about an amazing play.One sends a voice message and the other sends a text message.What characteristic of their messages is different?

A)content
B)relations
C)arguments
D)format

Question 41

The four major lobes of the brain are:

A)ventral,dorsal,medial,lateral
B)occipital,parietal,temporal,frontal
C)visual,auditory,somatosensory,decisional
D)cortical,ventricle,meninges,cerebral

Question 42

The basal ganglia are associated with ______________________.

A)basic instincts
B)developing habits
C)taste perception
D)time estimation

Question 43

What sensory information is primarily processed in the parietal lobe?

A)auditory
B)somatosensory
C)visual
D)olfactory

Question 44

Rewards during learning activate the __________________.

A)amygdala
B)cerebellum
C)nucleus accumbens
D)reticular formation

Question 45

If you somehow damaged your pons,what would you have difficulty doing?

A)making facial expressions
B)comprehending speech
C)walking
D)recalling old memories

Question 46

What sensory information is primarily processed in the occipital lobe?

A)auditory
B)somatosensory
C)visual
D)olfactory

Question 47

There is a famous neuropsychological example in which Phineas Cage,a railroad foreman,accidentally had a tamping rod shoot from under his chin through his skull damaging his frontal lobe.Which of the following is most likely to have changed for Phineas after the accident?

A)his personality
B)his sense of touch
C)his ability to recognize objects
D)his hearing

Question 48

The _____________ plays an important role in storing memories in the temporal lobe.

A)hippocampus
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)amygdala

Question 49

Physical coordination is controlled in the ____________.

A)frontal lobe
B)reticular formation
C)pons
D)cerebellum

Question 50

What type of processing does not take place in the temporal lobe?

A)visual memory
B)language production
C)language comprehension
D)emotion

Question 51

Unfortunately,Sam was buying a hot dog from a vendor at a baseball game when a foul ball hit him in the head.After the hit,Sam seemed to be talking louder than usual and had difficulty understanding what his friends were saying to him.Which lobe was most likely affected by the foul ball?

A)occipital
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)frontal

Question 52

Cognitive _____________ emphasizes information processing while cognitive _____________ emphasizes the brain.

A)neuroscience,psychology
B)psychology,neuroscience
C)neuroscience,phrenology
D)psychology,biology

Question 53

This subcortical area receives sensory information from the ears and sends it to the auditory cortex.

A)hippocampus
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)amygdala

Question 54

What part of the brain would you lesion to determine if anticipating rewards is really an important part of learning?

A)amygdala
B)cerebellum
C)nucleus accumbens
D)reticular formation

Question 55

To control seizures,a patient has part of his hippocampus removed.In which cognitive function would you anticipate seeing impairments?

A)motivation
B)visual recognition
C)motor coordination
D)memory

Question 56

After receiving a crushing hit by the linebacker,the running back gets to return to the huddle but has difficulty running.Which lobe was most likely affected by the hit?

A)occipital
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)frontal

Question 57

The cortex is divided into cerebral hemispheres.The ___________________ is the main connection between the hemispheres.

A)corpus callosum
B)reticular formation
C)pons
D)hippocampus

Question 58

The ________________ controls bodily functions such as body temperature and blood pressure.

A)hippocampus
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)amygdala

Question 59

A variety of research methods can be used in cognitive psychology.Unfortunately,limitations can be found for all of them.This is one reason why _______________ is (are)important.

A)association
B)converging evidence
C)dissociation
D)behavioral methods

Question 60

The visual pathway has been traced from the eye to the thalamus.The thalamus is made of several different nuclei.The nucleus important for vision is toward the side or farther away from midline.As a result,this area is called the __________ geniculate nucleus.

A)superior
B)lateral
C)inferior
D)medial

Question 61

Experimental expectancy effects and speed-accuracy tradeoff are potential research limitations when using __________________.

A)response time
B)judgments
C)accuracy
D)protocol collection

Question 62

The difference between computer simulation models and artificial intelligence is that computer simulation models ____________ underlying human cognitive processing while artificial intelligence ____________ intelligent behavior.

A)mimic,corresponds to
B)fabricate,copies
C)represent,produces
D)are unrelated to,creates

Question 63

Briefly state the two major contributions of Wundt's school of psychology.

Question 64

Which of the following is not a limitation of neuropsychological studies?

A)damage not be limited to one area
B)temporal resolution is poor
C)lack of adequate neuropsychological tests
D)only good for areas near the brain surface

Question 65

Which of the following neuroimaging methods would be best to use if you are interested in locating the place in the brain associated with a certain cognitive function?

A)EEG
B)optical imaging
C)MRI
D)MEC

Question 66

Neuroimaging methods can be evaluated using four dimensions.Which of the following is not a dimension used in evaluating neuroimaging methods?

A)functional resolution
B)spatial resolution
C)invasiveness
D)temporal resolution

Question 67

All of the following are potential problems when using drugs that affect specific brain areas except that they

A)affect multiple brain areas.
B)take a long time to work .
C)help determine brain areas for certain tasks.
D)only provide correlational evidence of function.

Question 68

If everyone in class gets nearly all the multiple choice questions correct on this exam,you might argue that the questions were too easy resulting in a _________________.

A)floor effect
B)curve
C)expectancy effect
D)ceiling effect

Question 69

When cues are present within a task itself that suggest to a participant how to respond in an experiment,______________ exist.

A)expectancy effects
B)task demands
C)a speed-accuracy trade-off
D)confounds

Question 70

Although process models can specify the sequence of processes that occur from a stimulus input to a corresponding response,they also have all of the following limitations except they __________.

A)assume serial processing
B)cannot convert input to output
C)do not learn
D)only provide feedback when a process is complete

Question 71

You conduct a study in which you measure both accuracy and response time.As you examine the data,you notice that response times are fairly quick but the participants made quite a few errors.What could possibly explain this finding?

A)expectancy effects
B)floor effects
C)speed-accuracy trade-off
D)task demands

Question 72

An advantage of the protocol collection method is that it ___________________.

A)is subtle
B)assesses subjective reactions
C)can reveal a sequence of processing steps
D)measures processing effectiveness

Question 73

Psychology majors are not always good psychological research participants because they can sometimes figure out what the experiment is about and then tend to change their responses accordingly resulting in ________________.

A)ceiling effects
B)experimenter bias
C)experimental curing effects
D)experimental expectancy effects

Question 74

Which of the following would be part of a neural-network model?

A)intermediate layer
B)output layer
C)input layer
D)hidden layer

Question 75

Which of the following neuroimaging methods would be best to use if you are interested in examining changes in cognitive processing over time?

A)optical imaging
B)ERP
C)MRI
D)PET

Question 76

Each of the following is a limitation of using accuracy as a dependent variable in memory research except ______________.

A)ceiling effects
B)expectancy effects
C)floor effects
D)speed-accuracy tradeoff

Question 77

Explain what the cognitive revolution was in response to.

Question 78

Describe Wundt's approach to understanding consciousness.

Question 79

Although behaviorists have made numerous contributions to the nature of learning and to experimental psychology,they failed to account for a number of important areas related to cognition.List at least three of these areas.

Question 80

A(n)_________ can be used to determine the part of the brain damaged after a stroke and ____________________ can be used to determine the extent of cognitive deficits caused by the stroke.

A)ERP,TMS
B)MRI,self-reports
C)ERP,transcranial magnetic stimulation
D)MRI,neuropsychological studies