Deck 3: Attention

Question 1

In a dual-task paradigm,a stream of letters is presented,including a target and a probe.Participants are required to identify the _______ and indicate when they see the _________.

A)target,probe
B)target,post-target letter
C)pre-target letter,post-target letter
D)probe,target

Answer 1

target,probe

Question 2

In a single-task paradigm,a stream of letters is presented,including a target and a probe.Participants are required to indicate whenever they see the _________.

A)target
B)post-target letter
C)pre-target letter
D)probe

Answer 2

probe

Question 3

You started thinking about an interesting point your professor just made in class.While you are thinking about the question,the professor continued to lecture.Later,when comparing notes with your friend in class,you noticed that you did not have as much information written down as she did.This is an example of ________________________.

A)failure of multitasking
B)failure of selection in time
C)failure of selection in space
D)failure of selection in context

Answer 3

failure of selection in time

Question 4

When participants are shown a stream of letters,they have difficulty indicating the presence of a probe letter if it is presented between 100 to 500 milliseconds after a target letter.This interval is referred to as a(n)__________________.

A)attentional blink
B)no processing zone
C)blank interval
D)period of blindness

Question 5

Not being able to detect a stimulus that is presented within a particular time from after an earlier stimulus is presented is referred to as a(n)_______________.

A)divided attention
B)type II error
C)attentional blink
D)focusing error

Question 6

We do not attend to all the information that is available to us.Instead,we attend to information that is _____________ and ____________.

A)obvious,important
B)relevant,noticeable
C)meaningful,relevant
D)accessible,applicable

Question 7

Interference,or decrements in performance,is detected in experiments by examining ___________ and ____________.

A)response time,load
B)accuracy,response time
C)response latency,response quality
D)misses,false alarms

Question 8

You are carrying a package to your car in your right hand.The car is locked and your keys are in your right pocket.You hesitate while attempting to determine your next course of action.This type of slowing,or interference,is most likely due to (a)_________________.

A)response bottleneck
B)response options
C)dual-task interference
D)dexterity

Question 9

In models of attention,a restriction on the amount of information that can be processed at one time is referred to as (a)_____________.

A)bottleneck
B)tunnel vision
C)load restriction
D)processing limitation

Question 10

In some studies dealing with processing limitations,the information that is missed tends to be at the periphery of a visual display,suggesting that the limitation is due to ____________.However,other studies show similar processing limitations with information presented in the center of a display,suggesting that the limitation is due to the ____________ of information that can be processed.

A)visual acuity,quality
B)spatial decay,quantity
C)spreading activation,fixation point
D)sensory processing,amount

Question 11

You are watching a TV show with your friend.At one point in the show the camera switches back and forth between two characters.You notice that the hair of one of the actresses is different in different shots but your friend does not.This type of phenomenon is referred to as __________________.

A)visual capture
B)cinematic illusion
C)failure of selection in time
D)change blindness

Question 12

It is widely agreed that attention involves ___________________________.

A)previewing sensory information
B)subconscious control
C)natural selection
D)selecting some information for processing

Question 13

You are taking notes in your cognition class.Part way through class your friend text messages you about your plans after class.You find that it is difficult to continue to take good notes in class while texting back your friend at the same time.This is an example of (a)___________.

A)response bottleneck
B)dual-task interference
C)divided attention
D)controlled processing

Question 14

_____________ is when multiple sources of information are attended to at one time.

A)Divided attention
B)Diffused attention
C)Focused attention
D)Spreading attention

Question 15

People may not notice a change in a scene depicted in one picture to another.However,we are more likely to notice changes that are of "___________ interest."

A)marginal
B)central
C)sustained
D)focal

Question 16

Selecting some information for further processing and inhibiting other information from receiving further processing are functions of ______________.

A)sensory memory
B)perception
C)working memory
D)attention

Question 17

___________________ can influence how we select and process information.

A)Bottom-up processing
B)Middle-out processing
C)Information processing
D)Top-down processing

Question 18

Concentrating on one source of information to the exclusion of other sources is referred to as ___________.

A)sustained attention
B)focused attention
C)tunnel vision
D)dynamic attention

Question 19

Attentional blink :: repetition blindness as _________________.

A)letters :: pictures
B)single task :: dual task
C)pictures :: letters
D)words :: pictures

Question 20

While listening to your professor,you did not notice the person next to you participating in an online fantasy football draft.This is an example of __________________.

A)failure of multitasking
B)failure of selection in time
C)failure of selection in space
D)failure of selection in context

Question 21

During statistics class,someone drops his calculator on the floor.Your attention is drawn to the sound of the calculator hitting the floor.This is an example of ________________.

A)endogenous attention
B)visual capture
C)orientation
D)exogenous attention

Question 22

__________________ is an attention deficit in which the impairment leads the patient to ignore information appearing on the side of space opposite the damaged side of the brain.

A)Visual agnosia
B)Balint's syndrome
C)Hemispatial neglect
D)Spatial blindness disorder

Question 23

In a dichotic listening task,participants are required to _________ the message in the target ear while ___________ the message in the unattended ear.

A)listen to,ignoring
B)shadow,explaining
C)repeat,writing down
D)shadow,ignoring

Question 24

___________ occurs when a stimulus facilitates processing of a subsequent stimulus.

A)Inhibition
B)Priming
C)Disengaging
D)Engaging

Question 25

Early selection theories of attention hold that the bottleneck in processing occurs ___________.

A)prior to a brief sensory store
B)immediately after the sensory store
C)after semantic processing
D)at response selection

Question 26

What are participants able to notice about the message in the unattended ear of a dichotic listening task?

A)change in language
B)if the sex of the speaker changed
C)if the message was played backwards
D)content of the message

Question 27

______________ is required to turn a controlled task into an automatic task.

A)Endogenous attention
B)Practice
C)Proceduralization
D)Exogenous attention

Question 28

According to your authors,cross-modal research has found interactions between each sensory pair listed below except _________________.

A)touch-vision
B)olfaction-taste
C)audition-touch

Question 29

Patients with damage to the pulvinar tend to have difficulties ______________ attention.

A)disengaging
B)focusing
C)engaging
D)moving

Question 30

You keep looking at your history professor but you are really checking how much time is left in the class using the clock on the front wall.This is an example of ________________.

A)spreading attention
B)dual tasking
C)covert attention
D)exogenous attention

Question 31

Your friend's grandmother recently had a stroke.Although her memory and language skills appear normal and she is able to walk without much difficulty,your friend notices some strange behaviors.For instance,the other day she wore a shirt that was wrinkled on the left side and ironed on the right side.You ask your friend if the stroke affected blood flow to his grandmother's _____________.

A)right occipital lobe
B)right parietal lobe
C)right frontal lobe
D)right temporal lobe

Question 32

Patients with damage to the midbrain and having progressive supranuclear palsy have difficulty ____________ attention.

A)disengaging
B)focusing
C)engaging
D)moving

Question 33

Endogenous attention :: exogenous attention as ______________.

A)bottom-up :: top-down
B)top-down :: bottom-up
C)middle-out :: cued
D)central :: peripheral

Question 34

Object-based attention suggests that we ________________.

A)prefer objects over other stimuli
B)have limited attention
C)are exogenously cued by objects
D)process all features of a selected object

Question 35

Posner proposed a model of attention that included _________________.

A)moving,focusing,inhibiting
B)detecting,filtering,selecting
C)disengaging,moving,engaging
D)shifting,selecting,inhibiting

Question 36

Interference resulting from selecting between two possible responses is referred to as (a)_____________.

A)dual-task interference
B)conflicting outputs
C)response confusion
D)response bottleneck

Question 37

Late selection theories of attention hold that the bottleneck in processing occurs ___________.

A)prior to a brief sensory store
B)immediately after the sensory store
C)after semantic processing
D)at response selection

Question 38

J.S.recently had a stroke which damaged the right parietal lobe.You give J.S.a line bisection task in which he must bisect a line into two equal segments.J.S.typically marks lines like this: Based on this performance,you suspect that J.S.may have______________.

A)motor inaccuracies
B)hemispatial neglect
C)post-stroke syndrome
D)a slow but normal recovery

Question 39

Familiar and easy tasks tend to involve ____________ processing while difficult and new tasks use _____________ processing.

A)unconscious,conscious
B)controlled,automatic
C)automatic,controlled
D)pre-attentive,attentive

Question 40

_______________ attention is a form of attention in which top-down information drives the selection of information in the input.

A)Focused
B)Endogenous
C)Selective
D)Exogenous

Question 41

Dichotic listening :: unattended ear as visual search :: ____________.

A)distractor
B)illusory conjunction
C)feature
D)preattentive

Question 42

The cocktail party effect emphasizes the importance of __________________.

A)early selection
B)processing interactions with alcohol
C)salient information
D)semantic processing

Question 43

According to feature integration theory,you would expect a participant to take longer to search for a(n)_____________ than a(n)_____________.

A)color,shape
B)distractor,target
C)something present,something absent
D)something stationary,something moving

Question 44

An illusory conjunction is a(n)______________________.

A)incorrect combination of features
B)incorrect target
C)imaginary distractor
D)errant disjunctive search

Question 45

In an ERP study,an increase in the amplitude of the waveform found in the occipital lobe shortly after the onset of a stimulus suggests that attention ______________ early processing of visual stimuli.

A)enhances
B)interferes with
C)occurs at the same time as
D)comes after

Question 46

You are in a grocery store looking for a Coke.As you begin to walk down the soda aisle,you only look at the red cans to find your Coke.This is an example of _____________.

A)feature integration theory
B)early selection
C)disjunctive search
D)guided search

Question 47

ERP studies using visual attention tasks support a(n)____________ selection account of attention.

A)guided
B)late
C)early
D)simultaneous

Question 48

Endogenous mechanisms of attention use more __________ areas of the brain while exogenous mechanisms use more _________ areas.

A)dorsal,ventral
B)medial,temporal
C)frontal,dorsal
D)frontal,posterior

Question 49

Feature integration theory divided perceptual information into separate ____________.

A)categories
B)maps
C)spatial locations
D)time frames

Question 50

Attention is a _________ process that occurs in ___________ area(s)of the brain.

A)fixed,a specialized
B)variable,many
C)competitive,dorsal
D)passive,temporal

Question 51

A participant is briefly shown a search display containing red (7)and green (1)circles and red (5)squares.In addition to seeing the red circles and squares and green circle,she reports seeing a green square.This report is evidence of a(n)____________________.

A)hallucination
B)color-form illusion
C)illusory conjunction
D)feature integration error

Question 52

According to feature integration theory,you would expect a participant to take longer to perform a(n)____________ search than a(n)_____________ search.

A)disjunctive,feature
B)conjunctive,conjunctive
C)conjunctive,feature
D)disjunctive,conjunctive

Question 53

A search array has three blue X's,four red X's,four blue O's,and one red O.This would be an example of a _____________ search.

A)feature
B)disjunctive
C)conjunctive
D)integrative

Question 54

To accommodate various findings regarding late and early selection,Moray proposed that information must also _____________ while Treisman suggested that different information has different _____________ for additional processing.

A)pass through a filter,needs
B)task dependent,time demands
C)processed contextually,priorities
D)pass through a filter,thresholds

Question 55

Attentional switching studies using PET suggest that the __________ plays the primary role in switching attention in visual search tasks.

A)basal ganglia
B)superior parietal lobe
C)anterior cingulate
D)thalamus

Question 56

A problem with the spotlight theory of attention is __________________.

A)identification is not enhanced close to the attentional spotlight
B)attention does not move spatially
C)an object can be preferentially selected at the same location
D)"obstacles" between spatial locations capture attention

Question 57

There are seven red X's and one blue X in a search array.This would be an example of a ____________ search.

A)distractor
B)disjunctive
C)conjunctive
D)integrative

Question 58

As a competitive system,attention can be thought of in terms of __________ and __________.

A)automatic,controlled processes
B)selection,inhibition
C)filtering,selecting
D)priorities,selection

Question 59

Guided search is relatively efficient because it makes use of ________________.

A)search instructions
B)preattentive information
C)prior search strategies
D)multiple senses

Question 60

Early processing in both feature integration theory and guided search relies on ______________.

A)feature maps
B)conjunctive searches
C)disjunctive searches
D)searching for present features

Question 61

_________________ is a general theory of attention that assumes that attention arises from the competition between inputs.

A)Selective attention
B)Early selection
C)Biased competition
D)Information processing

Question 62

Posner and colleagues found a double dissociation between people with progressive supranuclear palsy and those with lesions to the pulvinar.How does this double dissociation support his model of attention?

Question 63

You are conducting a fMRI study in which participants must select a particular target.If attention is actively involved in this task,the fMRI signal should be __________.

A)enhanced
B)dissipated
C)condensed
D)reduced

Question 64

Several methodological approaches were presented for the study of attention.Briefly describe three of these approaches and state what type of information each approach contributes to our understanding of attentional processing.

Question 65

Selective attention is necessary to reduce the amount of information coming in from the external world.However,selective attention is also a consequence of basic information processing limitations.In particular,what limitation necessitates selective attention?

Question 66

Differentiate between feature integration theory and guided search.

Question 67

Briefly describe what a phenomenon like change blindness tells us about attention.

Question 68

ERP waveforms are __________ in various brain regions under conditions of competition.

A)reduced
B)dissipated
C)distributed
D)magnified

Question 69

Two important functions of attention is detecting information we need and inhibiting information we do not need.What do Posner et al.'s (1980,1982)endogenous cuing studies tell us about detection and inhibition?

Question 70

Bisiach and Luzzatti (1978)found that hemispatial neglect also occurred for patients when they were imaging a visual scene.What does this finding indicate about attention?

Question 71

Compare and contrast a task used to produce an attentional blink and one used for repetition blindness.What do the findings from these tasks tell us about the attentional selection of information time?

Question 72

You are conducting a fMRI study in which participants must suppress a particular stimulus.The fMRI signal associated with the suppressed stimulus should be ______________.

A)enhanced
B)improved
C)dispersed
D)reduced

Question 73

According to feature integration theory,why does it take longer to perform a conjunctive search than a disjunctive search?

Question 74

What is object-based attention? Describe the findings from patients with brain damage that support this position.

Question 75

According to the biased competition theory of attention proposed by Desimone and Duncan (1995),attention is an emergent property.Explain what this means.

Question 76

Your text authors summarize a study conducted by Cate and Behrmann (2002)in which letters were presented briefly on the left and right side of a computer screen.The letters on the left were presented alone,followed a letter presented on the right,or preceded a letter presented on the right.The amount of time between left and right presentations was manipulated.Participants were asked to identify the letters presented on the left side (their neglected side).Briefly state the key points from this study.What implications do these findings have for spatial and temporal attention?

Question 77

The integrated competition theory of attention was proposed by ________________.

A)Treisman and Gelade
B)Cherry
C)Posner
D)Desimone and Duncan