Deck 4: Representation and Knowledge in Long-Term Memory

Question 1

Neurons in the visual cortex respond in such a way that they preserve a ________________;that is,the spatial layout in the brain represents the spatial layout in the environment.

A)modality correspondence
B)topographical map
C)spatiotemporal window
D)bottom-up representation

Answer 1

topographical map

Question 2

According to the authors of your text,____________ is necessary for the effectiveness of any mental process.

A)knowledge
B)attention
C)perception
D)experience

Answer 2

knowledge

Question 3

A(n)_______________ is a meaningful sensory aspect of a perceived stimulus.

A)aspect
B)quality
C)feature
D)characteristic

Answer 3

feature

Question 4

A representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else and must _______________ what it stands for.

A)represent
B)carry information about
C)explain
D)accurately reflect

Question 5

The element of an image representing a particular location of a visual scene at a single point of time is called the _________________.

A)storage unit
B)space-time unit
C)spatiotemporal window
D)stored information

Question 6

Pictures provide a complete image of scene but the brain seems to hold images that are not as accurate as pictures.________________ is probably the reason for this difference.

A)Prior knowledge
B)Change blindness
C)Spatial resolution
D)Visual attention

Question 7

A format for a representation refers to all of the following except ________________.

A)how elements are arranged
B)type of code
C)processes for extracting information
D)neural structure

Question 8

The intentionality criterion for a representation states that a representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else.This criterion _________________.

A)is a controlled process
B)is inherent in our brain system
C)requires conscious effort
D)is based on prior knowledge

Question 9

A(n)______________is an object or event that plays an important role in an organism's survival and pursuit of goals.

A)memory entity
B)episodic memory
C)storage unit
D)experience

Question 10

____________ allow you to derive information not explicitly present in a single member of a category but available because of your knowledge about the group.

A)Deductions
B)Assumptions
C)Inferences
D)Conjectures

Question 11

Visual images are represented in the ___________ lobe.

A)frontal
B)occipital
C)parietal
D)temporal

Question 12

Information about the world that is stored in memory is referred to as _____________.

A)learning
B)understanding
C)knowledge
D)experience

Question 13

Kosslyn (1975)found that the ____________ of a mental image influenced how quickly it was processed.

A)category
B)level of detail
C)modality
D)relative size

Question 14

A ________________ is a physical state that stands for an object,event,or concept.

A)category
B)representation
C)memory
D)neural network

Question 15

Mental images have been found in the ___________ system.

A)olfactory
B)motor
C)sensory
D)emotion

Question 16

Neurons that combine information such as color and shape are _______________.

A)mirror neurons
B)feature neurons
C)conjunctive neurons
D)perceptual neurons

Question 17

_______________ is the ability to establish that a perceived entity belongs to a particular group of things that share key characteristics.

A)Categorization
B)Perception
C)Grouping
D)Familiarization

Question 18

You decide to organize all of your DVDs by genre.What ability will you use to accomplish this task?

A)grouping
B)categorization
C)familiarization
D)experience

Question 19

Representations can be modality specific,meaning that they ____________________.

A)are situation specific
B)use perceptual or motor systems
C)rely on the most common occurrences
D)cannot be generalized

Question 20

Knowledge affects all of the following except _____________.

A)action
B)language
C)perception
D)development

Question 21

Modality-specific : amodal :: perceptually-related : ___________.

A)motor-related
B)frequently occurring
C)multiple modalities
D)abstract

Question 22

You are driving to your roommate's house.Not only have you not visited her house before,you have never driven in her hometown before.Listening to your roommate give you directions and looking for the street names she is saying requires _________________.

A)vigilance
B)sustained attention
C)modality switching
D)convergent processing

Question 23

Information ________________ is integrated in the convergence zone.

A)across modalities
B)about prior experiences
C)about actions
D)within a modality

Question 24

Representations from feature records _______________ images.

A)compete against
B)complement
C)replace
D)are identical to

Question 25

fMRI research has shown that the ___________ system is activated when participants are shown manipulable objects even though they cannot touch or use them in the study.

A)association
B)decision-making
C)motor
D)convergent

Question 26

Convergence zones integrate information _____________ while higher order convergence zones integrate information ______________.

A)about vision,about other senses
B)within modalities,across modalities
C)across modalities,within modalities
D)bottom-up,top-down

Question 27

A neural net is a representation based on ______________.

A)actual neural pathways
B)spreading activation
C)statistical patterns
D)neural interactions

Question 28

Individual members become associated with a category because they ______________.

A)have the same image
B)share a statistical pattern
C)have identical features
D)share storage units

Question 29

Individual members of a category are known as ______________.

A)prototypes
B)schemata
C)member units
D)exemplars

Question 30

The visual areas of the brain represent the __________ of exemplars and the motor areas ________________ the process of rehearsing rules.

A)convergence,enhance
B)rules,activate
C)content,implement
D)qualities,facilitate

Question 31

A population of conjunctive neurons that associate feature information within a given modality is known as a(n)____________________.

A)neural net
B)association area
C)primary sensory cortex
D)secondary sensory cortex

Question 32

When you think about a family camping trip,you remember the cool night air,yellow glow and warmth of the fire,and the taste of roasted marshmallows.These sensations were originally integrated _________________.

A)in the frontal lobe
B)based on common features
C)in an association area
D)in a higher order convergence zone

Question 33

A tool is a saw if it has a toothed metal blade or disk that can be used to manually or mechanically cut hard material.This is an example of a ____________.

A)prototype
B)exemplar
C)rule
D)operational definition

Question 34

Category knowledge is ____________________________.

A)greater than sensory information
B)perceptually driven
C)limited to immediate sensory information
D)not appropriate as a basis for inferences

Question 35

The average category member generated through simulation can also be referred to as a(n)____________.

A)prototype
B)model
C)archetype
D)mean member

Question 36

Category knowledge develops from the ______________ of representations of individual members of the category.

A)integration
B)quality
C)patterns
D)types

Question 37

A(n)_________ is a precise definition of the criteria for a category.

A)prototype
B)rule
C)exemplar
D)operational definition

Question 38

You are conducting a PET study.You ask the participant to describe his first car.What area of the brain will be most active when he describes the color of his car?

A)MT
B)inferior temporal cortex
C)visual association area
D)V4

Question 39

Which of the following is not an example of an amodal representation?

A)neural net
B)property list
C)frame
D)semantic network

Question 40

____________ found costs associated with switching between modalities in a perception task while ____________ found similar switching costs in a property verification task.

A)Spence,Pecher
B)Damasio,Spence
C)Martin,Damasio
D)Pecher,Martin

Question 41

Your text authors claim that knowledge plays an important role in all cognitive processing.Provide examples supporting this claim using three different cognitive processes.

Question 42

What is the distinction between a convergence zone and a higher order convergence zone?

Question 43

Which of the following would not be an ontological type?

A)Vulcan literature
B)constellations
C)fugues
D)NASCAR drivers

Question 44

As categories become more specific,they are ________ likely to be universal.

A)more
B)equally
C)less
D)very

Question 45

Using a visual scene as an illustration,highlight the three types of representations.Be sure to include information regarding when each type of representation is formed.Also include the general brain area (i.e. ,the lobes)in which the representations are formed.

Question 46

Feature detection occurs as the result of the responding of populations of neurons instead of single neurons.What is a benefit of relying on a population of neurons instead of a single neuron?

Question 47

Within a typicality gradient,a bear would be a(n)___________ and a dolphin would be a(n)____________ member of the category for mammals.

A)general,specific
B)typical,atypical
C)exemplar,exception
D)positive-match,negative-match

Question 48

Briefly describe how exemplar memory can impact categorizing objects using rules.

Question 49

____________ are structured representations that capture the information that typically applies to certain situations or events.

A)Schemata
B)Exemplars
C)Prototypes
D)Rules

Question 50

In terms of categories,brain lesions result in deficits to _______________.

A)specific categories
B)categories sharing similar properties
C)all categories
D)ontological categories

Question 51

Provide an example describing how a golden retriever,bassett hound,and sheep dog become members of dog category knowledge.

Question 52

Categories are universal if ____________________.

A)they have the same exemplars
B)statistical patterns are invariant
C)they are identical for everyone
D)they are present across cultures

Question 53

Images are examples of one possible representational format.Briefly describe the three elements of an image.

Question 54

A(n)____________ specifies what properties are most likely to be true of a category.

A)exemplar
B)prototype
C)rule
D)schemata

Question 55

Describe the role of bottom-up and top-down processing in developing statistical patterns and using simulation.

Question 56

Playing games like Pictionary oftentimes require that you draw (or describe)different characteristics of an object,person,etc. ,in order for your partner to guess the correct answer.Games such as these are good examples of _______________.

A)typicality gradients
B)fuzzy boundaries
C)category flexibility
D)dynamic representation

Question 57

When updating a rule or prototype,newly perceived properties ________________.

A)activate background knowledge
B)are isolated
C)are simply added to the existing information
D)take the place of existing information

Question 58

Schemata are used for _______________.Rules and prototypes are used for _____________.

A)knowledge,categorizing
B)understanding,categorizing
C)inferences,decisions
D)memory,learning

Question 59

A(n)______________ is a set of nested categories that vary in abstraction with each nested subset being a subset of its higher order category.

A)ontological type
B)taxonomy
C)schema
D)typicality gradient

Question 60

State two reasons why neural nets have a greater scope than amodal systems.

Question 61

Individual members of a category are known as ______________.

A)prototypes
B)schemata
C)member units
D)exemplars

Question 62

Research has shown that similar areas of the brain are used to process sensory information during perception and in simulating category representations.What implication(s)does this finding have on our understanding of category knowledge?

Question 63

The average category member generated through simulation can also be referred to as a(n)____________.

A)prototype
B)model
C)archetype
D)mean member

Question 64

In terms of categories,brain lesions result in deficits to _______________.

A)specific categories
B)categories sharing similar properties
C)all categories
D)ontological categories

Question 65

Categories are universal if ____________________.

A)they have the same exemplars
B)statistical patterns are invariant
C)they are identical for everyone
D)they are present across cultures

Question 66

A ________________ is a physical state that stands for an object,event,or concept.

A)category
B)representation
C)memory
D)neural network

Question 67

A(n)_______________ is a meaningful sensory aspect of a perceived stimulus.

A)aspect
B)quality
C)feature
D)characteristic

Question 68

The analogy of digital pictures was used in the text to describe mental images.Examine this analogy.In what ways are digital pictures like mental images and in what ways are they different?

Question 69

A format for a representation refers to all of the following except ________________.

A)how elements are arranged
B)type of code
C)processes for extracting information
D)neural structure

Question 70

Kosslyn (1975)found that the ____________ of a mental image influenced how quickly it was processed.

A)category
B)level of detail
C)modality
D)relative size

Question 71

Convergence zones integrate information _____________ while higher order convergence zones integrate information ______________.

A)about vision,about other senses
B)within modalities,across modalities
C)across modalities,within modalities
D)bottom-up,top-down

Question 72

A(n)____________ specifies what properties are most likely to be true of a category.

A)exemplar
B)prototype
C)rule
D)schemata

Question 73

What is a typicality gradient? What are the effects of typicality gradients on how we process categories?