Deck 11: Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation

Question 1

The ____________ is activated whether you are imagining yourself dunking a basketball or imagined your friend dunking a basketball.

A)somatosensory cortex
B)posterior cingulate
C)premotor cortex
D)frontopolor cortex

Answer 1

premotor cortex

Question 2

Overarching plans for action are processed in ______.

A)PM
B)SMA
C)M1
D)MT

Answer 2

SMA

Question 3

The processing associated with the motor system in which stored information is used to plan and produce actions and to anticipate,predict,and interpret the actions of others is (a/an)__________.

A)motor cognition
B)perception-action cycle
C)action-interpretation coordination
D)output analysis

Answer 3

motor cognition

Question 4

If you used mental imagery to run across campus,you would probably experience an increase in the ___________________.

A)parasympathetic nervous system
B)endocrine system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)temperature regulation system

Question 5

A representation of a sequence of movements planned in advance of an actual performance is a _____________.

A)motor schema
B)motor program
C)movement routine
D)motor habit

Question 6

Less precise movements are processed in ______.

A)SM A
B)M1
C)MT
D)PM

Question 7

You are helping coach a Little League team.You notice that your players have a better batting stance and swing after you demonstrate the proper technique.What is a possible explanation for this observation?

A)motor imagery
B)PM processing
C)vicarious learning
D)motor priming

Question 8

A researcher asks you to use imagery to drive from campus to your home and records the time it takes you to complete the task.She then asks you to use imagery to drive from campus to your home with poor visibility conditions due to a dense fog.How long will it take you to perform the second task?

A)more time than normal driving conditions
B)less time because of practice effects
C)same path so no change in imagery time
D)more time due to imagery fatigue

Question 9

____________ link perception and action.

A)Attention
B)Representations
C)Intentions
D)Consequences

Question 10

Representing actions made by other people is accomplished by _____________________.

A)perception-action cycles
B)shared motor representations
C)vicarious motor programs
D)action association schemas

Question 11

The neural difference between motor performance and motor imagery is ______________.

A)negligible
B)negative
C)moderate
D)positive

Question 12

______________ takes place after a stimulus is identified and before a response is executed.

A)Motor imagery
B)Motor priming
C)Motor anticipation
D)Intentions

Question 13

Neuroimaging research suggests that the same representations underlying our motor programs are also involved with _______________.

A)muscle memory
B)anticipating actions of others
C)perception
D)problem solving

Question 14

A(n)___________ is a series of _______________.

A)perception-action cycle,actions
B)movement,motor programs
C)action,movements
D)motor cognition,intentions

Question 15

Specific movements are processed in ________.

A)SMA
B)MT
C)M1
D)PM

Question 16

The amount of time it takes you to walk to your favorite coffee shop using imagery is ______________ the amount of time it actually takes you to walk to the coffee shop.

A)significantly greater than
B)equal to
C)significantly less than
D)proportional to

Question 17

You are playing catch with a friend who throws the ball a little high.Adjusting your glove hand to the height of the ball is an illustration of _____________.

A)the perception-action cycle
B)muscular adjustment
C)interactive motor programming
D)intentions

Question 18

Areas of the brain involved in motor anticipation include the SMA,parietal cortex,____________,and ___________.

A)occipital cortex,cerebellum
B)thalamus,cerebellum
C)thalamus,PM
D)M1,PM

Question 19

Single-cell recordings of a visually or internally triggered sequential motor task revealed that neurons in _______ are just as active during the visually and internally triggered task,neurons in ________ were more active during the internally triggered task,and neurons in _______ were more active during the visually triggered task.

A)SMA,M1,PM
B)M1,SMA,PM
C)PM.SMA,M1
D)M1,MT,PM

Question 20

Yue and Cole (1992)showed that motor imagery training can _____________.

A)improve dexterity
B)increase muscle strength
C)facilitate decision making
D)replace practice

Question 21

Activation of the _______________ and ______________ corticies indicates that we are imagining about others instead of ourselves.

A)inferior temporal,SMA
B)right inferior parietal,frontopolar
C)SMA,prefrontal
D)occipital,posterior cingulated

Question 22

It takes longer to determine whether or not two geometric objects in a pair are identical or mirror images the more one object in the pair is rotated in ____________ and ___________.

A)space,time
B)perspective,to the right
C)2D,orientation
D)the picture-plane,depth

Question 23

____________ believed the self is an illusion arising from various perceptions and sensations.

A)Kenny
B)Descartes
C)William James
D)Skinner

Question 24

When imitating behavior,the goals of the behavior (goal state)are processed in the ________________.

A)left premotor cortex
B)inferior temporal cortex
C)parahippocampal gyrus
D)dorsolateral PFC

Question 25

A basketball player from China,who does not speak English,is drafted by an NBA team.During practice he intently watches his coaches and other players so he can __________ what he is being instructed.

A)imitate
B)mock
C)mimic
D)impersonate

Question 26

A toddler will imitate the behavior of a(n)__________ but not the identical behavior of a(n)__________.

A)relative,stranger
B)person,robot
C)adult,toddler
D)toddler,mirror image

Question 27

You are a consultant to a television production company that creates shows for children.They are trying to decide on the type of main character they should have for a new show.Based on research by Meltzoff,you tell them that toddlers are more likely to imitate a behavior if it modeled by ________________.

A)an adult
B)a backyardigans
C)Barney the dinasour
D)a robot with high contrast colors

Question 28

___________ is the ability to understand the intent of an observed action and then to reproduce it.

A)Mockery
B)Mimicry
C)Imitation
D)Impersonation

Question 29

An infant is more likely to imitate giving a bottle to a teddy bear than to a pillow,suggesting that they will tend to only imitate behavior that is ____________.

A)plausible
B)biological
C)adaptive
D)nurturing

Question 30

______________ distinguish(es)imitation from mimicry.

A)Attention
B)Intention
C)Goals
D)Practice

Question 31

The ___________________ region of the brain is active when imitating only the means of another's behavior as well as when inferring the intentions of others.

A)left frontal
B)medial temporal gyrus
C)right medial prefrontal
D)inferior temporal

Question 32

When imitating behavior,the means of the behavior (operator)is processed in the _________________.

A)parahippocampal gyrus
B)inferior temporal cortex
C)medial prefrontal cortex
D)supplementary motor area

Question 33

____________ believed the self is a mythical entity.

A)Skinner
B)Hume
C)Kenny
D)William James

Question 34

____________ is the tendency to adopt the behaviors,postures,or mannerisms of others without awareness or intent.

A)Mimicry
B)Simulation
C)Imitation
D)Mockery

Question 35

An efference copy is a copy of (a)________________.

A)goal state
B)task demand
C)sensory information
D)motor command

Question 36

Comparing sensory predictions to sensory consequences leads to (the)______________.

A)kinesthetic corrections
B)motor commands
C)error estimation
D)source of sensory events

Question 37

A neurological disorder that impairs the ability to make voluntary movements is ___________.

A)aphasia
B)apraxia
C)ataxia
D)agnosia

Question 38

_____________ believed the self is a tangible unified mental entity.

A)William James
B)Descartes
C)Skinner
D)Kenny

Question 39

What area of the brain is more active when you observe a behavior with the intention to imitate it later?

A)visual cortex
B)inferior temporal cortex
C)parahippocampal gyrus
D)supplementary motor area

Question 40

People with apraxia often have ____________ dysfunction in addition to ________________ dysfunction.

A)visual,imitation
B)memory,hearing
C)attentional,planning
D)language,voluntary movement

Question 41

Although A.Z.was born without limbs,her performance on a mental rotation task using hands and feet at different amounts of rotation was similar to that of control participants.This finding suggests that the perception of biological motion is _____________.

A)hardwired
B)constrained by biology
C)learned
D)moderated by environmental factors

Question 42

What does apraxia tell us about differences in the imitation of gestures?

Question 43

Using a million drawings to make a feature length movie is possible due to the phenomenon of _______________.

A)kinematic patterns
B)automatic processing
C)apparent motion
D)the cinematic effect

Question 44

Baldwin believed that ____________ was the means by which children come to understand others.

A)conceptualizing
B)imitation
C)mimicry
D)role playing

Question 45

Briefly describe simulation theory.

Question 46

Neuroimaging studies have identified the ________ as an important area of the brain for processing biological motion.

A)PVL
B)IMT
C)PFC
D)STS

Question 47

Perception-to-action transfer is part of the _______________.

A)perception-action cycle
B)decision-making process
C)sensory-motor cycle
D)stimulus-response process

Question 48

Before attempting a complicated routine,a gymnast rehearses the routine repeatedly using mental imagery.Why would this be a beneficial strategy?

Question 49

The time difference between the onsets of two stimuli is referred to as _____________.

A)interstimulus interval
B)stimulus onset asynchrony
C)temporal discrepancy
D)a time lag

Question 50

Identify the three parts of the motor processing hierarchy and what they do.

Question 51

Watching a horse run on a track is perceived differently than watching an animated horse run on a simulated track at a casino.The difference is due to ______________.

A)the animation effect
B)biological motion
C)the kinematic effect
D)real-time processing

Question 52

Neurons that discharge when a motor plan is executed and when the action of another is observed are known as _____________.

A)mirror neurons
B)mimicking neurons
C)motor neurons
D)nondifferentiating neurons

Question 53

Why is motor imagery beneficial?

Question 54

__________________ posits that we gain insight into the plans,beliefs,and desires that motive the actions of others by covertly simulating those same actions in ourselves.

A)Passive learning
B)Simulation theory
C)Observational learning
D)Imagery theory

Question 55

What is a benefit of shared motor representations?

Question 56

Does mental rotation always involve the motor cortex? Support your answer.

Question 57

Describe the nature of motor processing in the brain,being sure to highlight interactions between brain areas.

Question 58

Describe the classic Shepard and Metzler mental rotation study.

Question 59

Describe the change in the perception of biological motion that occurs between approximately 3 and 5 months of age.

Question 60

Game developers place a set of lights on wrists,knees,ankles,shoulders,and heads of athletes to determine their ____________ so that the games are as realistic as possible.

A)gate cadence
B)relative proportions
C)motion signature
D)kinematic pattern

Question 61

___________ is the ability to understand the intent of an observed action and then to reproduce it.

A)Mockery
B)Mimicry
C)Imitation
D)Impersonation

Question 62

What are the limitations or restrictions associated with imitation with children?

Question 63

______________ takes place after a stimulus is identified and before a response is executed.

A)Motor imagery
B)Motor priming
C)Motor anticipation
D)Intentions

Question 64

Overarching plans for action are processed in ______.

A)PM
B)SMA
C)M1
D)MT

Question 65

______________ distinguish(es)imitation from mimicry.

A)Attention
B)Intention
C)Goals
D)Practice

Question 66

____________ is the tendency to adopt the behaviors,postures,or mannerisms of others without awareness or intent.

A)Mimicry
B)Simulation
C)Imitation
D)Mockery

Question 67

A(n)___________ is a series of _______________.

A)perception-action cycle,actions
B)movement,motor programs
C)action,movements
D)motor cognition,intentions

Question 68

____________ link perception and action.

A)Attention
B)Representations
C)Intentions
D)Consequences

Question 69

The ____________ is activated whether you are imagining yourself dunking a basketball or imagined your friend dunking a basketball.

A)somatosensory cortex
B)posterior cingulate
C)premotor cortex
D)frontopolor cortex

Question 70

Less precise movements are processed in ______.

A)SM A
B)M1
C)MT
D)PM

Question 71

What do stimulus onset asynchrony studies of biological motion tell us about motion perception?

Question 72

Representing actions made by other people is accomplished by _____________________.

A)perception-action cycles
B)shared motor representations
C)vicarious motor programs
D)action association schemas