Deck 8: Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Question 1

______ disorder is no longer considered an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5.

A) Separation anxiety
B) Generalized anxiety
C) Social anxiety
D) Obsessive-compulsive

Answer 1

Social anxiety

Question 2

In their classic study, Öhman and Mineka (2001) examined

A) combat-induced PTSD among veterans
B) social anxiety disorder among ballerinas
C) agoraphobia among middle-class women
D) fear learning among rhesus monkeys

Answer 2

fear learning among rhesus monkeys

Question 3

The amygdala helps us

A) carefully consider whether a dark figure in an alley at night is a friend or a stranger
B) identify foods that might be poisonous
C) quickly avoid any stimulus that resembles something dangerous
D) recognize people's faces

Answer 3

quickly avoid any stimulus that resembles something dangerous

Question 4

Increased GABA levels in the brain would be expected to

A) increase amygdala activity
B) decrease amygdala activity
C) cause hallucinations and delusions
D) activate the sympathetic nervous system

Question 5

Research on cognitive biases among individuals with anxiety disorders shows that

A) their attention is biased toward threatening information
B) their attention is biased away from threatening information
C) threatening information must be consciously perceived before it can be feared
D) threatening information is rarely perceived as threatening

Question 6

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from ______ disorder.

A) generalized anxiety
B) social anxiety
C) separation anxiety
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 7

As one example, anxiety might serve a useful purpose in keeping us

A) away from a grizzly bear we encounter in the woods
B) from accepting a job whose office is on the 50th floor of a building
C) from getting on a plane
D) from meeting a new group of people when coming to college

Question 8

According to Öhman and Mineka (2001), ______ would result in a lab-reared rhesus monkey beginning to fear snakes.

A) being exposed to a particularly large snake
B) observing another monkey show intense fear toward a snake
C) injuring itself in the presence of a snake
D) hearing the hiss of a snake

Question 9

According to Jaak Panksepp (2004), fear canNOT be evoked using ______.

A) painful stimulation
B) hunger
C) a sudden, loud noise
D) cues with survival value

Question 10

One example of a cognitive bias is

A) having a strong reaction to a loud, sudden noise
B) running away from a grizzly bear
C) believing that an unreturned text means that someone is angry with you
D) quickly dropping a hot utensil before it burns you

Question 11

Which statement is NOT true regarding the findings of Öhman and Mineka (2001)?

A) Rhesus monkeys learn to fear all stimuli with equivalent ease.
B) Rhesus monkeys can learn to fear snake stimuli simply by observing the fear reaction of another monkey.
C) Rhesus monkeys do not acquire a fear of flowers very easily.
D) Rhesus monkeys reared in the lab do not show a fear reaction to snakes by default.

Question 12

Benzodiazepines ______ the activity of the neurotransmitter ______.

A) decrease; acetylcholine
B) increase; GABA
C) increase; acetylcholine
D) decrease; GABA

Question 13

Mona is prescribed a benzodiazepine by her psychiatrist. Mona has MOST likely been diagnosed with ______ disorder.

A) bipolar
B) generalized anxiety
C) major depressive
D) dissociative identity

Question 14

According to Öhman and Mineka (2001), rhesus monkeys that have been born and bred entirely in the lab would be expected to show

A) no observable fear of snakes
B) a fear of poisonous snakes but no fear of nonpoisonous snakes
C) a fear of all snakes
D) a fear of all objects that resembled snakes

Question 15

______ is NOT one of the anxiety disorders.

A) Panic disorder
B) Social anxiety disorder
C) Post-traumatic stress disorder
D) Specific phobia

Question 16

In Öhman and Mineka's (2001) study, rhesus monkeys that had lived in captivity for 24 years but had been reared in the wild showed

A) no observable fear of snakes
B) a fear of poisonous snakes but no fear of nonpoisonous snakes
C) a fear of all snakes
D) a fear of all objects that resembled snakes

Question 17

An individual taking longer to name the color of the letters in the word inferior MOST likely means that the individual

A) feels superior to other people
B) feels inferior to other people
C) has a bias in attention toward the word inferior
D) has generalized anxiety disorder

Question 18

The neurotransmitter GABA

A) normally inhibits brain structures that detect threats
B) normally excites brain structures that detect threats
C) is present only among individuals with anxiety disorders
D) plays only a minor role in anxiety disorders

Question 19

In a modification of the ______ effect, an individual takes longer to name the color of an anxiety-related word than the color of a neutral word.

A) Graham-Bell
B) James-Lange
C) Stroop
D) mere exposure

Question 20

Penny is an intensely shy person who rarely attends social gatherings. In addition, she normally will not accept dinner invitations and refuses to speak in public, even if it is among a group of friends. Penny MOST likely suffers from ______ disorder.

A) generalized anxiety
B) social anxiety
C) separation anxiety
D) post-traumatic stress

Question 21

According to Sylvester et al. (2012), people with anxiety disorders

A) show heightened fear responses to snakes compared with flowers
B) display a different pattern of brain activation compared with normal controls
C) rarely have siblings with anxiety disorders
D) have lower brain volume than normal controls

Question 22

According to the text, the earliest anxiety disorder to emerge during childhood is ______.

A) social anxiety disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) separation anxiety disorder
D) specific phobia

Question 23

While most young children show some initial fear or apprehension about leaving their primary caregiver, children with separation anxiety disorder

A) show little, if any, interest in their caregiver
B) display persistent distress when apart from their caregiver
C) show a preference for nonsocial recreational activities
D) have a heightened fear of snakes

Question 24

The symptoms of separation anxiety disorder do NOT include

A) persistent worry about the caregiver's well-being
B) nightmares about being separated from the caregiver
C) unwillingness to leave home for fear of separation
D) persistent fear of being ridiculed by the caregiver

Question 25

Five-year-old Evan cries when his mother turns to leave after walking him to school. He often tells his mother he has a "tummyache" and crawls into his mother's bed most nights. Based on this information, Evan may be diagnosed with ______ disorder.

A) post-traumatic stress
B) separation anxiety
C) panic
D) social anxiety

Question 26

Approximately ______ of adults will experience an anxiety disorder during a given year.

A) 6%
B) 18%
C) 27%
D) 41%

Question 27

As compared with its lifetime prevalence in other nations, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in the United States is ______.

A) relatively low
B) similar to that in most other countries
C) typical of that found in Western nations
D) among the very highest in the world

Question 28

The prevalence of separation anxiety disorder among adults is approximately ______.

A) 0.0% to 0.5%
B) 0.5% to 1.0%
C) 1.0% to 2.0%
D) 3.0% to 5.0%

Question 29

Based on the textbook's discussion, it is safe to say that an anxiety disorder diagnosed during adolescence will ______ continue into adulthood.

A) rarely
B) sometimes
C) often
D) almost always

Question 30

Monozygotic twins show a higher concordance of anxiety disorders than dizygotic twins. This shows that

A) there is not likely to be a genetic component to anxiety disorders
B) the genetic component of anxiety disorders is small
C) the environment plays little to no role in whether or not someone develops an anxiety disorder
D) there is a least some genetic component to anxiety disorders

Question 31

Approximately 1 in ______ adolescents will experience an anxiety disorder during a given year.

A) 8
B) 5
C) 4
D) 3

Question 32

Along with depression, ______ disorder is the most frequently diagnosed mental illness in the United States.

A) social anxiety
B) post-traumatic stress
C) generalized anxiety
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 33

Although it is normal to experience at least some worry on a daily basis, individuals with generalized anxiety disorder experience worry that is ______.

A) obsessively focused on a single topic
B) about traumatic past events
C) excessive and uncontrollable
D) unrelated to anything that could occur in reality

Question 34

In ______ disorder, an individual experiences distress when he or she is not at home or in the presence of an attachment figure.

A) obsessive-compulsive
B) generalized anxiety
C) separation anxiety
D) social anxiety

Question 35

Holden has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. He has volunteered to participate in neuroscientific research comparing brain activity among people with anxiety disorders with brain activity among individuals who have not been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Holden is most likely to show heightened activity in the brain's ______ network.

A) central executive
B) default
C) dorsal attention
D) salience

Question 36

The MOST common anxiety disorder among children is ______.

A) separation anxiety disorder
B) specific phobia
C) panic disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 37

Mineka's model of anxiety disorders suggests that "biological vulnerabilities such as genetics and temperament combine with prior learning vulnerabilities such as social, cultural, and prior learning." This statement suggests that Mineka's model BEST represents a ______ approach to psychopathology.

A) biopsychosocial
B) evolutionary
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

Question 38

______ is NOT categorized as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5.

A) Agoraphobia
B) Specific phobia
C) Panic disorder
D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 39

A rat that has been properly nurtured by its mother as a pup will show ______ levels of GABA in the brain's ______.

A) high; amygdala
B) high; basal ganglia
C) low; amygdala
D) low; basal ganglia

Question 40

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

A) fear of scrutiny or evaluation by others
B) excessive anxiety and worry
C) unwarranted fear of a specific object or event
D) distress when away from an attachment figure

Question 41

As compared with its prevalence among men, generalized anxiety disorder is ______ as common among women.

A) half
B) just
C) twice
D) three times

Question 42

In Skinnerian terms, the notion that worry provides relief from stress responses suggests that worry in generalized anxiety disorder is maintained by ______.

A) negative punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) positive reinforcement

Question 43

The cognitive behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder usually involves

A) exploring intrapsychic factors leading to distress
B) helping clients develop alternative interpretations of their anxious symptoms
C) giving clients an aversive stimulus when they experience anxiety
D) teaching clients how to better avoid things that make them anxious

Question 44

A 20-year-old man comes to see you for therapy. During your initial clinical interview, the man describes feeling very anxious when around people he doesn't know and preoccupied with thoughts that he might do something embarrassing or humiliating around others. He recently dropped a course required for his college major because it required several oral presentations in front of the class. This man MOST likely has ______.

A) panic disorder
B) agoraphobia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 45

According to Borkovec's model, worry

A) helps relieve stress
B) serves no function
C) helps predict the future
D) helps enhance one's emotional experience

Question 46

The cognitive avoidance model of generalized anxiety disorder states that

A) worry is used as a way to avoid unpleasant feelings
B) individuals with generalized anxiety disorders have attentional biases toward things that make them worry
C) individuals with generalized anxiety disorders have attentional biases away from things that make them worry
D) worry is used to cope more effectively with stressful events

Question 47

The DSM-5's social anxiety disorder is synonymous with the DSM-IV's ______.

A) social fear disorder
B) Williams syndrome
C) hypoactive social interaction disorder
D) social phobia

Question 48

Which choice BEST represents an application of exposure therapy to the effective treatment of social anxiety disorder?

A) challenging the client's automatic thinking about social situations
B) having the client talk to a stranger despite experiencing anxiety while doing so
C) discussing the history of the client's social fears
D) having the client write about times when she or he felt embarrassed

Question 49

Among individuals with social anxiety disorder, the ______ is underactive while the ______ is overactive.

A) thalamus; basal ganglia
B) caudate nucleus; putamen
C) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
D) amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Question 50

Currently, the MOST common psychological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder is ______ therapy.

A) psychodynamic
B) emotion-focused
C) dialectical behavior
D) cognitive behavioral

Question 51

MOST people with social anxiety disorder

A) experienced negative childhood events
B) have no friends
C) lack social skills
D) are men rather than women

Question 52

With respect to the comorbidity, generalized anxiety disorder

A) may lead to development of depression when there are long periods of worry
B) is rarely observed alongside other comorbid disorders
C) is most often observed alongside schizophrenia
D) cannot be diagnosed alongside another anxiety disorder

Question 53

Agoraphobia is BEST described as a fear of ______.

A) marketplaces
B) public transportation
C) any situation from which escape may be difficult or help unavailable
D) panic attacks

Question 54

Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from ______ disorder.

A) social anxiety
B) generalized anxiety
C) panic
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 55

Compared with nonanxious individuals, individuals with social anxiety disorder would be expected to show increased ______ activity in response to an angry face.

A) amygdalic
B) hippocampal
C) GABA
D) parasympathetic

Question 56

Social anxiety disorder is BEST characterized by

A) a marked and persistent fear of evaluation by others across a number of situations
B) a marked and persistent fear of performing in front of other people
C) an inability to make friends because of anxiety in social situations
D) a lack of social skills that leads the individual to be repeatedly humiliated or embarrassed

Question 57

One disadvantage to treating generalized anxiety disorder with benzodiazepines is that

A) the medications are often too effective, and clients cease to be anxious about anything
B) the medications have side effects that are often intolerable to clients
C) clients often experience a reemergence of symptoms when the medication is discontinued
D) the medications take months to become effective

Question 58

Lenore is continually worried and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore MOST likely suffers from ______ disorder.

A) panic
B) acute stress
C) generalized anxiety
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 59

Which class of drugs is currently MOST often used in the treatment of social anxiety disorder?

A) antidepressants
B) mood stabilizers
C) benzodiazepines
D) neuroleptics

Question 60

Brittney has been having some trouble in school recently. She tells you that she has been preoccupied with her parents' health, her romantic relationship, her grades, her relationship with her roommate, and her finances for some time. She also tells you that she has begun avoiding things that make her worry and that negative things have been happening as a result. Brittney's case BEST exemplifies ______ disorder.

A) acute stress
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) social anxiety
D) generalized anxiety

Question 61

Several times in the past 2 months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from ______ disorder.

A) panic
B) generalized anxiety
C) social anxiety
D) separation anxiety

Question 62

Brett has an intense, irrational fear of needles and other sharp objects. Brett might be diagnosed with ______.

A) agoraphobia
B) panic disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) specific phobia

Question 63

Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of ______ disorder.

A) panic
B) bipolar
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) generalized anxiety

Question 64

Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for 4 hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is most symptomatic of ______ disorder.

A) dissociative identity
B) bipolar
C) major depressive
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 65

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic of ______.

A) specific phobia
B) panic disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) agoraphobia

Question 66

In prior editions of the DSM, agoraphobia was closely aligned with ______.

A) social anxiety disorder
B) post-traumatic stress disorder
C) panic disorder
D) specific phobia

Question 67

Specific phobia is BEST defined as fear of ______.

A) a particular object or situation
B) having a panic attack
C) evaluation by others
D) inescapable situations

Question 68

Animal and situational phobias are much more prevalent in women, EXCEPT in the case of a fear of ______.

A) heights
B) flying
C) snakes
D) spiders

Question 69

The textbook suggests that ______ are the medications MOST often prescribed for the treatment of panic disorder.

A) mood stabilizers
B) antidepressants
C) benzodiazepines
D) antipsychotics

Question 70

Specific phobias of such objects as refrigerators or cars are relatively rare because

A) such objects pose no real danger to humans
B) such objects do not have threatening features
C) such objects were not present in humans' early evolutionary history
D) negative events rarely happen around such objects

Question 71

Stephanie is riding the train home from work. Suddenly she feels a shortness of breath, her heart is racing, and she is incredibly dizzy. She has the feeling that her life is in danger. This is not the first time this has happened to Stephanie, and she is considering avoiding the train in the future. Based on this information, Stephanie is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______.

A) social anxiety disorder
B) agoraphobia
C) panic disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 72

______ therapy is generally considered the MOST effective treatment for specific phobia.

A) Brief psychodynamic
B) Dialectical behavior
C) Exposure
D) Emotion-focused

Question 73

Physiologically, the fainting that is sometimes seen in cases of blood-injection-injury phobias MOST immediately reflects a rapid ______.

A) rise in blood levels of adrenaline
B) rise in GABA activity
C) drop in heart rate
D) decrease in amygdala activity

Question 74

Fainting is sometimes seen in ______ phobias.

A) animal
B) natural
C) situational
D) blood-injection-injury (B-I-I)

Question 75

Which stimulus should be MOST easily learned as a specific phobia?

A) gun
B) car
C) rotten fruit
D) small spider

Question 76

With respect to specific phobia, the MOST common natural phobia is fear of ______.

A) water
B) storms
C) heights
D) darkness

Question 77

People who suffer from ______ disorder are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives.

A) obsessive-compulsive
B) bipolar
C) dissociative identity
D) generalized anxiety

Question 78

______ people report experiencing a pounding heart and dizziness when they have a panic attack.

A) Some
B) Many
C) Most
D) Nearly all

Question 79

Anxiety is to panic as the ______ is to the ______.

A) forebrain; midbrain
B) midbrain; forebrain
C) forebrain; brain stem
D) brain stem; midbrain

Question 80

The categories of feared objects or situations in specific phobia do NOT include ______ phobias.

A) natural
B) situational
C) animal
D) social