Deck 4: Assessment and Classification of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

A client's responses in the mental status exam seem to revolve around the idea that the client is being monitored and even pursued by several government agencies. The clinician would MOST likely note that the client displays ______.

A) exaggerated affects
B) a flight of ideas
C) hallucinations
D) delusional thinking

Answer 1

delusional thinking

Question 2

Valerie and Latoya are using a checklist to assess the aggressive behaviors of children at a playground. On a child-by-child basis, Valerie's scores largely agree with Latoya's, suggesting that the checklist has high ______ reliability.

A) internal
B) inter-rater
C) test-retest
D) alternate-form

Answer 2

inter-rater

Question 3

Devon is running an experiment in which children are observed interacting with simple toys, and their behavior is coded based on different categories. Devon has two experimenters observing and coding the behavior. Devon computes a correlation coefficient to see if the two experimenters produce similar scores. Which of the following describes how Devon is attempting to verify his observational method?

A) content validity
B) concurrent validity
C) test-retest reliability
D) inter-rater reliability

Answer 3

inter-rater reliability

Question 4

Major area of consideration in a clinical interview do NOT include

A) genetic and physiological risk factors
B) the current areas of distress and their history
C) any past mental health problems
D) social history including social support

Question 5

In some cultures, an important value is familism: the needs of the family are more important than the needs of any of its members. Familism is probably MOST relevant to the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) domain called ______.

A) cultural features of the relationship between the individual and the clinician
B) psychosocial stressors and cultural features of vulnerability
C) overall cultural assessment
D) cultural conceptualizations of distress

Question 6

A pattern of repetitive, uncontrollable thoughts is called a(n) ______.

A) compulsion
B) flight of ideas
C) obsession
D) delusion

Question 7

With respect to key measurement issues, reliability is to validity as ______ is to ______.

A) complexity; accuracy
B) consistency; complexity
C) consistency; accuracy
D) accuracy; consistency

Question 8

The mental status exam is BEST described as a(n) ______.

A) medical triage
B) systematic clinical interview
C) inquiry into familial history
D) personality questionnaire

Question 9

The term affect is MOST nearly synonymous with ______.

A) emotion
B) personality
C) motivation
D) cognition

Question 10

An instrument's internal reliability is enhanced when

A) data collected using the instrument have been considered beyond the local context
B) when the different questions asked on an instrument relate to one another
C) when data collected on two measurement opportunities result in similar scores
D) when an instrument shows similar results as other established measures of the construct

Question 11

In the mental status exam, rapid, abrupt movements are MOST likely to suggest a diagnosis of ______.

A) major depression
B) schizophrenia
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) bipolar disorder

Question 12

The SAT scores of the incoming freshmen at a particular university are highly correlated with the same students' cumulative GPA at the end of their freshman year. In this example, the SAT has high ______ validity.

A) content
B) construct
C) predictive
D) ecological

Question 13

Which statement is FALSE concerning the relationship between reliability and validity?

A) An instrument that is reliable is necessarily valid.
B) An instrument that is not reliable cannot be valid.
C) An instrument that is reliable may not be valid.
D) A valid instrument is always reliable.

Question 14

"It gives me a different profile every time I complete it!" Paul exclaims, turning away from the online personality test he has just finished. If Paul's complaint is accurate, the test lacks ______ reliability.

A) internal
B) inter-rater
C) test-retest
D) alternate-form

Question 15

Understanding the cultural context of a disorder ______ the validity of the assessment and diagnosis procedure.

A) increases
B) slightly decreases
C) doesn't change
D) greatly decreases

Question 16

During a mental status exam, a clinician notes that the client "lacks insight." This means that the client

A) is largely unresponsive during the exam
B) fails to understand her or his current distress
C) has repeated, uncontrollable thoughts
D) shows little emotion

Question 17

The first major category of assessment in the mental status exam is ______.

A) speech quality
B) mood and affect
C) appearance and behavior
D) thought processes

Question 18

Content validity is enhanced when an instrument

A) shows similar results as other established measures of the construct
B) an instrument measures all aspects of the phenomenon
C) has been supported beyond the local context
D) measures what it was designed to measure

Question 19

Dr. Voorhies is interviewing a client so that he may gather the information necessary make a clinical decision regarding the client's symptoms. Dr. Voorhies is BEST described as engaged in ______.

A) diagnosis
B) treatment
C) prevention
D) assessment

Question 20

How clients see themselves in ethnic, racial, or cultural terms is the essence of the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) domain called ______.

A) cultural identity of the individual
B) psychosocial stressors and cultural features of vulnerability
C) overall cultural assessment
D) cultural conceptualizations of distress

Question 21

By applying validity scales to the MMPI-2, a clinician can potentially determine if a patient is ______.

A) young or old
B) male or female
C) exaggerating or minimizing symptoms
D) depressed or anxious

Question 22

The work of which of the following psychologists had a significant influence on the development of projective tests?

A) Jung
B) Piaget
C) Wundt
D) Freud

Question 23

An individual who is faking good, or trying to appear nondisordered, is likely to score highly on the MMPI's ______ scale.

A) L
B) F
C) psychasthenia
D) K

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an item category on the MMPI-2's clinical scale?

A) hypomania
B) cognition
C) paranoia
D) masculinity-femininity
E) depression

Question 25

Individuals who endorse the ______ items on the MMPI-2's clinical scale tend to show an excessive concern with bodily symptoms.

A) psychasthenia
B) hypomania
C) hypochondriasis
D) paranoia

Question 26

In developing his inkblot tests, Rorschach was inspired MOST directly by ______'s concept of extraversion-introversion.

A) Jung
B) Piaget
C) Wundt
D) Freud

Question 27

Ricky has given up looking for work he enjoys. He now wishes only to collect a disability check each month. When he visits a psychologist for a state-mandated evaluation, he may fake bad and score highly on the MMPI-2's ______ scale, also called the ______ scale.

A) F; defensiveness
B) F; infrequency
C) K; defensiveness
D) K; infrequency

Question 28

Nell is a "drama queen" who experiences the world in an extremely emotional manner. Nell is MOST likely to endorse the ______ items on the MMPI-2's clinical scale.

A) hysteria
B) paranoia
C) hypomania
D) hypochondriasis

Question 29

Symptom subtest is to ______ as ______ is to Thematic Apperception Test.

A) Beck Depression Inventory; personality inventory
B) Beck Depression Inventory; projective technique
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; personality inventory
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; projective technique

Question 30

Despite her family's concerns, Kiran does not believe that she has a mental illness. She agrees to visit a therapist to prove that she is "fine." Kiran may well score highly on the MMPI-2's ______ scale, also called the ______ scale.

A) F; defensiveness
B) F; infrequency
C) K; defensiveness
D) K; infrequency

Question 31

The ______ has a large number of simple true-or-false questions and was developed to differentiate between those with a mental illness and those without a mental illness.

A) MMPI-2
B) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D) Continuous Performance Test (CPT)

Question 32

Projective instruments are composed of ______ stimuli.

A) unambiguous
B) culturally sensitive
C) ambiguous
D) unique

Question 33

Making an analogy between Freudian theory and the brain networks described in an earlier chapter in the text, primary process thinking is to secondary process thinking as the ______ network is to the ______ network.

A) default; central executive
B) central executive; default
C) default; salience
D) salience; central executive

Question 34

Using an assessment instrument in different cultures provides information that is MOST relevant to the evaluation of the instrument's ______ validity.

A) content
B) construct
C) predictive
D) ecological

Question 35

The validity scales built into the MMPI-2 do NOT include a(n) ______.

A) L scale: lie scale
B) F scale: infrequency scale
C) M scale: malingering scale
D) K scale: defensiveness scale

Question 36

Lara has been feeling sad for nearly a month now. She has lost interest in seeing her friends and in other activities she once enjoyed. Her clinician asks her to complete a 21-item ______ called the ______.

A) personality inventory; Beck Depression Inventory
B) personality inventory; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C) symptom subtest; Beck Depression Inventory
D) symptom subtest; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Question 37

Which choice correctly matches an instrument with the type of assessment it represents?

A) Beck Depression Inventory-symptom subtest
B) Rorschach Inkblot test-personality inventory
C) Thematic Apperception Test-personality inventory
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-projective technique

Question 38

Clark has had trouble sleeping lately. He has lost his appetite. He feels sad most of the time and has even thought of suicide. Clark is MOST likely to endorse the ______ items on the MMPI-2's clinical scale.

A) hypochondriasis
B) hysteria
C) paranoia
D) depression

Question 39

When was the MMPI-2 released?

A) 1977
B) 1989
C) 1998
D) 2010

Question 40

Which category of the MMPI's clinical scale is correctly matched with a description of individuals likely to endorse items in the category?

A) schizophrenia-excessive anxiety, compulsive behavior
B) psychopathic deviate-antisocial, remorseless, in conflict with the world
C) hypomania-suspicious, distrustful
D) paranoia-high-states associated with impulsivity and poor judgment

Question 41

Women develop schizophrenia ______ than men do.

A) earlier
B) later
C) less often
D) more often

Question 42

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the International Classification of Diseases are both

A) organized with respect to signs and symptoms
B) published by the World Health Organization
C) published by the American Psychiatric Association
D) used around the world

Question 43

Individuals with ______ damage have difficulty responding to changing demands in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

A) occipital lobe
B) cerebellum
C) frontal lobe
D) hippocampal

Question 44

Soon after Phineas Gage removes the tamping rod from his own head, a space-time anomaly finds him outside a clinical neuropsychologist's office in the present day. Although the neuropsychologist suspects frontal lobe deficits based on the hole in Phineas's forehead, she decides to administer the ______ to confirm her suspicion.

A) CPT
B) WCST
C) TAT
D) MMPI

Question 45

According to the textbook, a dimensional approach to assessment is encouraged by a(n) ______ perspective on psychopathology.

A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) neuroscience
D) psychodynamic

Question 46

Dimensional assessment is designed to determine the ______ of a disorder, whereas categorical assessment determines the ______ of a disorder.

A) presence or absence; severity
B) type; classification
C) classification; type
D) severity; presence or absence

Question 47

In total, the Thematic Apperception Test is composed of ______ black-and-white drawings.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 48

The text states that the emphasis in diagnosis in the past 50 years has been on "reliability of diagnosis such that mental health professionals in one location would diagnose the same individual in the same manner as professionals in another location." With respect to the type of reliability discussed in the textbook, this passage refers MOST closely to ______ reliability.

A) internal
B) inter-rater
C) test-retest
D) alternate-form

Question 49

Vicki is telling a story about a black-and-white illustration of an old woman and a young man. Vicki is most likely taking the ______.

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
B) Rorschach Inkblot Test
C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D) Continuous Performance Test (CPT)

Question 50

Genetic research suggests that schizophrenia and ______ disorder may share underlying mechanisms.

A) posttraumatic stress
B) major depressive
C) bipolar
D) generalized anxiety

Question 51

Which test is BEST suited for measuring an individual's attentional characteristics?

A) CPT
B) WCST
C) WAIS
D) MMPI

Question 52

______ and ______ developed the Thematic Apperception Test.

A) Herman Rorschach; Sigmund Freud
B) Christiana Morgan; Henry Murray
C) Carl Jung; Allan Mirsky
D) Allan Mirsky; Henry Murray

Question 53

The ______ is used in North America while the ______ is mainly used in Europe.

A) ICD; DSM
B) APA; ADA
C) ADA; APA
D) DSM; ICD

Question 54

By showing that the test scores of the Genain sisters over their lifetime had not changed, researchers were able to show that ______ not part of schizophrenia.

A) relationship issues are
B) personality changes are
C) physical decline is
D) cognitive decline is

Question 55

Minnie is taking the TAT, and Tammy is taking the Rorschach test. Minnie is looking at ______, and Tammy is examining ______.

A) inkblots; inkblots
B) inkblots; pictures
C) pictures; inkblots
D) pictures; pictures

Question 56

A college student visits a clinician and states that he experiences several of the symptoms of ADHD. Because the medication typically prescribed to treat ADHD is highly controlled, the clinician must support the diagnosis with reliable, valid assessment. She is MOST likely to administer the ______ to the student.

A) CPT
B) WCST
C) MMPI
D) TAT

Question 57

The Genain sisters were all eventually diagnosed with ______.

A) ADHD
B) schizophrenia
C) major depression
D) bipolar disorder

Question 58

The ______ Assessment System is a scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot made in order to respond to the problems of the Exner scoring system.

A) Rorschach Aptitude
B) Exner II
C) Exner-Rorschach
D) Rorschach Performance

Question 59

Which neuropsychological test is particularly difficult for individuals with frontal lobe damage?

A) CPT
B) WCST
C) WAIS
D) MMPI

Question 60

Inkblots compose the ______, whereas pictures compose the ______.

A) Rorschach test; Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); Rorschach test
C) Rorschach test; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2); Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 61

Externalizing disorders do NOT include ______ disorder.

A) conduct
B) substance use
C) antisocial personality
D) generalized anxiety

Question 62

Top-down treatment is to bottom-up treatment as ______ is to ______.

A) limbic system; higher cortex
B) cognitive therapy; medication
C) medication; cognitive therapy
D) the amygdala; the frontal lobe

Question 63

Internalizing disorders are to externalizing disorders as ______ is to ______.

A) conduct disorder; depression
B) depression; substance use disorder
C) conduct disorder; substance use disorder
D) depression; anxiety

Question 64

One purpose of a system for classifying mental disorders is description. This means that

A) a disorder's classification allows one to know the course of the disorder if it is untreated and the particular treatments that may be effective
B) one can search rather easily for information concerning mental disorders even if one is not a professional
C) a disorder's classification allows one to understand the disorder
D) the name of a disorder summarizes the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions of individuals with the disorder

Question 65

According to the textbook, one factor spurring the development of the DSM during World War II was the realization that combat-related stress was related to the appearance of mental disorders. In a sense, then, the DSM owes its existence, in part, to the disorder now called ______ disorder.

A) generalized anxiety
B) panic
C) major depressive
D) posttraumatic stress

Question 66

The National Institute of Mental Health supports using a(n) ______ approach to psychopathology.

A) neuroscience
B) existential-humanistic
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 67

______ refers to the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time.

A) Etiology
B) Prevalence
C) Incidence
D) Comorbidity

Question 68

Individuals who may not be professionals can search for information concerning mental disorders. This BEST reflects a purpose of classification that may be labeled ______.

A) basis for theory
B) nomenclature
C) information retrieval
D) description

Question 69

The first version of the DSM was published in ______.

A) 1942
B) 1952
C) 1962
D) 1972

Question 70

The brain's reward system relies on the release of the neurotransmitter ______ in structures such as the nucleus accumbens.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) glutamate

Question 71

Which individual is experiencing an internalizing disorder?

A) Troy, who has been diagnosed with substance use disorder
B) Warren, who suffers from major depressive disorder
C) Adam, who has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
D) Wayne, who displays attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 72

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is sometimes diagnosed alongside substance use disorder in the same individual. This is an example of ______.

A) incidence
B) prevalence
C) comorbidity
D) prognosis

Question 73

The diagnostic label bipolar disorder suggests the extremes of mood characteristic of the disorder. This example highlights that one purpose of classifying mental disorders is ______.

A) to offer a basis for theory
B) nomenclature
C) to facilitate information retrieval
D) description

Question 74

The brain's reward system relies on the release of the neurotransmitter ______ in structures such as the nucleus accumbens.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) glutamate

Question 75

Klaus has been diagnosed not only with major depressive disorder, but also generalized anxiety disorder. Klaus's case illustrates ______.

A) comorbidity
B) prevalence
C) etiology
D) incidence

Question 76

The ICD-10 uses ______ to describe conditions.

A) short narratives
B) specific criteria
C) brief checklists
D) detailed case studies

Question 77

One purpose of classification is that of nomenclature. Nomenclature allows

A) people who may not be professionals to search for information concerning mental disorders
B) mental health professionals to describe and discuss the clients they see
C) people to use a classification system to understand the disorder
D) people to know the potential course of the disorder if it is untreated

Question 78

According to the textbook, ______ addictive drugs stimulate neurotransmitter release in a brain structure called the nucleus accumbens.

A) a few
B) some
C) many
D) all

Question 79

Traditional psychopathology is defined in terms of signs and ______.

A) symptoms
B) genetic markers
C) behavioral tendencies
D) physical characteristics

Question 80

Among individuals diagnosed with comorbid mental disorders, the severity of any one of their disorders is ______ correlated with the number of other disorders with which they are diagnosed. This is ______ with a dimensional approach to diagnosis.

A) not; consistent
B) not; inconsistent
C) positively; consistent
D) positively; inconsistent