Deck 5: Disorders of Childhood

Question 1

One's ability to understand one's own mental state depends MOST immediately on ______.

A) mirror neurons
B) intuition
C) theory of mind
D) self-awareness

Answer 1

theory of mind

Question 2

______ disorders is a diverse category of childhood disorders that includes autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disorders of learning, and motor disorders.

A) Trauma- and stressor-related
B) Neurodevelopmental
C) Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct
D) Specific learning

Answer 2

Neurodevelopmental

Question 3

______ learning is involved in turning a visual image into a motor plan.

A) Social
B) Imitation
C) Repetitive
D) Intrinsic

Answer 3

Imitation

Question 4

Jared is a fetus. Gemma is 7 and in the second grade. Cole is 15. Which of these individuals is undergoing a critical period of brain development?

A) Only Jared is undergoing a critical period of brain development.
B) Only Cole is undergoing a critical period of brain development.
C) Both Jared and Cole are undergoing critical periods of brain development.
D) All three individuals are undergoing critical periods of brain development.

Question 5

When Sarah goes to her brother's soccer game, she feels elated every time her brother scores a goal. She feels excited and a sense of accomplishment, even though she is on the bleachers watching. What is a psychological explanation for this?

A) theory of mind
B) imitation learning
C) metacognition
D) reflex neurons

Question 6

Eight-year-old Cade has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder. Cade's disorder is an example of a(n) ______ disorder in the DSM-5.

A) disruptive, impulse control, and conduct
B) attachment
C) trauma and stressor-related
D) neurodevelopmental

Question 7

Overall, ______ areas in the brain mature earlier than ______ areas.

A) subcortical; cortical
B) cortical; subcortical
C) midcortical; subcortical
D) cortical; midcortical

Question 8

Risk taking or impulsivity in adolescence involves distinct brain networks that are related to the ability to inhibit behavior. These networks may form a(n) ______ related to psychopathology.

A) syndrome
B) endophenotype
C) symptom
D) genotype

Question 9

Baron-Cohen has recently revised his model of the development of a theory of mind by adding an ______ and a(n) ______.

A) emotion detector; empathy system
B) empathy system; lie detector
C) emotion detector; lie detector
D) eye direction detector; empathy system

Question 10

The change during adolescence in the association between gender and the prevalence of anxiety and depression is thought to reflect ______ changes during puberty.

A) intellectual
B) physical
C) social
D) hormonal

Question 11

Marisol's family was homeless for nearly a year when she was 9. Nearly ______ of adolescents report having experienced adversity at some point during their lives.

A) 25%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 75%

Question 12

Understanding other people by inferring what they desire or what they believe is defined as which of the following?

A) metacognition
B) false beliefs
C) belief-desire reasoning
D) theory of mind

Question 13

As compared with both childhood and adolescence, adolescence is a period of ______ sensitivity to ______.

A) decreased; both rewards and punishment
B) decreased; rewards but not punishment
C) increased; both rewards and punishment
D) increased; rewards but not punishment

Question 14

Mirror neurons are thought to be responsible for enabling ______.

A) speaking
B) writing
C) learning
D) imitation

Question 15

Baron-Cohen's (2005) model of the development of a theory of mind does NOT include the development of a(n) ______.

A) intentionality detector
B) eye direction detector
C) shared attentional mechanism
D) lie-detecting mechanism

Question 16

______ and ______ are categorized as childhood trauma- and stressor-related disorders in the DSM-5.

A) Reactive attachment disorder; ADHD
B) Conduct disorder; reactive attachment disorder
C) Disinhibited social engagement disorder; ADHD
D) Reactive attachment disorder; disinhibited social engagement disorder

Question 17

The state's office protective services has opened a file on 6-year-old Mark's parents after several visits by the police to their residence. Mark is not alone: Nearly 1 in ______ children come to the attention of child protective services.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 8

Question 18

Imitation depends MOST directly on the brain's ______.

A) HPA axis
B) mirror neuron system
C) prefrontal cortex
D) medial-temporal area

Question 19

One example of a neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood is ______ disorder.

A) conduct
B) reactive attachment
C) autism spectrum
D) oppositional defiant

Question 20

Data from the National Comorbidity Survey replication study show that impulse control disorders, phobias, and separation disorders start around the age of ______.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 13
D) 16

Question 21

The textbook states that Harry Harlow's findings with infant monkeys contradicted learning theory. This means that his results were inconsistent with the ______ approach in psychology.

A) behaviorist
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) evolutionary

Question 22

Baby Aaron is always excited to explore his environment. He gets upset if his mother leaves the room but seems happy when she returns. Which of Ainsworth's attachment styles BEST fits this description of baby Aaron?

A) disorganized/controlling
B) secure
C) avoidant
D) anxious/ambivalent

Question 23

Jacob is 32 and has never had a serious romantic relationship. He was considered an aggressive boy in middle school and does not have a strong bond with his mother. When Jacob was young, he could not have cared less if his mother left him with a babysitter. On her return, Jacob was usually emotionless. Jacob's attachment style can be characterized as ______.

A) disorganized/controlling
B) secure
C) avoidant
D) anxious/ambivalent

Question 24

In ______ attachment, an infant in the strange situation appears preoccupied with having access to its mother and shows protest on separation. When its mother returns, the infant may show anger or ambivalence toward her.

A) disorganized/controlling
B) secure
C) avoidant
D) anxious/ambivalent

Question 25

______ attachment is NOT one of the three patterns of attachment originally described by Ainsworth.

A) Anxious/ambivalent
B) Avoidant
C) Disorganized/controlling
D) Secure

Question 26

In ______ attachment, an infant in the strange situation shows (1) more interest in the toys than its mother, (2) little distress when its mother leaves, and (3) little positive emotion when its mother returns.

A) anxious/ambivalent
B) secure
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/controlling

Question 27

Katie is in a healthy relationship with her significant other and has strong bonds formed with both of her parents. Katie does not experience anxiety, discomfort, or indecisive behavior with others. Katie MOST likely has a(n) ______ attachment style.

A) anxious/ambivalent
B) secure
C) disorganized/controlling
D) relational

Question 28

Judy falls into relationships very quickly and is very clingy. When her partner is absent, she worries that he is cheating on her. Judy is demonstrating a(n) ______ attachment style.

A) anxious/ambivalent
B) secure
C) disorganized/controlling
D) relational

Question 29

In the rooting reflex, infants

A) will suck when their cheek is touched
B) will startle if their neck and back are not supported
C) will make a stepping motion if their feet touch the ground
D) are born with the ability to swim

Question 30

Preference for human faces begins ______.

A) shortly after birth
B) during childhood
C) in adolescence
D) in early adulthood

Question 31

Following a small stroke, Lily has trouble knowing when someone is lying to her. The strike MOST likely damaged Lily's ______.

A) superior temporal sulcus
B) fusiform face area
C) anterior temporal cortex
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 32

Ethology is BEST described as the study of ______.

A) human culture
B) animal behavior
C) human development
D) insects

Question 33

The ability to distinguish among different facial expressions of emotion depends mainly on a brain area called the ______.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 34

Which is the MOST likely reason that Bowlby used the term attachment rather than the traditional term object relations?

A) Bowlby did not want to limit his work to the psychodynamic theoretical perspective.
B) Bowlby wanted to ground his work firmly in the psychodynamic perspective.
C) Bowlby's work was relevant to social relationships rather than object perception.
D) Bowlby's work concerned infant development rather than adult relationships.

Question 35

______ disorder is NOT a neurodevelopmental disorder.

A) Intellectual development
B) Attention deficit/hyperactivity
C) Autism spectrum
D) Conduct

Question 36

Chein et al. (2011) found that as compared with the other age groups in the study, ______ are ______ likely to engage in risky decisions when in the presence of peers.

A) adolescents; least
B) adolescents; most
C) young adults; most
D) middle-aged adults; most

Question 37

A child who is extremely worried about losing an attachment figure is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder, which is classified as an ______ disorder.

A) reactive attachment; anxiety
B) reactive attachment; attachment
C) separation anxiety; anxiety
D) separation anxiety; attachment

Question 38

Amy is 4 years old and, when upset, does not seek comfort from her mother. She also does not accept comfort from her mother when it is offered. In addition, Amy is often emotionally unresponsive and has generally only negative feelings toward her mother. Amy's case BEST illustrates ______ disorder.

A) attention deficit/hyperactivity
B) disinhibited social engagement
C) oppositional defiant
D) reactive attachment

Question 39

The first psychologist to refer to the infant-mother relationship as attachment was ______.

A) John Bowlby
B) Erik Erikson
C) Jean Piaget
D) John Watson

Question 40

One hallmark of adolescence is that risky decisions are more likely occur in the presence of one's ______.

A) teachers
B) peers
C) parents
D) siblings

Question 41

Research has found that ______ mothers have a ______ risk for having children with autism.

A) younger; lower
B) younger and older; lower
C) younger; higher
D) younger and older; higher

Question 42

According to Baron-Cohen's empathizing-systemizing theory, individuals with autism spectrum disorder are

A) advantaged in empathizing but impaired in systemizing
B) advantaged in both empathizing and systemizing
C) advantaged in systemizing but impaired in empathizing
D) impaired in both empathizing and systemizing

Question 43

Aggressive and destructive behavior are seen in

A) oppositional defiant disorder but not conduct disorder
B) conduct disorder but not oppositional defiant disorder
C) both oppositional defiant and conduct disorder
D) neither oppositional defiant nor conduct disorder

Question 44

Hannah was diagnosed with DSM-5's autism spectrum disorder. Because her intellectual and social functioning is relatively high, Hannah would MOST likely have been diagnosed with ______ using the DSM-IV.

A) Rett syndrome
B) pervasive developmental disorder
C) childhood disintegrative disorder
D) Asperger's syndrome

Question 45

Autism was first described by ______ in 1943 as an innate disorder in which children do not show normal development in emotional contact with others.

A) Leo Kanner
B) William Ray
C) Temple Grandin
D) Simon Baron-Cohen

Question 46

What proportion of children and adolescents have persistent oppositional, disruptive, or aggressive behavior problems?

A) 1%-2%
B) 2%-5%
C) 5%-10%
D) 10%-15%

Question 47

______ disorder occurs when a child is poorly cared for and does not seek comfort or support from an attachment figure.

A) Disinhibited social engagement
B) Reactive attachment
C) Oppositional defiant
D) Attention deficit/hyperactivity

Question 48

Cindy has difficulty in connections and communication with others. She displays odd behavior and has abnormal emotional contact with the other students in her third-grade class. Cindy MOST likely will be diagnosed with ______.

A) intellectual developmental disorder
B) Asperger's syndrome
C) specific learning disorder
D) autism spectrum disorder

Question 49

Charlotte is 7 and is left in afterschool care late until very late in the afternoon every day, with dirty clothes and an unhealthy lunch from "Mom." Mom shows no excitement, love, or emotion when she arrives to pick up Charlotte. Charlotte is withdrawn and doesn't seek help from others when distressed. Charlotte is showing signs of ______ disorder.

A) reactive attachment
B) disinhibited social engagement
C) oppositional defiant
D) attention deficit/hyperactivity

Question 50

One of the attachment disorders is ______ disorder.

A) attention deficit/hyperactivity
B) oppositional defiant
C) conduct
D) disinhibited social engagement

Question 51

Kylie is 8 and is willing to accept anyone as a parental figure. She is overly familiar with strangers and was not cared for well by her biological parents. Kylie has been in over five different foster homes. Kylie is showing characteristics of ______.

A) secure attachment
B) a personality disorder
C) disinhibited social engagement disorder
D) reactive attachment disorder

Question 52

Billy violates the rights of others, is aggressive, and vandalizes the desks at his elementary school. Billy has been caught stealing candy, then lying about it to his mother. Billy breaks the rules in school repetitively. Billy's actions MOST closely reflect ______ disorder.

A) oppositional defiant
B) conduct
C) reactive attachment
D) social engagement

Question 53

The discontinued DSM-IV diagnosis of ______ was given to individuals with autism spectrum disorder who scored well on intelligence tests and who displayed relatively high social functioning.

A) reactive attachment disorder
B) conduct disorder
C) Asperger's syndrome
D) ADHD

Question 54

Developmentally, symptoms of autism first appear in ______.

A) infancy
B) adolescence
C) early adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 55

Current neuroscience studies show that by the time of full brain development, a person with autism shows deficits in the areas that make up the ______.

A) reward circuit
B) social brain
C) limbic system
D) brain stem

Question 56

According to your text, Temple Grandin used the ability to think in images to help

A) make more precise maps of national parks
B) build better car engines
C) design humane animal livestock facilities
D) plan more efficient office environments

Question 57

Conduct disorder, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and substance use tend to cluster together and may be called ______ disorders.

A) internalizing
B) inattentional
C) externalizing
D) trauma-related

Question 58

Jaime is uncooperative and annoying in school in her fourth-grade class. Jamie shows defiance and anger but does not act on her feelings. She is not aggressive towards others, and she does not damage others' belongings. Jaime's case BEST reflects ______ disorder.

A) oppositional defiant
B) conduct
C) reactive attachment
D) social engagement

Question 59

When people with autism spectrum disorder view emotional faces, mirror neuron activity is ______ correlated with the severity of ASD symptoms.

A) negatively
B) not
C) positively
D) perfectly

Question 60

Individuals with autism have difficulty in three primary areas. These areas do NOT include ______.

A) social interactions
B) imagination and creative processes
C) communication
D) behavioral processes

Question 61

As compared with specific learning disorder, intellectual developmental disorder is MORE ______.

A) treatable
B) biological
C) prevalent
D) pervasive

Question 62

The text suggests that, as compared with other individuals, individuals with autism spectrum disorder show ______ volume and ______ activity in brain areas related to facial processing.

A) decreased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; decreased
D) increased; increased

Question 63

It is estimated that about ______ of individuals with autism spectrum disorder have special abilities in terms of music, art, calculation, or memory.

A) 1%
B) 3%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with successful treatment outcomes for autism?

A) began treatment before the age of 4
B) higher IQ
C) better communication skills
D) began treatment in adolescence

Question 65

The textbook suggests that among children and adolescents, the disorder MOST often comorbid with ADHD is ______ disorder.

A) reactive attachment
B) panic
C) conduct
D) oppositional defiant

Question 66

When 9-year-old Rachel is in class, she is constantly moving and talking out of turn. She cannot start and finish a task without interruptions. Rachel is displaying characteristics of ______ disorder.

A) autism spectrum
B) attention deficit/hyperactivity
C) impulse control
D) conduct

Question 67

In a ______ disorder, a child experiences difficulty in one of the major school subjects.

A) specific learning
B) intellectual development
C) mental retardation
D) conduct

Question 68

In the DSM-IV, mental retardation was defined as an IQ below ______. This cutoff is ______ in the DSM-5.

A) 70; abandoned
B) 70; retained
C) 85; abandoned
D) 85; retained

Question 69

Alexis cannot master arithmetic in third grade and has been held back twice already. She is constantly having problems with division and multiplication. However, Alexis performs well when it comes to reading comprehension and vocabulary. Alexis would MOST likely be diagnosed with ______.

A) fragile X syndrome
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) specific learning disorder
D) intellectual developmental disorder

Question 70

Adults with ADHD show more symptoms related to ______ than to ______.

A) inattention; hyperactivity/impulsivity
B) inattention; conduct
C) conduct; hyperactivity/impulsivity
D) hyperactivity/impulsivity; inattention

Question 71

The major treatment for ADHD is ______.

A) emotion-focused therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) a stimulant mechanism
D) antidepressants

Question 72

The two main dimensions of ADHD are labeled ______.

A) disinhibition and impulsivity
B) disinhibition and reactivity
C) hyperactivity and reactivity
D) hyperactivity and impulsivity

Question 73

A type of intellectual developmental disorder called ______ is found in individuals with an extra copy of chromosome 21.

A) specific learning disorder
B) fragile X syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) chromosome 21 disorder

Question 74

According to the textbook, "Individuals with ADHD have a more difficult time switching from resting state conditions to those of active task management." With respect to the brain networks described earlier in the textbook, ADHD MOST likely reflects difficulty in switching from ______ network activity to ______ network activity.

A) default; central executive
B) salience; central executive
C) default; salience
D) central executive; default

Question 75

Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of young children with autism spectrum disorder who might expect to "recover" in a treatment program modeled on the UCLA Young Autism Project?

A) a minority
B) about half
C) most
D) nearly all

Question 76

______ disorder is characterized by intellectual disabilities in which the person does not meet normal developmental milestones.

A) Specific learning
B) Intellectual developmental
C) Autism spectrum
D) Conduct disorder

Question 77

______ is a more current term for ______.

A) Autism spectrum disorder; mental retardation
B) Intellectual developmental disorder; autism
C) Intellectual developmental disorder; mental retardation
D) Mental retardation; intellectual developmental disorder

Question 78

The first empirically supported treatment for autism was

A) free association for autism spectrum disorders
B) the Grandin treatment program
C) the Lovass treatment program
D) There are no empirically supported treatments for autism.

Question 79

It is estimated that about 10% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder have special abilities in terms of music, art, calculation, or memory. This has been called the ______ syndrome.

A) fragile X
B) autism creativity
C) savant
D) Down

Question 80

A child is MOST likely suffering from a(n) ______ if his or her achievement is lower than that expected from his or her scores on achievement or intelligence tests.

A) attachment disorder
B) stress-related disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) learning disability