Deck 1: Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging

Question 1

The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that:

A) changes are continuous.
B) aging is interdisciplinary.
C) individuality matters.
D) only the survivors grow old.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the experiences you have as a young adult will play what role in your development?

A) Young people are able to make up for any damage they do their bodies when they get older.
B) The friends people have in their college years will most likely be the same ones they have later in life.
C) People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes.
D) Older adults would prefer to be treated as "old" rather than as the people they were when younger.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a "biological" component of the biopsychosocial model?

A) Changes in muscle mass.
B) Loss of a spouse.
C) Retirement from a job.
D) Gains in vocabulary skills.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.'s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging?

A) Interindividual differences.
B) Normal aging is different from disease.
C) Survivors are an increasingly select group.
D) Changes are continuous over the life span.

Question 5

The Public Health Agency of Canada (2013) regards which of the following as one of the five most important "bad habits" that can reduce the quality and quantity of a person's life?

A) Cigarette smoking.
B) Eating too many fruits and vegetables.
C) Taking in too little alcohol.
D) Being underweight.

Question 6

The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical changes, cognition, and social context:

A) biopsychosocial
B) physiocultural
C) multidirectional
D) transformational

Question 7

The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as:

A) interindividual variability.
B) multidirectionality.
C) personal aging.
D) nonnormative influences.

Question 8

Researchers studying the volume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining individual differences in aging by finding that:

A) most of the adults 70 and older had greater hippocampal volume than the younger adults.
B) the overall direction of hippocampal volume change was slightly positive starting at age 30.
C) at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults.
D) the greatest variation in hippocampal volume occurred among adults who were in their late 20s.

Question 9

Which of the following would be considered a "social" age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective?

A) Improving in wisdom.
B) Losing muscle strength.
C) Becoming a grandparent.
D) Increasing in conscientiousness.

Question 10

A 77-year-old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However, he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run. In addition, he's noticing that it's getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining. This man illustrates which principle of aging?

A) continuity
B) multidirectionality
C) survivor effects
D) tertiary aging

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered an example of "normal" age-related psychological changes?

A) lowering of self-esteem
B) moderation of personal qualities
C) development of sleep problems
D) losing interest in hobbies

Question 12

Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes?

A) Abnormal and disease-related
B) Sudden and rapid
C) Preventative and compensatory
D) Universal and progressive

Question 13

Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and longevity may very well be your ______ age.

A) chronological
B) subjective
C) biological
D) sociological

Question 14

Changes over time in an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging?

A) Sociocultural
B) Biological
C) Gerontological
D) Psychological

Question 15

Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may not be true for everyone born in a given period of time.

A) institutionalized
B) less able
C) young-old
D) survivors

Question 16

The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model.

A) psychological
B) sociocultural
C) biological
D) cognitive

Question 17

How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging?

A) Researchers must adapt their test instruments to accommodate them.
B) Healthy older adults tend to be the exception rather than the rule.
C) Psychological studies have less validity than studies on biology of aging.
D) The available samples are positively selected on important characteristics.

Question 18

The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________ aging:

A) tertiary
B) primary
C) normal
D) accelerated

Question 19

The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion.

A) selection
B) continuity
C) individuality
D) normative

Question 20

Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the "survivors"?

A) They ate foods that are rich in dietary cholesterol.
B) Their families provided a strong support network. C) They have lived a life in which they took high risks.
D) They avoided exercising or being too physically active.

Question 21

As indicated in the text, according to the 2006 Census, in Canada the largest visible minority group aged 65 and older is:

A) Hispanic; Latin American
B) Asian
C) Black
D) Aboriginal

Question 22

As of the latest estimates in 2012, the percentage of people in the Canadian population 65 years and older is:

A) 5.8
B) 14.9
C) 25.7
D) 36.8

Question 23

People referred to as "old-old" have which specific characteristic?

A) Prematurely gray and wrinkled
B) Between the ages of 75-84
C) Retire after the age of 65
D) Become grandparents in middle age

Question 24

The term ____________ is used to refer to individuals who fought in World War II:

A) Greatest Generation
B) Baby Boom
C) Millennials
D) Gen Xers

Question 25

Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging?

A) Developing diabetes at the age of 67.
B) Marrying for the third time at age 55.
C) Working part-time at the age of 72.
D) Moving to a retirement community at age 62.

Question 26

A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population?

A) young-old
B) oldest old
C) old-old
D) super-old

Question 27

Which of the following topics would be considered to provide evidence on the effect of sex in development?

A) Disparities in income.
B) Social role expectations.
C) Identification as a male or female.
D) Role of hormones in behavior.

Question 28

The main focus of the large British study known as Whitehall II is on the role of ____________ as a factor in development.

A) historical change
B) racial disparities
C) social class
D) nationality

Question 29

People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of:

A) 100.
B) 90.
C) 130.
D) 110.

Question 30

The term "gender" refers to:

A) biologically assigned characteristics.
B) self-identification as male or female.
C) treatment of women in society.
D) orientation toward sexual partners.

Question 31

A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the age group of 65-74 is:

A) oldest-old
B) middle-old
C) healthy-old
D) young-old

Question 32

Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities?

A) Early signs of the normal aging process.
B) Transition to responsible family and work roles.
C) Difficulties in interacting with older family members.
D) Psychological but not physiological maturity.

Question 33

A world-class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be approximately 65 years old.

A) psychological
B) biological
C) physiological
D) social

Question 34

Genevieve is 27 years old, finishing graduate school and living with her parents. As she makes her transition into adulthood, psychologists would consider her an example of someone in the age period called _______ adulthood:

A) emerging
B) young-old
C) psychological
D) normative

Question 35

Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of exposure to the sun.

A) primary
B) tertiary
C) secondary
D) normal

Question 36

Highly developed countries that have nearly equal birth and death rates have an age-sex structure that resembles which shape?

A) Trapezoid.
B) Circle. C) Diamond.
D) Rectangle.

Question 37

According to Statistics Canada, as of July 1, 2012 the number of people 65 plus and older in Canada is approximately _____ million.

A) 40.3
B) 13.1
C) 34.9
D) 83.7.

Question 38

The large impact that Hurricane Sandy had on residents of the Northeast U.S. in 2012 makes it a ________________ influence on development.

A) secondary aging
B) normative history-graded
C) personal aging
D) normative age-graded

Question 39

The term life ______ refers to the maximum number of years that a species lives, reflecting its genetic inheritance.

A) length/expectancy
B) span
C) limit
D) potential

Question 40

The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning ability is called ___________ age.

A) Psychological
B) Social
C) Biological
D) Secondary

Question 41

The least percentage growth in populations over the age of 65 will occur around the world in countries that are described as:

A) developed.
B) agrarian.
C) non-industrialized.
D) developing.

Question 42

The increased population of adults aged 65 and older in Canada can be attributed specifically to the higher life _______ being achieved by current generations.

A) length
B) expectancy
C) growth
D) span

Question 43

Provide examples of concepts from the fields involved in the biopsychosocial perspective.

Question 44

The parents of people in the Baby Boom generation are known as:

A) Gen B
B) Senior Boom
C) Silent Generation
D) Pioneer Cohort

Question 45

List and define the 5 major social categorizations used in describing the findings and theories in adult development and aging.

Question 46

The number of years a person can expect to live with relatively little disability is known as:

A) life span projection
B) morbidity-free span
C) functional age
D) health-adjusted life expectancy

Question 47

List the three influences on development and provide examples of each.

Question 48

What are the four principles underlying the study of adult development and aging?

Question 49

According to Statistics Canada (2013) the average life expectancy at birth Is ____ for women and _________ for men.

A) 75; 72
B) 78; 75
C) 80; 76
D) 83; 79

Question 50

According to Statistics Canada (2013) the health-adjusted life expectancy for Canadians is ______ years.

A) 58.7
B) 62.5
C) 68.9
D) 74.5

Question 51

According to Statistics Canada, as of July 1, 2012, the median age of the Canadian population is approximately ____years.

A) 32
B) 35
C) 40
D) 45

Question 52

What are advantages and disadvantages of using a particular age to define "adult"?

Question 53

Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important in understanding the processes of adult development and aging?

Question 54

The highest percentage of Canadians aged 65 and older are located which province(s)?

A) Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
B) Quebec
C) Manitoba and Saskatchewan
D) British Columbia

Question 55

Why is it important to distinguish normal aging from disease?

Question 56

The effects of a changing environment including normative-graded, history-graded, and non-normative changes refer to:

A) Biological aging
B) Psychological aging
C) Social aging
D) Personal aging

Question 57

The country with the highest number (not percent) of individuals 65 and older is:

A) China
B) Italy.
C) Sweden
D) United States.

Question 58

Why do researchers believe it is important to distinguish personal from social aging?

Question 59

Define and explain the purpose of using alternative indices of age.

Question 60

The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately:

A) 106 million
B) 2.3 billion
C) 1.5 billion
D) 670 million

Question 61

Why is it important to understand individual differences in the process of development in later life?

Question 62

What might be the reasons for so few studies on the role of religion and spirituality in aging? What might researchers be missing by failing to study this topic?

Question 63

What are the four main implications of changes in the age distribution of the population in Canada over the next 30 to 40 years?

Question 64

What are the two main factors that have contributed to changes in life expectancy in the last 100 years?

Question 65

How will changes in the age distribution of the population affect society as a whole? Provide specific examples.

Question 66

What is the value of using age as a means of understanding development? Would alternative indices be more useful? Why or why not?