Deck 12: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers?

A) Men are naturally less adept at taking care of young children.
B) Occupational segregation remains rigidly in force across all occupations.
C) Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations.
D) Gender tracking in education discourages men's movement into teaching positions.

Answer 1

Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations.

Question 2

Changes in the lives of women in the last 50 years reflect __________ employment and educational attainment.

A) decreases in men's
B) increases in men's
C) decreases in women's
D) increases in women's

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; __________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones.

A) Patriarchy; gender
B) Gender; patriarchy
C) Sex; gender
D) Gender; sex

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The biggest change for men as a result of women's increased employment has been that __________.

A) more men have started staying home
B) more men have started working part time
C) many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple
D) a majority of men have started sharing household chores equally

Question 5

The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________.

A) one-time casual hookups
B) the second or third hookup with the same partner
C) the third or fourth hookup with the same partner
D) relationships of six or more months

Question 6

Which of the following statements about gender equality is true?

A) While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women continues to follow gendered expectations.
B) While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations.
C) While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations.
D) While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations.

Question 7

Advertisements that portray romantic couples with images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation.

A) homonormative
B) heteronormative
C) homophobic
D) gendernormative

Question 8

As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s.

A) managers
B) manufacturing workers
C) service workers
D) technicians

Question 9

Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are __________.

A) being ignored
B) being watched
C) among strangers
D) among their social superiors

Question 10

Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that __________.

A) biological influences have no impact on gender differences
B) biological influences have minimal impact on gender differences
C) social forces have no impact on gender differences
D) social forces have an impact on some gender differences

Question 11

According to sociologists, why are women more likely than men to avoid casual sex?

A) Women are more concerned about contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
B) Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations. _{c. Women are less concerned about their own sexual satisfaction.}
D) Women are less concerned about increasing their number of offspring.

Question 12

__________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation.

A) Heterosexism and heteronormativity
B) Heterosexism and homophobia
C) Homophobia and homosexism
D) Homophobia and heteronormativity

Question 13

Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by __________.

A) biology
B) social construction
C) both biology and social construction
D) neither biology nor social construction

Question 14

According to an online survey conducted in 2010 by researcher Paula England, __________ percent of college students had intercourse on their most recent hookup.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 80

Question 15

Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men?

A) Women have fewer years of experience than men.
B) Women are not as motivated to be successful at work; they would rather be at home.
C) Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs.
D) Employers intentionally set lower pay rates in jobs filled mostly by women than in different jobs filled mostly by men.

Question 16

Researchers attribute the incidence of births outside of marriage among individuals with lower levels of income and education to __________.

A) inconsistent use of birth control
B) promiscuity
C) religious censure
D) ethnic differences

Question 17

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that surprisingly few gender expectations have changed in the romantic and sexual realm despite women's growing economic equality with men?

A) Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women.
B) Women are much more likely than men to orgasm with first-time partners.
C) Women ask men out on dates only slightly less often than men ask women.
D) Women who retain their birth-given names at marriage are in the majority.

Question 18

The term sexual minority refers to anyone who is not __________.

A) gay
B) heterosexual
C) bisexual
D) lesbian

Question 19

__________ was the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

A) Massachusetts _{b. Hawaii}
C) California _{d. New York}

Question 20

Mass media, family, peer groups, and school are all examples of __________.

A) transgendered groups
B) homophobic groups
C) stereotypes
D) agents of socialization

Question 21

Advances in women's rights are largely the result of the __________.

A) feminist movement
B) civil rights movement
C) Defense of Marriage Act
D) legalization of cohabitation

Question 22

How have parents' socialization practices changed over time?

A) Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports.
B) Fewer girls are now encouraged to go to college and enter the workforce.
C) More boys are now encouraged to go to college.
D) Parents no longer buy gendered clothing or toys for their kids.

Question 23

Which of the following research designs would be most desirable to measure changes in two groups where one receives a "treatment"?

A) random-assignment experiment
B) random sampling experiment
C) a sex vs. gender experiment
D) a stereotypical experiment

Question 24

Marcus has been ridiculed and harassed at school for being gay. His classmates shun his company and he has been the victim of numerous threats. Marcus is fearful for his life. He is the victim of __________.

A) heteronormativity
B) a double standard of sexuality
C) homophobia
D) stereotyping

Question 25

As a homework assignment, Dr. Calibri tells his students to find and bring to the next class meeting a picture of heteronormativity. Which of the following images is a student most likely to bring in?

A) a picture of a female bride and male groom
B) a picture of two female brides
C) a picture of two men and their adopted baby
D) a picture of two male grooms

Question 26

Carrie and Steven plan to marry next summer and decide to move in together before the wedding. Carrie and Steven are engaging in what sociologists refer to as __________.

A) a hookup
B) cohabitation
C) hanging out
D) getting together

Question 27

Ben is interested in conducting research that looks at the sexual behavior of unmarried adults. He wants to utilize surveys that come from a sample with responses that are representative of the U.S. population. Ben is likely to use which research strategy?

A) probability samples
B) random-assignment experiments
C) participant observation
D) content analysis

Question 28

__________ challenge the notion that gender is binary.

A) Transgendered individuals
B) Lesbians
C) Heterosexuals
D) Women

Question 29

What does DOMA stand for?

A) the Defense of Marriage Act
B) the Double Occupational Minority Act
C) the Don't Open Marital Attainment Act
D) the Defense of Minorities Act

Question 30

After dating exclusively for four years, George and Michael would like to get married. Living in the United States in 2014, what is the most likely outcome for their getting married?

A) They will have to obtain a domestic partnership, because gay marriage is illegal in the United States.
B) They can get legally married no matter where they live in the United States.
C) They will be able to get married, but only in certain states.
D) They cannot legally get married or partnered anywhere in the United States.

Question 31

Joseph was born a biological male. He always felt that he was supposed to be female and eventually had surgery to correct his perceived incorrect assignment. Joseph now lives as Josephine. Josephine is an example of a __________.

A) lesbian
B) bisexual
C) transgendered individual
D) homosexual

Question 32

Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________.

A) occupational sex segregation
B) the double standard of sexuality
C) heteronormativity
D) social construction of gender

Question 33

Kelly and Jonah are in a romantic relationship. What is most likely their sexual orientation?

A) heterosexual
B) homosexual
C) asexual
D) sexual minority

Question 34

What are stereotypes?

A) beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated
B) when men and women are distributed differently across occupations
C) discrimination or bias against homosexual people
D) acts of unmarried couples living together

Question 35

Mary has a very busy life. As a result, she prefers casual sexual liaisons with no expectation of a relationship to ensue. To Mary, __________ is ideal.

A) a romance scripted by gender
B) a hookup
C) cohabitation
D) a passionate attachment

Question 36

When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________.

A) her parents
B) the school
C) her female peers
D) the mass media

Question 37

Young people today are much more likely than young people in the 1970s to __________.

A) cohabit
B) engage in premarital sex
C) have children
D) marry young

Question 38

Tom has been casually dating several women for the past year. He has been described as a "player" by his friends. Rosa, on the other hand, has been criticized for dating several men at the same time. This scenario is indicative of __________.

A) a double standard of sexuality
B) changing sexual norms
C) heterosexism
D) heteronormativity

Question 39

Kendra is an introductory sociology student. For a class project, she decides to study messages in the mass media. She notices that there are very few role models for young gays and lesbians. Kendra concludes that the messages in the media reflect __________.

A) homophobia
B) heteronormativity
C) heterosexism
D) a double standard of sexuality

Question 40

The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________.

A) lower-income men and women who do not finish college
B) middle-income men and women who do not finish college
C) college-educated men and women from lower-income families
D) college-educated men and women from middle-income families

Question 41

The double standard of sexuality tends to more harshly judge __________.

A) women than men
B) men than women
C) gay men than transgendered individuals
D) cohabiters than those who hook up

Question 42

Describe the purpose of LGBTQ student organizations and other support systems in society for LGBTQ persons.

Question 43

What is meant by the term gender revolution? What is its impact on the lives of women?

Question 44

What is the difference between cohabiting and hooking up?

A) Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship.
B) Cohabiting implies one person in a couple is pregnant, while hooking up implies two people are in a long-term romantic relationship.
C) Cohabiting only occurs in heterosexual relationships, while hooking up occurs in all sexual orientations.
D) Cohabiting benefits men while hooking up benefits women.

Question 45

Why do unmarried couples who expect to have, or already do have, a child outside of marriage not marry as frequently as these individuals who belonged to older cohorts?

A) social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing
B) social norms have not changed regarding marriage
C) out-of-wedlock childbearing simply doesn't occur as much as it used to
D) more educated women are most likely to find themselves having a child outside of marriage and they are also most likely to be economically independent

Question 46

Sociologists who have studied sexual orientation have concluded that sexual orientation __________.

A) can be fluid over the life course
B) is based on biological sex, which is based on gender
C) always stays the same over the life course
D) is more deeply rooted in genetics for bisexuals

Question 47

A __________ will most likely not be a __________.

A) heterosexual; sexual minority
B) homosexual; woman
C) bisexual; man
D) transsexual; woman

Question 48

As long as she can remember Sara has always wanted to be a kindergarten teacher. Which of the following explanations would a sociologist most likely give to explain Sara's occupational goals?

A) Sara has been gender socialized.
B) Sara is naturally a nurturing person.
C) Sara's parents encouraged her to engage in gender-neutral activities as a young child.
D) Sara is probably immune to gender socialization.

Question 49

Analyze and describe ways in which men's lives have been affected by the gender revolution.

Question 50

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of occupational sex segregation?

A) the gender gap in pay
B) heteronormativity
C) homophobia
D) the feminist movement

Question 51

Eric and Carrie hooked up after a party last night. They have never hooked up before. What is the most likely outcome of their hookup?

A) They probably did not have intercourse.
B) Carrie probably had an orgasm, but Eric didn't.
C) Carrie probably initiated the hookup.
D) Both of them probably had orgasms.

Question 52

What is occupational sex segregation and how does it influence people's choice of employment? What does it have to do with the gender pay gap?

Question 53

Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs?

A) heterosexual white men
B) heterosexual white women
C) homosexual black women
D) homosexual black men