Deck 9: Cities and Communities

Question 1

In the context of urban ecology, what do the initials CBD stand for?

A) central boundary definition
B) central business district
C) city boundary definition
D) city business district

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cities first arose over __________ years ago.

A) 5,000
B) 7,500
C) 8,500
D) 10,000

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Descendants of German immigrants, who inhabited Cincinnati's Over-the-Rhine neighborhood and worked in the city's German-owned breweries, later moved to other parts of the city and found employment in other kinds of businesses. What term do sociologists use to describe this phenomenon?

A) assimilation
B) cultural relativism
C) cultural restructuring
D) framing

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The main cause of population growth in cities in the nineteenth century was __________.

A) increasing life expectancy
B) increasing numbers of births
C) migration
D) higher wages

Question 5

__________ is classified as a megacity because its population exceeds __________.

A) Denver; 1 million
B) Jacksonville; 2 million
C) Houston; 5 million
D) Lagos; 10 million

Question 6

How does the perspective of the city as a growth machine counter the Burgess urban ecology model?

A) It denies the role of private property, whereas the Burgess model does not.
B) It denies the role of taxes as drivers of city growth, whereas tax policy is integral to the Burgess model.
C) It recognizes the role of political and economic forces, whereas the Burgess model does not.
D) It recognizes the role of key social institutions, whereas the Burgess model fails to consider them.

Question 7

How did government policies contribute to the preferential treatment of whites in the suburban housing market after World War II?

A) Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically redlined.
B) Loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods.
C) Loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods.
D) Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black or in racially mixed neighborhoods.

Question 8

Over the past several decades, __________ have been the fastest growing ethnic groups in rural America.

A) Asians and Latinos
B) Asians and African Americans
C) African Americans and Latinos
D) Latinos and whites

Question 9

Before the emergence of widespread industry, the pace of urbanization was __________.

A) virtually nonexistent
B) slow and gradual
C) level
D) rapid and steep

Question 10

Urban ecology, a sociological perspective on how neighborhoods form and change, famously borrows ideas from what other academic discipline?

A) biology
B) economics
C) geography
D) linguistics

Question 11

After cities reach their carrying capacity, the demand for labor __________ and the cost of urban space __________.

A) escalates; subsides
B) escalates; also escalates
C) subsides; escalates
D) subsides; also subsides

Question 12

An influential group of sociologists who used the city of Chicago as a laboratory for the study of urbanism is known as the __________.

A) Chicago Eight
B) Chicago Federation
C) Chicago School
D) Chicago Urbanists

Question 13

Edge cities have developed as suburban counterparts to __________.

A) the traditional downtown areas of large central cities
B) the traditional factory zones of large central cities
C) the traditional transitional zones of large central cities
D) the tradition bedroom communities of large central cities

Question 14

Before industrialization, daily life for the vast majority of people focused on __________.

A) travel and trade
B) cottage industry
C) mining
D) immediate sustenance

Question 15

Dallas/Fort Worth is an example of an urban form known as a __________.

A) biurb
B) megaurb
C) polyurb
D) conurb

Question 16

Thinking of cities as the product of intensive and strategic investment is central to __________.

A) the growth machine perspective
B) redlining
C) urban ecology
D) urbanization

Question 17

According to demographer Kingsley Davis, in the modern world, the process of urbanization follows a(n) __________.

A) bell-shaped curve
B) circular function
C) S curve
D) straight line

Question 18

German sociologist Georg Simmel argued that shifts in the environment affecting substantial portions of the population __________ consequences on the ways that individuals act and interact.

A) have
B) have no
C) have few
D) have only subliminal

Question 19

What is the Great Migration?

A) the movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities of the North
B) the movement of Latinos from Central and South America to the American Southwest
C) the movement of Mormons to present-day Utah
D) the movement of European Jews to Palestine in the 1920s

Question 20

Burgess's model of urban ecology is a model of __________.

A) concentric zones spreading outward from a central business district
B) concentric zones spreading outward from a central zone of transition
C) linear arrays spreading across different types of residential zones
D) linear arrays spreading outward from a factory zone

Question 21

Social capital refers to the resources available to individuals __________.

A) given their financial and economic status
B) through their relationships and networks
C) through their cultural affiliations
D) given the advantages conferred on them at birth

Question 22

About __________ immigrants are now estimated to live in the United States, an increase of almost __________ from just two decades ago.

A) 23 million; 11 million
B) 33 million; 20 million
C) 43 million; 20 million
D) 53 million; 30 million

Question 23

In the decades since 1968, when the Fair Housing Act was passed with the hope that it would end the racial segregation of American neighborhoods, racial segregation has __________ in most of America's major cities.

A) declined steadily
B) declined only slightly
C) increased steadily
D) increased only slightly

Question 24

One of the most influential theories of urban transformation that helped to explain the deterioration of black neighborhoods from vibrant metropolises to violent ghettos began by documenting __________.

A) the decline in marriageable black men
B) the disappearance of black churches
C) the disappearance of manufacturing jobs from cities
D) the rise of welfare receipts

Question 25

Which of the following forms of community would a New Urbanist favor?

A) an urban-fringe community with separate zones for housing and for commercial enterprises
B) a gated community of single-family homes interspersed with public spaces
C) a walkable urban community combining different types and scales of housing, offices, retail outlets, medical services, schools, recreational areas, and other commercial or industrial components
D) a mixed-use bedroom community

Question 26

What is the Hispanic equivalent of the black ghetto?

A) barrio
B) guayaba
C) almendra
D) la migra

Question 27

Claude Fischer's theory of __________ helps us understand why certain urban neighborhoods take on particular identities.

A) ecological stressors
B) income
C) organizational behavior
D) subcultures

Question 28

What was one of the outcomes of the passage of the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965?

A) the flow of immigrants coming to the United States increased
B) the flow of immigrants coming to the United States from Europe ended
C) existing national origins quotas for immigration remained in place
D) most prohibitions against immigrants from Asia based on national origin remained in place

Question 29

With which of the following attributes of city life, more so than the others, did writer and activist Jane Jacobs concern herself?

A) the demographic composition of neighborhoods
B) the environmental hazards of neighborhoods
C) the cultural dynamics of neighborhoods
D) the physical layout of neighborhoods

Question 30

The work of Jane Jacobs inspired the ideas of which school of urban design?

A) New Communitarianism
B) New Criticism
C) New Preservationism
D) New Urbanism

Question 31

Research suggests that communities with high levels of cohesion and trust have __________.

A) higher levels of violence when the community is very poor
B) higher levels of violence whether the community is very poor or middle income
C) lower levels of violence, but only if the community is very poor
D) lower levels of violence, even if the community is very poor

Question 32

Service-sector jobs, which began to replace manufacturing jobs in the 1970s, refer to __________.

A) relatively low-wage work
B) relatively high-salary work
C) middle-income jobs dominated by college graduates
D) low-wage and high-wage work

Question 33

The primary points of entry for the majority of immigrants coming to America from abroad are __________.

A) suburban areas of major cities
B) major cities
C) rural areas
D) ethnic enclaves in small-town America

Question 34

The Palermo Soho neighborhood in Buenos Aires, which contains high-end fashion boutiques and trendy new restaurants, is one example of a(n) __________.

A) central business district
B) concentric zone of transition
C) bright light area
D) urban glamour zone

Question 35

Which concept of community best encompasses the fundamental concerns of sociologists who study today's cities and communities?

A) Community comprises family members and neighbors, along with nearby friends.
B) Community comprises individuals located in the immediate space surrounding a person, whether family or not.
C) Community is the degree to which individuals connect with, support, and interact with each other.
D) Community comprises strong friendships with people we come in contact with through school, work, or other social institutions.

Question 36

Sociologist Herbert Gans, in his study of community life, focused on __________.

A) ecological factors like size, density, and heterogeneity
B) demographic factors like age, race, occupation, and income
C) cultural factors like language, religion, and norms of behavior
D) political factors like conflict and power

Question 37

How did researchers St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton describe Bronzeville, the name given to the African American section of Chicago's South Side, in 1945?

A) as a "Black Metropolis," where violence, overcrowding, and dilapidated housing were the norm
B) as a desolate and violent "urban ghetto"
C) as a "vibrant community" where black cultural and social life thrived despite high poverty
D) as a slum rife with "gambling dens" and "call-houses"

Question 38

What does recent sociological research suggest about online social networks, in terms of how they are changing personal and social life?

A) Online social networks may be a poor substitute for voice-to-voice interactions.
B) Online social networks may be a poor substitute for face-to-face interactions.
C) Online social networks may expand and enhance our offline social networks.
D) Online social networks may compete with and undermine our offline social networks.

Question 39

Ethnographers are researchers and scholars who __________.

A) experiment with people and places under laboratory conditions
B) study people and places by immersing themselves in a community
C) study the historical documents associated with the founding of new communities
D) ask questions about the people and places in a community using questionnaires and random sampling

Question 40

East Hollywood, which contains a substantial number of immigrants from Latin America, Armenia, and Southeast Asia, is an example of __________.

A) a cultural capital
B) structural discrimination
C) segmented assimilation
D) a global neighborhood

Question 41

Which of the following scenarios is an accurate reflection of the impact of technology on community life?

A) Keisha has already experienced social isolation in the city where she lives, and her sense of disconnectedness increases with the infusion of technology and social media into her everyday life.
B) Lydia's social capital has improved since she started using social media to stay connected socially and professionally to friends and work contacts.
C) Marco spends so much time on his smartphone that he rarely socializes with his fellow college students, greatly reducing his number of social networks.
D) After graduating from college, Rafael returned to his small hometown to look for work because he still has a lot of personal ties there. His job search, therefore, is more focused on face-to-face contacts than on social media.

Question 42

What argument did Jane Jacobs make about the value of saving New York's Greenwich Village from urban renewal?

Question 43

Applying her understanding of cities as growth machines, what can Gabby logically conclude about how and why her city's population has increased so rapidly over the past decade?

A) Local builders, government officials, media moguls, and university officials used taxation, policy regulations, and civic engagement to develop strip malls, improve public transportation, and build sport and entertainment venues designed to increase population and economic activity.
B) Local residents, in an effort to attract a greater influx of new residents to the city, devised effective ways to promote their city in over-the-phone interviews.
C) To lure more residents to the city, entrepreneurs and philanthropists worked together on United Way campaigns.
D) Wealthy landowners bought up much of the city's property.

Question 44

A group of aldermen and alderwomen is discussing their city's future but want first to understand its past. They are studying historical records of residential and commercial migration patterns, immigrant clusters, and functionalities of different areas. In general, they're looking at how and why residents might have moved and settled where they did. It would be helpful if the group had a thorough understanding of __________.

A) the Great Migration
B) social networks
C) urban ecology
D) urban renewal

Question 45

It seems obvious that rural areas foster a greater sense of community and social connectedness than urban areas, but how might cities be able to create a similar feeling of community?

A) develop more pedestrian areas where residential sites are interspersed with locally owned businesses
B) divide residential areas into informally structured communities, each with its own budget, monthly meetings, and informal leaders and officers
C) establish more formal boundaries to segregate residents with similar interests and demographic factors
D) strengthen the police force in residential areas to ensure greater feelings of security

Question 46

Which of the following scenarios accurately reflects the impact on cities of the huge increase in immigration to the United States since 1965?

A) Formerly segregated neighborhoods have been transformed into global neighborhoods and segmented assimilation, often involving downward mobility for some immigrants, is the norm.
B) Huge increases in crime, directly attributable to immigrants' ignorance of U.S. laws, have strained understaffed city police forces.
C) Local schools have used the sudden enrollment of many students with varied ethnicities as a teaching tool for better understanding other cultures, and students have been encouraged to help newcomers integrate effectively.
D) Unemployment rates have skyrocketed because of the massive influx of undereducated, unskilled laborers, who have taken low-level jobs away from native-born U.S. citizens.

Question 47

Why did researcher Mike Davis label the Los Angeles metropolis a "fortress of exclusion"?

Question 48

When neighborhoods, like SoHo, undergo a process of change that alters the character of the neighborhood, they are being __________.

A) gentrified
B) racially segregated
C) augmented
D) elevated

Question 49

Which scenario typifies a federally subsidized exodus of whites from central cities?

A) After earning her MBA, Kate found a better job in the suburbs, so she and her family moved out of the city to reduce her commute.
B) Kent had no trouble securing a home loan, so moving to a bigger house in the suburbs was an easy way to escape urban life.
C) Lisa was intimidated by nonwhite minorities who were moving in large numbers to her city, so she relocated to an ethnically homogenous white suburb.
D) Mary and John were tired of using public transportation, so they bought a car and relocated their family to the suburbs.

Question 50

What has been the effect of global cities on urban areas, economically, socially, and politically?

A) Politicians have focused more money and time on courting the immigrant vote, immigrants' political and civic involvement has exploded, and tolerance for new immigrants has blossomed.
B) Life for local residents has greatly improved: lower tax rates, increased interest in and funding for locally operated ethnic grocery stores and restaurants, and improved schools are all evident.
C) Manufacturing jobs have been replaced by service-sector jobs, infrastructures and landscapes have been transformed to attract international businesses, a gap has formed between the global elite and the global service class, and city governments have focused less on local residents.
D) Recent immigrants have been thriving because international corporations are eager to utilize their language skills and cultural knowledge.

Question 51

Why do sociologists contend that the federal government facilitated and subsidized white flight?

Question 52

What are the three pathways to assimilation for immigrants that sociologists have identified?

Question 53

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies one of the causes of the rise of urbanization in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) Caroline, a widow, left her rural town seeking a greater sense of community in a bigger city.
B) Martha was dissatisfied with the education that her children were getting at their backwoods one-room schoolhouse, so she moved her family to a city with an improved school system.
C) Toby, the son of former slaves, hoped to find employment and tolerance in the North.
D) William and his family were tired of feeling isolated in their rural town, so they moved to a city where they would have many close neighbors.