Deck 42: Animal Development

Question 1

Differentiation is characterized by

A) cellular division and growth.
B) cells becoming specialized in structure and function.
C) body parts being shaped and patterned into a specific form.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A series of events occur during fertilization. Place the following events in the proper order in which they occur. a) The "slowblock" occurs. b) A single nuclear envelope surrounds both sperm and egg pronuclei. c) The acrosomes of sperm release digestive enzymes that allow the sperm to pass through the zona pellucida to the egg plasma membrane. d) Sperm cover the surface of the egg and secrete enzymes that help weaken the corona radiata. e) Pronuclei are formed. f) The "fast block" occurs. g) Microvilli bring the entire sperm into the egg. h) Sperm squeeze through the corona radiata and bind to the zona pellucida.

A) a, e, b, d, f, c, g, h
B) d, h, c, f, a, g, e, b
C) d, b, g, a, f, c, e, h
D) f, a, d, h, c, g, e, b
E) e, d, h, c, a, f, b, g

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The proper order of embryonic development is

A) cleavage-morula-blastula-gastrula.
B) morula-cleavage-blastula-gastrula.
C) blastula-cleavage-morula-gastrula.
D) gastrula-cleavage-blastula-morula.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The neural tube of vertebrates develops during morphogenesis of the nervous system by the

A) folding of ectoderm tissue.
B) migration of mesoderm cells.
C) fusion of ectoderm and mesoderm.
D) contraction of the endoderm away from the mesoderm.
E) extension of endoderm into a thin spinal column.

Question 5

Which health issue is related to aging issues associated with the immune system?

A) An elderly patient does not respond well to vaccinations.
B) The thymus increases in size due to an accumulation of adipose tissue.
C) The number of natural killer T cells declines.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Which structures located on the oocyte serve to bring the entire sperm into it?

A) microvilli
B) flagella
C) zona pellucida
D) corona radiata

Question 7

Morphogenesis is characterized by

A) cell division and growth in size.
B) cells becoming specialized in structure and function.
C) body parts being shaped and patterned into a specific form.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about embryonic development is NOT true?

A) A blastopore is the opening into the primitive gut formed by gastrulation.
B) A blastocoel is the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula.
C) A primitive gut is also referred to as an archenteron.
D) The primitive streak occurs in the morula stage of the embryonic development.
E) A zygote undergoes cleavage, which increases the cell number, but not the volume of the egg cytoplasm.

Question 9

Generally, only one sperm fertilizes an egg because

A) sperm are so few that two are unlikely to arrive at the same time.
B) sperm compete against one another before entering, and only the most fit one is accepted.
C) one small entry hole called the blastopore allows only one sperm to fit through and then seals.
D) many sperm enter but only one set of chromosomes can fuse with the egg nucleus; the other sperm are absorbed.
E) when the first sperm membrane fuses with the egg membrane, it forms a fertilization membrane, which forms a barrier to the penetration of other sperm.

Question 10

What statement about homeotic genes, as it relates to morphogenesis inDrosophila , is NOT true?

A) Homeotic genes are found in many different organisms.
B) Homeotic genes code for translational factors that bind to mRNA.
C) Each homeotic gene has a variable region and a sequence called the homeobox.
D) The homeobox codes for a homeodomain which is the DNA-binding portion of the transcriptional factor.
E) All homeotic genes are thought to be derived from an original DNA sequence that has been highly conserved in evolution.

Question 11

In what process does a fertilized egg undergo cell division without further growth?

A) cleavage
B) gastrulation
C) differentiation
D) morphogenesis
E) implantation

Question 12

The coelomic cavity is derived from the

A) blastocoel.
B) folding of the neural tube.
C) splitting of the mesoderm.
D) elimination of the yolk sac nutrients.
E) space left after organs develop.

Question 13

Identify and briefly describe the labeled structures in the cross section of the vertebrate embryo.

Question 14

The phenomenon of apoptosis or cell death, as it relates to morphogenesis in Drosphila melanogaster,

A) is a mechanism present in every cell that occurs when an inhibitory protein is inactivated.
B) occurs when the cellular machinery simply wears out and the cell dies from being unable to continue vital processes.
C) occurs when the ability of the cell to repair DNA mutations finally fails.
D) is a disease phenomenon and cell death is always a bad trait.
E) is not yet understood but probably involves the failure of the homeobox to correctly control development.

Question 15

As we age we tend to see a decrease in the function of various body systems. A decrease in which system will lead to problems in regulating our temperature?

A) integumentary system
B) cardiovascular system
C) digestive system
D) respiratory system
E) excretory system

Question 16

When discussing the morphogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster, homeotic gene codes for

A) proteins that bind to regulatory regions of DNA.
B) proteins that determine anteroposterior polarity.
C) proteins that determine which genes are turned on.
D) proteins that bind to regulatory regions of DNA and proteins that determine which genes are turned on.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

Development of the neural system is characterized by

A) cell division and growth in size.
B) cells becoming specialized in structure and function.
C) body parts being shaped and patterned into a specific form.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 18

During the formation of an embryo, the hollow ball of cells having a fluid-filled cavity is called a

A) morula.
B) blastula.
C) blastocoel.
D) gastrula.
E) neurula.

Question 19

Which structure is not associated with the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates?

A) notochord
B) neural plate
C) neural tube
D) ectoderm

Question 20

Which of the following stages of embryonic development consists of only two layers of cells?

A) morula
B) blastula
C) early gastrula
D) late gastrula

Question 21

The _____ develops into the fetal portion of the placenta.

A) amnion
B) archenteron
C) chorion
D) yolk sac
E) allantois

Question 22

What part of the blastocyst will develop into the human embryo and eventually into a fetus?

A) archenteron
B) blastopore
C) chorion
D) trophoblast
E) inner cell mass

Question 23

Which of the following is the organ of exchange between the mother and fetus?

A) chorion
B) amnion
C) placenta
D) yolk sac
E) allantois

Question 24

Identify the correct order of steps in the development of the central nervous system.
A) Neural folds develop on either side of the neural groove.
B) The neural tube forms.
C) Thickening of cells on the dorsal surface called the neural plate occurs.
D) The anterior end of the neural tube develops into the brain.

A) c - a - b - d
B) c - a - d - b
C) a - c - b - d
D) a - b - c- d
E) d - c - b - a

Question 25

Development of the human embryo's heart begins in the ____ week.

A) 16^th
B) 3^rd
C) 1^st
D) 24^th
E) 6^th

Question 26

Which of the following variables would support the damage accumulation theory of aging?

A) Harmful metabolites accumulate over our lifetime.
B) Protein fibers become cross-linked as we age.
C) Poor diet and exposure to the sun lead to cellular damage.
D) None of these support the damage accumulation theory of aging
E) All of these support the damage accumulation theory of aging

Question 27

Which system develops first in the embryo?

A) reproductive
B) circulatory
C) nervous
D) respiratory
E) excretory

Question 28

The notochord develops in which stage of embryonic development?

A) gastrulation
B) neurulation
C) blastulation
D) cleavage

Question 29

Which of the following structures is NOT one of the extraembryonic membranes associated with the human embryo?

A) chorion
B) amnion
C) placenta
D) yolk sac
E) allantois

Question 30

Which feature is not associated with aging of the musculoskeletal system?

A) A decrease in the muscle mass starting in the 20s or 30s for men.
B) A two inch decrease in height by the time we reach age 80.
C) A reduction in the size and number of muscle fibers.
D) Compression of the vertebrae.
E) All of these are features associated with aging.

Question 31

Which of the following serves as the first site of blood formation in the embryo?

A) chorion
B) amnion
C) placenta
D) yolk sac
E) allantois

Question 32

The preprogrammed theory of aging supports all of the following except

A) there is a genetic influence on aging.
B) mutations that decrease the activity of a hormone receptor contribute to a longer lifespan.
C) the accumulation of harmful DNA mutants builds up over time.
D) longevity tends to run in families.
E) identical twins have a similar life span.

Question 33

At _____ weeks, the fetal heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope.

A) 4
B) 25
C) 16
D) 12
E) 30

Question 34

The process in which neighboring cells influence the development of each other, either by direct contact or by production of chemical signals, is

A) neurulation.
B) gastrulation.
C) induction.
D) maternal determinants.
E) homeotic pattern formation.

Question 35

Which stage would show the development of the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers?

A) early gastrulation
B) neurulation
C) blastulation
D) late gastrulation

Question 36

Which of the following practices is believed to help the most with slowing the damage accumulation aging process?

A) A diet that consists of dark green vegetables, nuts and red wine.
B) A diet that has a high level of cholesterol.
C) A moderate exercise program.
D) All of these will help slow the aging process.
E) None of these will help slow the aging process.

Question 37

A fetus born at twenty-four weeks has a chance of surviving, although it may have

A) immature lungs and breathing difficulties.
B) kidneys that fail to function.
C) an incomplete digestive system.
D) problems with brain development.
E) an incomplete heart and circulatory system.

Question 38

What is the correct order of steps of morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster?
A) Gap genes divide the body into broad regions
B) Establishment of anterior / posterior axes
C) Homeotic genes determine which body parts arise from each region
D) Pair-rule genes are activated in order to develop a preliminary segmentation pattern

A) b - a - d - c
B) a - d - c - b
C) b - a - c - d
D) a - b - c - d
E) a - d - b - c

Question 39

Using the word bank below, identify the labeled structures in the picture (embryo, amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, umbilical cord).

Question 40

Which association of structure and function is incorrect?

A) chorion - gas exchange
B) amnion - blood vessels
C) allantois - waste storage
D) yolk sac - food storage

Question 41

Prevention of polyspermy depends upon changes in the plasma membrane of the egg and in the zona pellucida.

Question 42

The human embryo becomes a fetus at the end of the second month of gestation.

Question 43

List the correct order of steps in the development of the central nervous system of a vertebrate.

Question 44

If the acrosome cap of the sperm were to fall off what would happen during fertilization?

A) The corona radiata would not be weakened by the enzymes found in the acrosome cap of the sperm.
B) The corona radiata would not be weakened by the fatty acids found in the acrosome cap of the sperm.
C) The zona pellucida would depolarize at a faster rate than if the acrosome cap was present.
D) None of the answer choices would occur.
E) All of the answer choices would occur.

Question 45

One of the earliest indications of cell differentiation is cellular movement.

Question 46

What body systems may be impacted if a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy and causes developmental problems to the endoderm?

A) The epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems may not be as functional as they should.
B) The epithelial lining of the digestive and reproductive systems may not be as functional as they should.
C) The epidermis and the epithelial lining of the oral cavity may not be as functional as they should.
D) The outer layers of the digestive and respiratory systems may not be as functional as they should.

Question 47

The formation of the lens of the vertebrate eye from a skin layer in contact with an outgrowth of the embryonic brain is an example of

A) cellular aggregation.
B) induction.
C) morphogenesis.
D) gastrulation.
E) neurulation.

Question 48

The trophoblast will provide nourishment for the embryo and give rise to the placenta.

Question 49

A decrease in the function of the cardiovascular system due to aging can cause a decreased ability of the body to metabolize drugs.

Question 50

By the end of the eighth week of development, all organ systems are developed in the embryo.

Question 51

What is the correct series of events during parturition?
A) The amnion breaks.
B) The cervix dilates.
C) ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release androgens into the bloodstream.
D) Prostaglandins and oxytocin are produced.
E) The baby is born and the umbilical cord is cut.
F) The placenta is delivered.

A) c - d - b - a - e - f
B) c - d - a -b - e - f
C) a - d - b - c - e - f
D) c - d - b - f - a - e
E) c - b - f - a - e - d

Question 52

List the correct order of steps of morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Question 53

The amnion surrounds the embryo and bathes it in a protective fluid.

Question 54

Indicate the proper order of events that occur in fertilization.