Deck 15: Predation

Question 1

________ mimicry occurs when a nontoxic species closely resembles a toxic species,both of which are avoided by predators.

Answer 1

Batesian

Question 2

________ defenses are not permanently present but,rather,are brought about by the presence or action of predators.

Answer 2

Induced

Question 3

The movement of predators into areas of high prey density is a type of numerical response referred to as a(n)________ response.

Answer 3

aggregative

Question 4

The increase in a predator's reproduction in response to an increase in the consumption of prey is known as the predator's ________ response.

Question 5

A(n)________ is an organism that lives on or within another without killing the host.

Question 6

The ________ value theorem predicts the length of time an individual should stay in a resource patch before leaving and seeking another.

Question 7

A species that consumes both plant and animal tissue is called a(n)________.

Question 8

The costs of foraging can be measured in terms of the time and ________ expended in the act of foraging.

Question 9

A species that consumes only animal tissue is called a(n)________.

Question 10

Most predators are also ________ to other predatory species.

Question 11

Animals that are boldly colored or patterned to warn potential predators possess warning coloration or ________.

Question 12

The cycle of change in the size of predator and prey populations in response of one to the other is known as ________.

Question 13

________ is the consumption of one living organism by another.

Question 14

The relationship between the per capita rate of consumption and the number of prey is known as the predator's ________ response.

Question 15

The recognition of a particular species as potential prey by a predator is called a(n)________ image.

Question 16

The per capita rate at which predators consume prey is assumed to increase ________ with the number of prey.

Question 17

The trade-off between conflicting demands faced by a predator is described by the ________ foraging theory.

Question 18

________ mimicry occurs when many unpalatable or venomous species share a similar color pattern.

Question 19

A type ________ functional response describes the per capita rate of predation,which increases linearly with prey density.

Question 20

A type ________ functional response occurs when the rate at which prey are consumed is low at first,increases,and then decreases in an S-shaped fashion as the rate of predation approaches the maximum value.

Question 21

In the Lotka-Volterra model of predator-prey interactions,population growth is regulated through

A)reproduction for both predator and prey.
B)reproduction for the predator and mortality for the prey.
C)reproduction for the prey and mortality for the predator.
D)mortality for both predator and prey.

Question 22

A plant may be able to compensate for the loss of leaves by increasing the rate of ________ in the remaining leaves.

Question 23

Which of the following is a positive numerical response made by a predator in response to an increase in prey density?

A)decrease in predator mortality rate
B)increase in predator survival rate
C)immigration of predators to an area of high prey density
D)decrease in predator reproduction rate

Question 24

An organism that feeds on plant or algal tissues is referred to as a(n)

A)herbivore.
B)omnivore.
C)carnivore.
D)decomposer

Question 25

Under the marginal value theorem,when patch quality is equal,what other factor is expected to influence the time a predator spends foraging in a patch?

A)handling time of prey
B)time spent traveling to the patch
C)patch size
D)prey density

Question 26

A true predator is a species that

A)feeds upon any part of any organism,not necessarily killing it.
B)feeds only on animals.
C)kills its prey more or less immediately upon capture.
D)feeds on dead or living prey.

Question 27

The profitability of a prey item

A)increases as its handling time (Th)increases.
B)decreases as its search time (Ts)decreases.
C)increases as its energy content (E)decreases.
D)increases as its E / Th increases.

Question 28

A parasitoid

A)is a true predator.
B)actively pursues its prey.
C)attacks the host indirectly by laying its eggs in or on the prey's body.
D)preys only on animals.

Question 29

European kestrels feed on Microtus voles,with the "kill" rate,defined as the number of prey taken during the breeding season,as linearly proportional to the density of Microtus.This type of functional response is referred to as

A)type I.
B)type II.
C)type III.
D)type IV.

Question 30

Which of the following is functionally a true predator?

A)parasite
B)planktivore
C)grazer
D)parasitoid

Question 31

________ prey on autotrophs and do not kill the individuals they feed on.

Question 32

The concept of ________ energy is the basis for models of optimal foraging.

Question 33

Many plants use ________ defenses,such as hairy leaves,thorns,or spines to deter herbivory.

Question 34

According to the optimal foraging theory,a predator will select prey 1 (P1)over prey 2 (P2)when

A)E1 < E2.
B)Th1 < Th2.
C)E1 /Th1 < E2 / Th2.
D)Nprey1 > N prey2.

Question 35

The sigmoidal relationship between prey density and per capita predation rate in a type III functional response can be explained by all of the following factors,except

A)prey access to refuge.
B)predator preference.
C)recognition of prey by predator.
D)predator density.

Question 36

In a graph that plots prey population (Nprey)on the x-axis against the number of predator offspring produced per unit of time on the y-axis,the slope represents the

A)efficiency of predation (c).
B)efficiency with which food is converted into predator population growth or reproduction (b).
C)predator population growth rate (r).
D)the rate of increase in prey availability.

Question 37

A shift in the phenotype of individual prey,induced by the presence and activity of predators,is termed ________.

Question 38

In the basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions,the growth rate of the prey population (dNprey / dt)is zero when the density of predators (Nprey)is equal to

A)r / N.
B)N / r.
C)r / c.
D)c / r.

Question 39

________ is a deliberate form of hunting with a quick attack.

Question 40

The net outcome of predator-prey interactions in the basic Lotka-Volterra models is that

A)the predator drives its prey to extinction and then goes extinct itself.
B)the prey population declines and this causes the predator population to also decline.
C)predator and prey populations eventually converge on equilibrium population sizes that are maintained into infinity.
D)predator and prey populations oscillate,with each predictably increasing and decreasing in response to the other.

Question 41

Quantitative inhibitors

A)are produced in small quantities by a plant.
B)are toxic to herbivores.
C)reduce digestibility of plant material.
D)include cyanide and alkaloids.

Question 42

When prey produce so many offspring in a short period of time that predators can attack only a fraction of them,it is referred to as

A)a numerical response.
B)a functional response.
C)predator satiation.
D)cryptic reproduction.

Question 43

A type I functional response leads to regulation of the prey population by the predator.

Question 44

The response of a predator's consumption rate to prey density is a key factor as to whether a predator can regulate a prey population.

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry?

A)walking sticks that resemble twigs
B)stinkbugs that produce a noxious odor
C)flounders whose colors resemble the sea floor
D)wasps with black and yellow bands

Question 46

Which of the following is not a class of plant secondary compounds?

A)terpenoids
B)phenolics
C)nitrogen-based compounds
D)alkanes

Question 47

Which animal does not employ protective armor for predator defense?

A)armadillo
B)beetle
C)scorpion
D)porcupine

Question 48

According to the optimal foraging theory,a predator should abandon a patch

A)when the rate of energy gain is at a maximum.
B)at low values of cumulative energy gain (G).
C)when the preferred prey species is unavailable.
D)any time a higher quality patch is available.

Question 49

Which of the following is considered a nonlethal effect of predation?

A)reduced activity of prey
B)prey consumption
C)reduced competition
D)increased predator mortality

Question 50

Which of the following hunting methods has the lowest frequency of success but requires the least amount of energy?

A)satiation
B)ambush
C)stalking
D)pursuit

Question 51

In the Lotka-Volterra equations that represent predator-prey interactions,predators are a source of density-independent mortality for prey.

Question 52

Which of the following gray tree frog (Hyla)tadpole body forms is most common in populations raised in the presence of predators (aquatic dragonfly larvae,Anax)?

A)long body and great tail depth
B)long body and minimal tail depth
C)great tail depth and short overall body length
D)minimal tail depth and short overall body length

Question 53

Scavengers are heterotrophs.

Question 54

Which of the following is an induced defense?

A)bright coloration of poison dart frogs
B)high-pitched alarm calls by a squirrel
C)background color matching by a chameleon
D)walking sticks resembling twigs

Question 55

A type III functional response is the most commonly reported for predators.

Question 56

The Lotka-Volterra model of predator-prey interactions assumes a mutual regulation of predator and prey populations.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?

A)a brown bird that nests on the ground
B)a deer with a large,white tail
C)skunks with black and white stripes
D)snakes with black,yellow,and red bands

Question 58

According to the Red Queen hypothesis,

A)the population density of a predator depends on the population density of its prey.
B)natural selection should favor the most efficient foragers.
C)prey must continually evolve means of avoiding capture to avoid extinction.
D)most predators consume a varied diet in order to meet their nutritional requirements.

Question 59

In the Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions,prey density does not influence predator mortality.

Question 60

Grazers and browsers are true predators.

Question 61

Most animals live in a relatively homogeneous environment in which the spatial density of prey does not vary much.

Question 62

Pursuit hunting requires minimal search time.

Question 63

Quantitative inhibitors in plants are toxic secondary compounds,often causing herbivores to avoid their consumption.

Question 64

It is difficult to quantify the consequences of a specific behavioral choice on the probability of survivorship and reproduction.

Question 65

One explanation for the shape of the type II functional response is that predators develop a search image for prey after they have encountered them.

Question 66

As prey species evolve more effective means to avoid being caught,predators evolve more effective means to capture them.

Question 67

Carnivores can have an indirect,positive effect on plants by reducing populations of herbivores.

Question 68

If defoliation of trees is complete,the leaves that regrow are often larger than the original leaves.

Question 69

Predators can induce changes in prey phenotype.

Question 70

Cryptic coloration is a strategy employed only by prey.

Question 71

Herbivory does not affect a plant's ability to survive.

Question 72

The amount of time an organism spends foraging must be balanced against other time constraints such as defense,avoiding predators,searching for mates,or caring for young.

Question 73

The risk of predation can sometimes have a significant impact on the foraging choices made by animals.

Question 74

Acoustic mimicry by some nonvenomous snakes that rattle their tails like rattlesnakes is a form of Mullerian mimicry.

Question 75

Some plants are able to attract beneficial insects that act as predators on the herbivores of that plant.

Question 76

Some animals acquire their toxic chemical compounds from plants that they consume.

Question 77

Most grasses tolerate grazing and actually benefit from it.

Question 78

Most predator populations grow slowly in comparison to those of their prey.