Deck 19: Landscape Dynamics

Question 1

Boundaries offer unique habitats

A)that offer relatively easy access to adjacent communities.
B)that do not offer easy access to adjacent communities.
C)that support only species specially adapted to the boundary environment.
D)whose composition is almost exactly the same as adjacent communities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Within a mosaic,a(n)________ is a relatively homogeneous community type,differing from its surroundings in both structure and species composition.

Answer 2

patch

Question 3

A set of spatially separated subpopulations connected by the movement of individuals is referred to as a(n)________.

Answer 3

metapopulation

Question 4

Strips of habitat that connect habitat patches are referred to as ________.

Question 5

Plants adapted to edge environments tend to be

A)tolerant of shade and prefer moisture.
B)tolerant of shade and dry conditions.
C)intolerant of shade and prefer moisture.
D)intolerant of shade and tolerant of dry conditions.

Question 6

Which of the following increase connectivity between patches?

A)edge effects
B)matrixes
C)boundaries
D)corridors

Question 7

The theory of ________ postulates that the number of species on an island represents a dynamic equilibrium between the immigration of new species and the extinction of previously established species.

Question 8

The study of the causes and ecological consequences of spatial patterns on the landscape is called ________.

Question 9

Within a landscape mosaic,patches

A)are composed of relatively heterogeneous communities.
B)typically lack a distinct boundary.
C)tend to be similar in size.
D)tend to vary in shape.

Question 10

The phenomenon in which different-sized gaps in corridors allow certain organisms to cross and restrict others is referred to as the ________ effect.

Question 11

The patchwork of different types of land cover is called a(n)________.

Question 12

How do beavers maintain a landscape?

A)massive defoliation of shrubs
B)feeding on roots of graminoid plants
C)feeding on aspen,willow,and birch trees
D)dispersing seeds of mesquite

Question 13

The ________ mosaic view of the landscape considers landscapes as composed of multiple patches or communities,each in a different phase of successional development due to disturbances.

Question 14

The degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes the movement of organisms among patches is referred to as landscape ________.

Question 15

When a forest gradually merges into a grassland over a wide area,the border between the two landscape patches is referred to as a(n)

A)narrow border.
B)convoluted border.
C)perforated border.
D)ecotone.

Question 16

A(n)________ species lives within the borders of a habitat patch,avoiding edges where habitat change is abrupt.

Question 17

What is a primary focus of landscape ecology?

A)individual behavior
B)spatial heterogeneity
C)species interactions
D)population growth

Question 18

Which of the following can serve as a boundary?

A)soil type
B)timber harvesting
C)pond edge
D)all of the above

Question 19

The ________ effect refers to the rich diversity of life that occurs along the border between adjacent habitat patches,represented by species from both adjacent patches and species adapted to edge habitats.

Question 20

Where the edge of one match meets another is referred to as

A)a corridor.
B)a boundary.
C)a shifting mosaic.
D)a metacommunity.

Question 21

Organisms that live at or near boundaries are called

A)boundary species.
B)edge species.
C)patch species.
D)matrix species.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Large patches of habitat usually contain fewer species than small patches.
B)Large animals usually have larger home ranges than smaller animals.
C)Carnivore home ranges are usually smaller than herbivore home ranges.
D)Small species are usually limited to small habitat patches.

Question 23

Which of the following can be considered a habitat corridor?

A)a large lake in a city park
B)an abandoned agricultural field in an urban area
C)a strip of forest along the banks of a river flowing from a forested mountain through a city
D)a patch of forest within a city park

Question 24

What does this figure suggest?

A)Larger patch size increases extinction risk.
B)Larger number of patches increase extinction risk.
C)Smaller patch size increases extinction risk.
D)Smaller number of patches increase extinction risk.

Question 25

A corridor with low functional connectivity for certain species undergoes

A)a filter effect.
B)island biogeography.
C)a strip corridor.
D)an edge effect.

Question 26

Which of the following factors is related to patch extinction?

A)size of the patch
B)isolation of the patch
C)number of patches
D)all of the above

Question 27

With increasing forest area in a patch,what is more likely to occur?

A)interior species
B)edge species
C)boundary species
D)area-insensitive species

Question 28

Two patches are connected by a corridor but a species does not utilize it.This is an example of

A)high structural connectivity.
B)low structural connectivity.
C)high functional connectivity.
D)low functional connectivity.

Question 29

What is a potential danger of corridor habitat?

A)increased connectivity
B)decreased colonization rates
C)increased extinction risk
D)increased predation risk

Question 30

According to the theory of island biogeography,the islands with the most species will be

A)small and close to the mainland.
B)small and far from the mainland.
C)large and close to the mainland.
D)large and far from the mainland.

Question 31

What would likely be true when P = 0.9?

A)Rate of extinction would be high.
B)Rate of colonization would be high.
C)Proportion of patch occupied would be low.
D)Corridor size would be small.

Question 32

A corridor wide enough to contain interior habitat is called

A)functional connectivity.
B)a patch.
C)a strip corridor.
D)a filter effect.

Question 33

How can one justify using island biogeography theory on the tops of mountains?

A)Metapopulation dynamics are similar.
B)The same species exist in the two habitats.
C)Moving between mountaintops and islands is similarly challenging.
D)The theory does not apply.

Question 34

A set of local communities that are linked by the dispersal of multiple,potentially interacting species is referred to as a(n)

A)ecotone.
B)archipelago.
C)metapopulation.
D)metacommunity.

Question 35

Which of the following factors is related to patch colonization?

A)size of the patch
B)isolation of the patch
C)number of patches
D)all of the above

Question 36

What do these data suggest?

A)increased bird nesting closer to edge habitat
B)increased risk of mammalian predation on nests closer to edge habitat
C)decreased mammalian visitation closer to edge habitat
D)highest level of nest predation by mammals occurring in the interior

Question 37

In metapopulation theory,what does P stand for?

A)population size
B)probability of extinction
C)proportion of patches occupied
D)rate of colonization

Question 38

Island biogeography theory predicts that a 10-fold increase in area results in

A)a 10-fold increase in species number.
B)a doubling of species number.
C)a tripling of species number.
D)no effect on species number.

Question 39

According to the figure,what decreases the most moving away from the edge habitat?

A)light intensity
B)temperature
C)humidity
D)chaparral habitat

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a general relationship?

A)Increasing patch size is related to increased species diversity.
B)Increasing patch size is related to increased population size.
C)Increasing patch size is related to increased edge-to-core ratio.
D)Increased body size is related to increased home range.

Question 41

For a given body size,the home range of carnivores is greater than that of herbivores.

Question 42

When metapopulation theory is extended to examining interactions among species,it is termed

A)edge effect.
B)island biogeography.
C)metacommunity.
D)matrix ecology.

Question 43

Animal species inhabiting edges of habitat patches usually require two or more habitat types within their home range or territory.

Question 44

La Selva Biological Station and the Braulio Carrillo National Park in Costa Rica are an example of

A)use of corridor theory in guiding conservation.
B)use of metapopulation dynamics in guiding conservation.
C)use of island biogeography theory in guiding conservation.
D)poor planning in conservation efforts.

Question 45

As a patch increases in size,the ratio of interior to edge increases.

Question 46

Which of the following would help conservation efforts in terms of increasing corridor use?

A)purchasing larger preserve areas
B)purchasing areas being clear cut
C)purchasing several small areas
D)purchasing areas that connect protected areas

Question 47

Borders between patches that result from natural disturbances typically change over time.

Question 48

The theory of island biogeography predicts that large islands have more species than smaller islands.

Question 49

The size and shape of habitat patches are determined more by the activities of animals than by the interaction of geology,topography,and climate.

Question 50

The greater the contrast between two adjoining habitat patches,the greater is the diversity of species living along the border between the two patches.

Question 51

For a population to persist,which needs to be true?

A)P = 0
B)P > 0
C)P < 0
D)P < C

Question 52

The theory of island biogeography was developed for islands and cannot be applied to habitat patches within a larger landscape.

Question 53

The theory of island biogeography predicts that the extinction rate is greater on large islands than on small islands.

Question 54

Large habitat patches typically contain more individuals and species than smaller habitat patches.

Question 55

Habitat corridors have two roles: providing a unique habitat for some plant and animal species and providing a means of dispersal between larger patches of habitat.

Question 56

What process is likely to be driving changes in landscape over time?

A)disturbance
B)extinctions
C)succession
D)all of the above

Question 57

Habitat corridors are usually of human origin.

Question 58

Habitat fragmentation is harmful because no species are adapted to living along habitat edges.

Question 59

Patch size is generally more important for plant populations than for animal populations.

Question 60

The notion that landscapes are continually changing through time is often called

A)a shifting mosaic.
B)a metacommunity.
C)island biogeography.
D)corridor dynamics.

Question 61

The landscape can be thought of as a shifting mosaic of habitat patches,each in a phase of successional development.

Question 62

Subpopulations within a metapopulation are isolated from one another with no movement of individuals between subpopulations.