Deck 15: Parasitism and Mutualism

Question 1

A lichen consists of a(n)________ and an alga (or,in some cases,a cyanobacterium).

Answer 1

fungus

Question 2

Parasites that live on the skin of their host are called ________.

Answer 2

ectoparasites

Question 3

After infection occurs,the second line of defense for a host against a parasite,which is elicited when a foreign object,such as a virus or bacterium,enters the bloodstream,is referred to as a(n)________ response.

Answer 3

immune

Question 4

The outcome of an infection is called a(n)________.

Question 5

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit is called ________.

Question 6

A(n)________ lives on or within the host organism for some period of its life.

Question 7

________ transmission occurs when a parasite is transferred from one host to another without the involvement of an intermediate organism.

Question 8

The host species in which a parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity is referred to as a(n)________ host.

Question 9

Microparasites are usually characterized by

A)a large body size.
B)a long generation time.
C)a long time of infection relative to the host's expected life span.
D)direct transmission from one host to another.

Question 10

The intimate and protracted association between two or more organisms of different species is referred to as

A)mutualism.
B)parasitism.
C)commensalism.
D)symbiosis.

Question 11

A heavy load of parasites is termed a(n)________.

Question 12

Plants often react to attacks on their leaves,stems,fruit,or seeds by forming abnormal structures called ________.

Question 13

Relatively large parasites,such as viruses,bacteria,and protozoans,are referred to as ________.

Question 14

Plants that rely on ants to disperse their seeds have an ant-attracting food body on the seed coat referred to as a(n)________.

Question 15

The mutualistic fungi that can live within the roots of certain plants are called ________.

Question 16

The mutualistic algae that live within the tissues of corals are called ________.

Question 17

An animal that feeds upon nectar is referred to as a(n)________.

Question 18

Some parasites are transmitted between hosts by an intermediate organism,or ________.

Question 19

A host species that harbors a developmental stage of a parasite,but in which the parasite does not reach maturity,is referred to as a(n)________ host.

Question 20

After infection occurs,the first line of defense for a host against a parasite is the ________ response.

Question 21

Which of the following is an endoparasite?

A)flea
B)tapeworm
C)tick
D)mosquito

Question 22

The most debilitating external parasites of birds and mammals are spread by

A)a vector.
B)an intermediate host.
C)a definitive host.
D)direct contact.

Question 23

While foraging on grass,white-tailed deer occasionally ingest snails or slugs that host larvae of the meningeal worm.The worm larvae mature inside the deer and eventually are passed out with the feces.The snails acquire the larvae as they come into contact with deer feces on the ground.The snails are an example of a(n)

A)intermediate host.
B)direct host.
C)definitive host.
D)macrohost.

Question 24

Which of the following is an ectoparasite?

A)virus that inhabits the lymphatic system
B)bacterium that attacks the brain
C)tick that attaches to the skin
D)fluke that inhabits the bloodstream

Question 25

Which of the following are always photosynthetic?

A)macroparasites
B)microparasites
C)hemiparasites
D)holoparasites

Question 26

Plant parasites that are photosynthetic but draw water and nutrients from their host plant are referred to as

A)mycorrhizae.
B)vectors.
C)parasitoids.
D)hemiparasites.

Question 27

You see a killifish jumping around on the surface before it is consumed by a bird.You conclude the fish was

A)trying to scare off the predator.
B)hunting for flying insects.
C)infected with a trematode.
D)starving to death.

Question 28

Following infection,a typical first-line defense of the host's immune system is

A)reduction in white blood cell count.
B)release of antibodies.
C)forming cysts.
D)inflammation.

Question 29

Which of the following transmission modes is available for plants?

A)direct
B)intermediate vector
C)multiple hosts and stages
D)all of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is the definitive host?

A)deer
B)soil
C)snail
D)free living stage

Question 31

Which of the following uses a mosquito as a vector?

A)Anopholes
B)Parelaphostrongylus
C)Plasmodium
D)Borrelia

Question 32

Which form of transmission is typically characterized by low virulence?

A)horizontal transmission
B)vertical transmission
C)indirect transmission
D)direct transmission

Question 33

The production of antibodies that results from the entrance of a foreign object such as a virus or bacterium,into the bloodstream of a host is referred to as

A)allelopathy.
B)a behavioral response.
C)an inflammatory response.
D)an immune response.

Question 34

Which of the following is a macroparasite?

A)virus
B)bacterium
C)tick
D)protozoan

Question 35

Which of the following is a potential response by a plant host to a parasite?

A)formation of a gall
B)allelopathy
C)increased production of lymphocytes
D)more rapid growth of tissues

Question 36

When infected by a parasite,an animal typically

A)grows more rapidly than a healthy individual.
B)produces fewer offspring than a healthy individual.
C)behaves less conspicuously than a healthy individual.
D)is less likely to be preyed on than a healthy individual.

Question 37

Which of the following symbiotic mutualisms involves a fungus?

A)lichens
B)legume-Rhizobium interactions
C)corals and zooxanthellae
D)gut microbe-ruminant interactions

Question 38

Which of the following best explains the figure?

A)Conspicuous behavior leads to high infection intensity.
B)High intensity infection leads to more conspicuous behavior.
C)There is no relationship between conspicuous behavior and infection intensity.
D)Only infected individuals exhibit conspicuous behavior.

Question 39

The meningeal worm matures into an adult in the white-tailed deer.The deer are referred to as

A)an intermediate host.
B)a definitive host.
C)an intermediate vector.
D)a definitive vector.

Question 40

How are fleas transmitted between hosts?

A)via direct transmission
B)via an intermediate vector
C)through multiple hosts
D)via water

Question 41

Which of the following mutualisms is a cleaning mutualism in which one species removes ectoparasites from another?

A)corals and zooxanthellae
B)bees and flowers
C)ants and acacias
D)oxpeckers and large mammals

Question 42

Which of the following mutualists cannot survive without the mutualistic interaction?

A)facultative
B)subordinate
C)dependent
D)obligate

Question 43

Which of the following is associated with the increased incidence of Lyme disease?

A)decreased tick population
B)decreased deer population
C)decreased white-footed mouse population
D)decreased forest patch size

Question 44

Which of the following are symbiotic with corals?

A)polyps
B)zooxanthellae
C)silica
D)clownfish

Question 45

Why might a pine seed not have a wing to disperse via air currents?

A)adapted to grow near parent tree
B)wing adapted to provide extra protection
C)lack of a seed coat on the pine seed
D)spread via birds instead

Question 46

Which of the following factors is most strongly reduced with increased forest size?

A)density of nymphs
B)percent nymphs infected
C)density of infected nymphs
D)density of deer infected

Question 47

Microparasites are usually transmitted directly from one host to another.

Question 48

Animal parasites can be either ecto- or endoparasites,whereas all plant parasites live inside the plant tissue as endoparasites.

Question 49

When the bacteria Wolbachia infects the wasp Nasonia vitripennis,what happens?

A)The wasp dies immediately.
B)Female wasps produce less offspring.
C)Females wasps produce more offspring.
D)Female wasps are unable to produce offspring.

Question 50

Symbiosis is an interaction between two species that is beneficial to both species.

Question 51

Holoparasites are plants that lack chlorophyll and are thus nonphotosynthetic,relying totally on a host's tissues for nutrition.

Question 52

Which of the following mutualistic relationships have the largest impact on population dynamics?

A)obligate mutualists
B)generalist pollinators
C)nitrogen-fixing bacteria
D)seed-dispersing animals

Question 53

The presence of a mutualist might allow what to happen in terms of population dynamics?

A)The species could surpass its carrying capacity.
B)The growth rate would decrease.
C)The competition coefficient would become negative.
D)N would go to 0.

Question 54

A mutualism in which two species benefit when living together but can survive when apart is referred to as a(n)

A)obligatory mutualism.
B)trophic mutualism.
C)dispersive mutualism.
D)facultative mutualism.

Question 55

What reward do many organisms receive for pollinating flowers?

A)protection from predators
B)no reward
C)nectar
D)fruit

Question 56

A major problem for parasites is gaining access to and escaping from the host.

Question 57

How might ants on an acacia tree serve in a mutualistic relationship?

A)The ants fight off potential herbivores.
B)The ants carry disease.
C)The ants bring nitrogen to the tree.
D)The ants bring sugar to the tree.

Question 58

If the competition coefficient α is positive,that likely means

A)that the two species are strong competitors.
B)that the two species are predator and prey.
C)that the species are mutualistic.
D)that only one of the species will survive.

Question 59

What would you predict would happen to a plant after being invaded by Rhizobium bacteria?

A)It would die.
B)It would grow better.
C)It would grow worse.
D)It would wilt.

Question 60

Parasites are always transmitted between hosts via an intermediate vector organism.

Question 61

Some parasitic plants are spread from one plant to another by direct transmission.

Question 62

Plants do not benefit from insects that prey on their nectar.

Question 63

The number of parasites per individual is relatively high in most individuals and low in a few individuals.

Question 64

Nitrogen is important in the mutualism between legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria.

Question 65

The formation of scabs on the skin and cysts in the muscles of animals in response to a parasite are examples of an inflammatory response.

Question 66

Parasites typically impact host survival but not reproduction.

Question 67

Parasites may regulate host populations.

Question 68

Plants benefit from frugivores,which aid in the dispersal of their seeds.

Question 69

Mycorrhizae are nitrogen-fixing bacteria living within the roots of certain tropical trees.

Question 70

Some symbiotic mutualisms involve defense against herbivores.

Question 71

In a commensalistic relationship between two species,only one species benefits without significantly affecting the other.

Question 72

Preening by birds is an example of an inflammatory response to infection.

Question 73

In mutualism,the interaction between two species is more often a reciprocal exploitation than a cooperative effort between individuals.

Question 74

A lichen is an example of a commensalistic relationship between a fungus and an alga.

Question 75

Myrmechochores are ants that are attracted to the seeds of certain plants.

Question 76

The relationship between ants and acacias represents a defensive mutualism.

Question 77

Nectar is often produced by plants as an enticement or reward for pollinating animals.

Question 78

Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic algae living within the tissues of reef-forming corals.

Question 79

Most nonsymbiotic mutualisms are obligatory.

Question 80

Parasites always complete their life cycle in a single host species.