Deck 26: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Question 1

Which endocrine gland synthesizes melatonin?

A) pineal
B) adrenal cortex
C) thyroid
D) parathyroid

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which option correctly pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates?

A) parathyroid-stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
B) pancreas-stimulates growth of the uterine lining
C) insulin-regulates blood glucose levels
D) prolactin-manages blood potassium levels

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement is true?

A) Hormones travel via specific pathways to specific cells, while electrical signals travel through the blood to all areas of the body.
B) Effects of hormones last for brief periods of time, while effects of electrical signals last for long periods of time.
C) It takes longer for hormones to be released into the bloodstream and be taken to target cells than it does for electrical signals to be transmitted.
D) Hormones have a direct connection with target cells, while electrical signals do not.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which is an endocrine gland that raises blood calcium levels?

A) parathyroid
B) thyroid gland
C) pituitary gland
D) testes

Question 5

A target cell that is affected by a particular steroid hormone would be expected to have

A) an intracellular receptor protein that binds the hormone.
B) a cell-surface receptor protein that binds the hormone.
C) enzymes that are activated or inactivated by the intracellular hormone-receptor complex.
D) enzymes that are activated or inactivated by the hormone's second messenger.

Question 6

Neurosecretory cells

A) coordinate the body's responses to stimuli such as dehydration, low blood glucose level, and stress.
B) are restricted to the endocrine system.
C) participate in the nervous and endocrine systems.
D) produce hormones that will regulate nontarget cells.

Question 7

Hormones as a general class are chemicals produced by the endocrine system that

A) control embryonic development.
B) regulate a variety of body functions, such as metabolism.
C) are stimulated by the action of metabolic enzymes.
D) travel by specific pathways to specific target cells.

Question 8

Which option lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the correct order?

A) reception, response, signal transduction
B) signal transduction, reception, response
C) signal transduction, response, reception
D) reception, signal transduction, response

Question 9

Which statement regarding endocrine glands is true?

A) Some endocrine glands, like the pituitary, have other endocrine glands as their targets.
B) The the thyroid gland produces steroid hormones.
C) The pancreas has only nonendocrine functions.
D) Most of the endocrine glands produce steroid hormones.

Question 10

Steroid hormones are lipids made from

A) amino acids.
B) cholesterol.
C) nucleic acids.
D) carbohydrates and amino acids.

Question 11

The two main classes of molecules that function as hormones are steroid hormones and hormones that are derived from

A) amino acids.
B) cholesterol.
C) nucleic acids.
D) long-chain fatty acids.

Question 12

Which statement about steroid hormones is true?

A) Steroid hormones cause the production of cAMP.
B) Steroid hormones are polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane.
C) Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane.
D) Steroid hormones bind to specific receptor proteins, and the complex acts as a gene activator.

Question 13

Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's surface in order to activate it?

A) for activation by ATP
B) because they are not water-soluble
C) because they cannot cross cell membranes
D) to stimulate endocytosis to internalize the hormone

Question 14

Which statement about glands and hormones is true?

A) The anterior pituitary produces multiple hormones that affect activity of other endocrine glands and cells of the body.
B) The posterior pituitary produces melatonin, which helps regulate biological rhythms.
C) The pineal gland is the master control center of the endocrine system.
D) The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland responsible for producing the hormone calcitonin.

Question 15

A single steroid hormone can cause different effects in different cells by

A) binding to different receptors.
B) acting on different organelles.
C) activating different second messengers.
D) activating different enzymes.

Question 16

Which hormone stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?

A) calcitonin
B) thyroxine
C) oxytocin
D) melatonin

Question 17

The result of binding a signal molecule to its receptor is

A) production of a protein by the target cell, followed by cell death.
B) cell division.
C) signal transduction.

Question 18

Which hormone is released by neurosecretory cells extending from the hypothalamus?

A) estrogen
B) growth hormone
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin

Question 19

How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will affect?

A) They are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, and each hormone affects target cells that have receptors for it.
B) They are carried to specific organs by lymphatic vessels and affect the cells in those organs.
C) They are delivered by neurosecretory cells to specific tissues and affect the cells in those tissues.
D) They are distributed locally in the interstitial fluid and affect nearby responsive target cells.

Question 20

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has a

A) faster response, but the signal does not last as long.
B) slower response, and a signal that does not last as long.
C) faster response with a longer-lasting signal.
D) slower response with a longer-lasting signal.

Question 21

An excess of T3 and T4 in the blood is hyperthyroidism, which in its most common form is called

A) goiter.
B) sterility.
C) Graves' disease.
D) botulism.

Question 22

Which hormone affects the greatest variety of cell types?

A) parathyroid hormone
B) melatonin
C) growth hormone
D) calcitonin

Question 23

When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises following digestion of a meal, what is the hormonal response?

A) Levels of both glucagon and insulin increase.
B) More glucagon is released.
C) More insulin is released.
D) Neither glucagon nor insulin is released.

Question 24

What is the metabolic abnormality that underlies the characteristic symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A) a failure of the kidney tubules to reabsorb enough glucose from the urine
B) an inability of the body's cells to switch from glucose metabolism to fat metabolism between meals
C) an inability of the body's cells to retain glucose they have absorbed from the blood
D) an inability of the body's cells to absorb enough glucose from the blood

Question 25

Which pairs of hormones have opposite effects?

A) testosterone and melatonin
B) progesterone and insulin
C) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
D) oxytocin and prolactin

Question 26

Which is a nonsteroid hormone?

A) glucagon
B) cortisol
C) estrogen
D) testosterone

Question 27

Which disorder is associated with obesity and occurs because cells of the body fail to respond adequately to insulin?

A) type 1 diabetes
B) type 2 diabetes
C) hyperglycemia
D) hypoglycemia

Question 28

Which statement best describes the relationship of insulin to glucagon?

A) They work together to prepare the body to deal with stress.
B) Insulin stimulates the pancreas to secrete glucagon.
C) They are antagonistic hormones.
D) Insulin is a steroid hormone; glucagon is a protein hormone.

Question 29

Which is one of the three major categories of sex hormones?

A) glucocorticoids
B) estrogens
C) glucagons
D) prolactins

Question 30

Which gland secretes hormones that enable the body to respond to stress?

A) pancreas
B) adrenal
C) pineal
D) parathyroid

Question 31

Which act(s) mainly to regulate salt and water balance?

A) mineralocorticoids
B) glucocorticoids
C) androgens
D) oxytocin

Question 32

Biological responses to stress are enabled by the adrenal glands. If on your birthday your friends hid inside your house to surprise you with a collective "Happy birthday!" when you opened the door, you would experience short-term stress. Which action of the adrenal glands would help you overcome this surprise stress?

A) suppressed immune system and increased blood volume
B) increased alertness and increased blood glucose
C) retention of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and increased metabolic rate
D) increased blood pressure and breathing rate

Question 33

Which may be a consequence of low secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A) convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles
B) gigantism
C) exhaustion of the immune system
D) loss of calcium from the bone

Question 34

TRH is a type of ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A) steroid; thyroid gland
B) releasing; hypothalamus
C) peptide; thymus
D) releasing; anterior pituitary

Question 35

Which gland requires the element iodine to produce its hormones?

A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid
C) pineal
D) ovary

Question 36

Which gland is/are located nearest the kidneys?

A) ovaries
B) pancreas
C) pineal glands
D) adrenal glands

Question 37

Which hormone causes glucose release and, consequently, a rise in the concentration of sugar in the blood?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) calcitonin
D) oxytocin

Question 38

High levels of which hormone can suppress the body's immune system?

A) glucagon
B) mineralocorticoids
C) glucocorticoids
D) antidiuretic hormone

Question 39

Which gland exerts primary control over the concentration of sugar in the blood?

A) liver
B) pineal
C) pancreas
D) parathyroid

Question 40

Which is a function of epinephrine?

A) release of glucose from the liver
B) decreased heart rate
C) decreased metabolic rate
D) increased digestive activities

Question 41

The production of estrogen and progesterone decreases during menopause. This can cause thinning of bones and brief moments of feeling hot. What is another biological effect of low amounts of these hormones in women?

A) inability to maintain normal nerve cell development
B) inability to reproduce successfully
C) becoming anemic
D) joint swelling

Question 42

Gathering good data on hormone release from water treatment plants in a particular area would require all but one of these actions. Choose the exception.

A) preventing any unused drugs from being discarded in the study area
B) preventing large mammals, especially females, from urinating in the area
C) assuring that there is a variety of soils in the area
D) also recording data from an area where there is no water release from a water treatment plant

Question 43

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used to slow down burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. Scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks like those of group 1 except they were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
Why is group 1 needed in this experiment?

A) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for the experimental group.
B) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult males.
C) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult females.
D) Group 1 allows for reliable comparison of all ages of female frogs in the study.

Question 44

Which step in this figure portraying lipid-soluble hormone action shows transcription in response to the bound hormone-receptor complex?

A) step 1
B) step 2
C) step 3
D) step 4

Question 45

When environmental estrogens trigger premature puberty in girls, the main organs affected are the

A) ovaries.
B) thyroid gland and pituitary gland.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) pituitary gland and parathyroid glands.

Question 46

A mutation in the gene for hormone A causes it to be unable to bind to its receptor protein. What do you predict will likely happen?

A) The receptor protein will not be activated and therefore will not initiate a signal transduction pathway.
B) The receptor protein will change shape in order to bind with hormone A.
C) The hormone will bind with a different receptor instead.

Question 47

Prolactin is a hormone whose molecular structure has remained stable over evolutionary time but whose hormonal role has changed dramatically in different animal species. This is an excellent example of how evolution

A) is responsible for mutation in vertebrates.
B) occurs rapidly at the molecular level to keep up with changing environmental influences.
C) has stayed within narrow boundaries in regard to regulation of homeostasis.
D) can both preserve unity and promote diversity.

Question 48

How are steroids able to cross cell membranes and enter cells?

A) Steroids and cell membranes both contain receptor proteins.
B) Steroids are able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
C) Steroids can diffuse through open channel proteins in the membrane.
D) Steroids move through cell membranes by osmosis.

Question 49

Glucocorticoids help reduce inflammation, but they can also cause liver cells to produce extra sugar. In some people, this could lead to high blood sugar levels and bring about steroid-produced

A) gigantism.
B) androgen insensitivity.
C) hyperthyroidism.
D) diabetes mellitus.

Question 50

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used to slow down burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. Scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks like those of group 1 except they were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
Flame retardants are an example of

A) lipid-soluble hormones.
B) endocrine disrupters.
C) progestins.
D) androgens.

Question 51

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Scientific investigation of the exact effects of environmental steroids on humans is extremely difficult since there are multiple sources of hormones in the environment. A valid study would require a control group that has not been exposed to the chemicals being studied. Since everyone has had some exposure to environmental hormones, no control group is available to use as a reference.
Another way to assess the environmental hazard due to steroid hormones is to analyze the amount of residual hormones present following commercial water treatment by water treatment plants.
Which situation would make researchers suspect that there was an excess of steroid hormones in the environment?

A) an increase in foot fungal infections
B) an increase in mutation rate in amphibians in the area
C) premature puberty in girls in the area
D) an increase in bone fractures in seniors in the area

Question 52

Results of the experiment yield the data shown in the following graph. What is one overall conclusion that you can draw from these results? The figure shows the percentage of male and female frogs with flame retardants in their blood in two groups: Group 1 was not exposed to flame retardants, and group 2 was exposed to low doses.

A) There was no noticeable difference between the male and female frogs in group 2 in percentage of frogs with high retardant levels.
B) As compared to the group 1 male frogs, group 1 female frogs had a lower percentage of frogs with high retardant levels.
C) As compared to the group 2 female frogs, there was a lower percentage of group 2 male frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood.
D) As compared to the group 2 male frogs, there was a lower percentage of group 2 female frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood.

Question 53

Androgens stimulate

A) the female reproductive system.
B) growth of breasts in mammals.
C) growth of facial hair in humans.
D) ovulation.

Question 54

The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that prolactin

A) can only have functions related to childbirth.
B) is an ancient hormone whose function diversified through evolution.
C) was a recent evolutionary adaptation.
D) was not required in fish and amphibians.

Question 55

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used to slow down burning, can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. Scientists investigating this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks like those of group 1 except they were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
What will be the result when estrogen sulfotransferase is inhibited?

A) Epinephrine will cease to be produced.
B) A diminished amount of estrogen will be present.
C) An overabundance of glucocorticoids will be present.
D) An overabundance of estrogen will be present.

Question 56

Prednisone is a synthetic version of what natural hormone that is often prescribed to individuals who are suffering from redness and swelling due to allergies?

A) mineralocorticoid
B) glucocorticoid
C) estrogen
D) progestin

Question 57

You think about some scary situation and realize that you had the same reaction when you were called on in class to answer a question in front of everyone. Your teacher used that exercise to describe that the hormone ________ can be produced in fearful situations by ________.

A) epinephrine; adrenal glands
B) epinephrine; parathyroid glands
C) glucagon; pancreas
D) calcitonin; thyroid gland

Question 58

Which molecule in this figure portraying water-soluble hormone action is the receptor protein?

A) molecule A
B) molecule B
C) molecule C
D) molecule D

Question 59

Feeling tired after a long day of work, you walk across a parking lot at night to get to your car. As you approach the car you see a shadow extending behind the back of the car. You immediately feel a rush of energy, your heart starts pounding, and you feel wide awake and alert. You are experiencing

A) an allergic reaction.
B) a drop in blood pressure.
C) the fight-or-flight response.
D) effects of endocrine disruptors.

Question 60

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that causes female uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and female mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. Oxytocin also occurs naturally in males and is involved in movement of sperm and production of testosterone. It has been given the common name of "the love hormone" because oxytocin is linked to human behaviors including sexual arousal and trust.
In 2012, The Atlantic (a popular news source) published a brief online news summary that explained that when scientists in Germany gave men who were in a monogamous relationship with a woman a nasal spray containing oxytocin, the men were less attracted to an attractive female stranger than men who were given a nasal spray with no oxytocin. While The Atlantic provided a link to the original scientific study, the summary drew conclusions and stated implications that included the following:
1. In men, oxytocin promotes monogamous relationships because it keeps them from communicating with women who are attractive to them.
2. If a man is unable to obtain a nasal spray with oxytocin, there are other means by which oxytocin release can be stimulated during a monogamous relationship: sexual intercourse, hand-holding, and touching.
Biologically, why might oxytocin have the nickname "the love hormone"?

A) because it has a role in reproductive behavior of males only
B) because it has a role in reproductive behavior of females only
C) because it has a role in reproductive behavior of both males and females
D) because it has a role in androgen development

Question 61

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that causes female uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and female mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. Oxytocin also occurs naturally in males and is involved in movement of sperm and production of testosterone. It has been given the common name of "the love hormone" because oxytocin is linked to human behaviors including sexual arousal and trust.
In 2012, The Atlantic (a popular news source) published a brief online news summary that explained that when scientists in Germany gave men who were in a monogamous relationship with a woman a nasal spray containing oxytocin, the men were less attracted to an attractive female stranger than men who were given a nasal spray with no oxytocin. While The Atlantic provided a link to the original scientific study, the summary drew conclusions and stated implications that included the following:
1. In men, oxytocin promotes monogamous relationships because it keeps them from communicating with women who are attractive to them.
2. If a man is unable to obtain a nasal spray with oxytocin, there are other means by which oxytocin release can be stimulated during a monogamous relationship: sexual intercourse, hand-holding, and touching.
What is the main evidence that you would use to decide whether the conclusions and implications that The Atlantic published were valid?

A) the online news story from The Atlantic
B) the original scientific study
C) a different online summary of the original scientific study
D) a different original scientific study on a hormone that is biologically similar to oxytocin

Question 62

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Anabolic steroid abuse, the self-administration of hormones such as testosterone for body building or other nonmedical uses, is an increasing concern in society. A study of the effects of added testosterone on behavior yielded the data shown below. They are from the responses to testosterone treatment based on a scale of manic (excited or irritable) behavior for six adult males. Black bars indicate testosterone administration time and white bars indicate placebo administration time. The asterisk for the first subject indicates discontinuation of testosterone treatment after week 5 because of rapidly escalating manic symptoms.
Source: Pople, H. G., Kouri, E. M., & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of general psychiatry, 57(2): 133-140.
What could reasonably be concluded from these data?

A) All men given extra testosterone exhibit significant manic behavior.
B) Not all men respond similarly to the administration of extra testosterone.
C) People who already have high levels of testosterone have a lower response to additional testosterone.
D) Testosterone levels are higher in people who are manic

Question 63

In investigating the role of oxytocin as an antistress hormone, researchers sought to explore the relationship between childhood maltreatment, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) and oxytocin levels. One study measured the level of oxytocin (pg/mL) in people who had and had not experienced childhood maltreatment and who did and did not have PTSD. The results, averaged over many subjects, are these:
Levels of oxytocin (pg/mL) in people who had and had not experienced childhood maltreatment and who did and did not have PTSD

$\begin{array} { l c l } & \text { PTSD } & \text { No PTSD } \\\text { Childhood maltreatment } & 983 & 669 \\\text { No childhood maltreatment } & 388 & 752\end{array}$

-A reasonable conclusion from this study would be

A) a range of experiences and life conditions probably affect oxytocin levels.
B) people manage PTSD better if they have higher oxytocin levels.
C) people who have been mistreated as children are more likely to suffer from PTSD.
D) oxytocin levels are higher in people who have had childhood trauma.

Question 64

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that causes female uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and female mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. Oxytocin also occurs naturally in males and is involved in movement of sperm and production of testosterone. It has been given the common name of "the love hormone" because oxytocin is linked to human behaviors including sexual arousal and trust.
In 2012, The Atlantic (a popular news source) published a brief online news summary that explained that when scientists in Germany gave men who were in a monogamous relationship with a woman a nasal spray containing oxytocin, the men were less attracted to an attractive female stranger than men who were given a nasal spray with no oxytocin. While The Atlantic provided a link to the original scientific study, the summary drew conclusions and stated implications that included the following:
1. In men, oxytocin promotes monogamous relationships because it keeps them from communicating with women who are attractive to them.
2. If a man is unable to obtain a nasal spray with oxytocin, there are other means by which oxytocin release can be stimulated during a monogamous relationship: sexual intercourse, hand-holding, and touching.
In addition to biological reasons, what other implications does the role of oxytocin have?

A) Oxytocin can decrease the amount of time it takes for a female to give birth.
B) Oxytocin can decrease the chance that women in monogamous relationships will be attracted to men other than their mate.
C) Oxytocin can affect human social behaviors.
D) Oxytocin can weaken the bond that men and women share in a relationship.

Question 65

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Anabolic steroid abuse, the self-administration of hormones such as testosterone for body building or other nonmedical uses, is an increasing concern in society. A study of the effects of added testosterone on behavior yielded the data shown below. They are from the responses to testosterone treatment based on a scale of manic (excited or irritable) behavior for six adult males. Black bars indicate testosterone administration time and white bars indicate placebo administration time. The asterisk for the first subject indicates discontinuation of testosterone treatment after week 5 because of rapidly escalating manic symptoms.
Source: Pople, H. G., Kouri, E. M., & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of general psychiatry, 57(2): 133-140.
Abnormal levels of testosterone might also be expected to cause

A) dehydration.
B) diabetes.
C) goiter.
D) reproductive difficulties.

Question 66

In investigating the role of oxytocin as an antistress hormone, researchers sought to explore the relationship between childhood maltreatment, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) and oxytocin levels. One study measured the level of oxytocin (pg/mL) in people who had and had not experienced childhood maltreatment and who did and did not have PTSD. The results, averaged over many subjects, are these:
Levels of oxytocin (pg/mL) in people who had and had not experienced childhood maltreatment and who did and did not have PTSD

$\begin{array} { l c l } & \text { PTSD } & \text { No PTSD } \\\text { Childhood maltreatment } & 983 & 669 \\\text { No childhood maltreatment } & 388 & 752\end{array}$

-Did this study lend support to the idea that people with PTSD combat stress with higher levels of oxytocin?

A) Yes, because the people with the highest oxytocin levels were those who had PTSD, whether they had experienced childhood maltreatment or not.
B) Yes, because childhood maltreatment and PTSD interact to create the greatest stress.
C) No, because all the subjects who had PTSD had low oxytocin levels.
D) No, because subjects who had not experienced childhood maltreatment had lower oxytocin levels even if they had PTSD.